This study is dedicated to the fabrication of acrylated epoxidized natural rubber (AENR)/dual‐functionalized organoclay (DF‐C30B) hybrid networks using an in‐situ light‐induced crosslinking polymerization technique. The process begins with the successful synthesis of DF‐C30B, which contains methacrylate groups, achieved by reacting 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) with cloisite 30B (C30B). During fabrication, DF‐C30B nanolayers are dispersed within the AENR matrix at various feed ratios, ranging from 1 to 8 parts per hundred of rubber (phr). The photocrosslinking polymerization is then initiated using 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone (DMPA) as the photoinitiating agent. Subsequent analysis of the nanocomposites involves evaluating their structure and morphology using established techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR analysis enables comparing distinct bands of the nanocomposite's components, affirming the integration and covalent attachment of nanoclay in the AENR matrix. Results from TEM and XRD illustrate the uniform distribution of DF‐C30B throughout the AENR matrix without significant agglomeration. TGA results indicate that the hybrid networks exhibit enhanced thermal stability, with degradation onset temperatures of 306°C, 308°C, 315°C, and 318°C for DF‐C30B loadings of 1, 2, 4, and 8 phr, respectively, compared to 198°C for pure AENR. Correspondingly, char residue levels increased to 4.3%, 5.6%, 7.8%, and 11.7% for the respective DF‐C30B contents. This research underscores the promising role of DF‐C30B as a strengthening component in nanocomposites based on NR, contributing to improved thermal endurance, enhanced uniformity, and offering insightful directions for future advancements.HighlightsFabricated acrylated epoxidized natural rubber (AENR)/dual‐functionalized organoclay (DF‐C30B) hybrid networks via light‐induced crosslinking polymerization.Enhanced compatibility and performance of DF‐C30B within the AENR matrix.Successful integration and stability confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).Uniform dispersion of DF‐C30B within the matrix demonstrated by XRD and TEM.Improved thermal stability compared to neat AENR, as evidenced by TGA results.
{"title":"Acrylated epoxidized natural rubber/functionalized organoclay hybrid networks: In‐situ production and characterization study","authors":"Hojjat Toiserkani, Mohadeseh Rajab‐Qurchi","doi":"10.1002/pc.29014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29014","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This study is dedicated to the fabrication of acrylated epoxidized natural rubber (AENR)/dual‐functionalized organoclay (DF‐C30B) hybrid networks using an in‐situ light‐induced crosslinking polymerization technique. The process begins with the successful synthesis of DF‐C30B, which contains methacrylate groups, achieved by reacting 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) with cloisite 30B (C30B). During fabrication, DF‐C30B nanolayers are dispersed within the AENR matrix at various feed ratios, ranging from 1 to 8 parts per hundred of rubber (phr). The photocrosslinking polymerization is then initiated using 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone (DMPA) as the photoinitiating agent. Subsequent analysis of the nanocomposites involves evaluating their structure and morphology using established techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR analysis enables comparing distinct bands of the nanocomposite's components, affirming the integration and covalent attachment of nanoclay in the AENR matrix. Results from TEM and XRD illustrate the uniform distribution of DF‐C30B throughout the AENR matrix without significant agglomeration. TGA results indicate that the hybrid networks exhibit enhanced thermal stability, with degradation onset temperatures of 306°C, 308°C, 315°C, and 318°C for DF‐C30B loadings of 1, 2, 4, and 8 phr, respectively, compared to 198°C for pure AENR. Correspondingly, char residue levels increased to 4.3%, 5.6%, 7.8%, and 11.7% for the respective DF‐C30B contents. This research underscores the promising role of DF‐C30B as a strengthening component in nanocomposites based on NR, contributing to improved thermal endurance, enhanced uniformity, and offering insightful directions for future advancements.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Fabricated acrylated epoxidized natural rubber (AENR)/dual‐functionalized organoclay (DF‐C30B) hybrid networks via light‐induced crosslinking polymerization.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Enhanced compatibility and performance of DF‐C30B within the AENR matrix.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Successful integration and stability confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Uniform dispersion of DF‐C30B within the matrix demonstrated by XRD and TEM.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Improved thermal stability compared to neat AENR, as evidenced by TGA results.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Goteti Dhanaraju, Raj Kumar Pittala, B. Satish Ben, B. Avinash Ben, Vinay Atgur, N. R. Banapurmath, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Sarfaraz Kamangar
Restoration of the structural integrity of damaged CFRP composite through thermally reversible Diels–Alder bonds with the exact interfacial healing between matrix/fiber is extremely desirable for manufacturing of high‐performance self‐healing laminates. This article demonstrates the fabrication of amine‐functionalized maleimide‐grafted MWCNT (with different weight ratios 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, and 1.5 wt%) reinforced thermally reversible self‐healing CFRP composite. The morphological changes, functional elements, elemental groups, and thermal degradation of functionalized‐MWCNTs were characterized by FESEM/HR‐TEM, FTIR, XRD, and TG‐DTA analysis. The results demonstrated that CFRP reinforced with silane/maleimide grafted MWCNT enhanced the dispersion, exhibited 82% healing efficiency and improvement in flexural strength‐67.11%, tensile strength‐64.75% concerning pure‐CFRP. FE‐SEM fractography of composites indicated that nanotube pullout was predominant failure‐criteria in CFRP‐pristine‐MWCNTs whereas strong interfacial adhesion dominated in CFRP‐maleimide‐MWCNTs. The purpose of this article is to investigate matrix/fiber/nanofillers interface healing properties of CFRP‐composite before and after damage. Furthermore, it is intended to reform structural integrity and examines average healing efficiency.HighlightsAmine‐functionalized maleimide‐grafted MWCNT, CFRP composite fabrication.Characterized, morphological changes functional elements thermal degradation.Improvement in healing efficiency (82%), flexural strength‐(67.11%).The enthalpy of 0.5 wt% MWCNTBm enhanced to 10.91 J/g.Fractographic examinations show extensive intralaminar/interlaminar deformation.
{"title":"Amine functionalized maleimide grafted MWCNT–CFRP hybrid composites interfacial/matrix healing and mechanical performance through thermally reversible cycloaddition","authors":"Goteti Dhanaraju, Raj Kumar Pittala, B. Satish Ben, B. Avinash Ben, Vinay Atgur, N. R. Banapurmath, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Sarfaraz Kamangar","doi":"10.1002/pc.28991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28991","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Restoration of the structural integrity of damaged CFRP composite through thermally reversible Diels–Alder bonds with the exact interfacial healing between matrix/fiber is extremely desirable for manufacturing of high‐performance self‐healing laminates. This article demonstrates the fabrication of amine‐functionalized maleimide‐grafted MWCNT (with different weight ratios 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, and 1.5 wt%) reinforced thermally reversible self‐healing CFRP composite. The morphological changes, functional elements, elemental groups, and thermal degradation of functionalized‐MWCNTs were characterized by FESEM/HR‐TEM, FTIR, XRD, and TG‐DTA analysis. The results demonstrated that CFRP reinforced with silane/maleimide grafted MWCNT enhanced the dispersion, exhibited 82% healing efficiency and improvement in flexural strength‐67.11%, tensile strength‐64.75% concerning pure‐CFRP. FE‐SEM fractography of composites indicated that nanotube pullout was predominant failure‐criteria in CFRP‐pristine‐MWCNTs whereas strong interfacial adhesion dominated in CFRP‐maleimide‐MWCNTs. The purpose of this article is to investigate matrix/fiber/nanofillers interface healing properties of CFRP‐composite before and after damage. Furthermore, it is intended to reform structural integrity and examines average healing efficiency.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Amine‐functionalized maleimide‐grafted MWCNT, CFRP composite fabrication.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Characterized, morphological changes functional elements thermal degradation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Improvement in healing efficiency (82%), flexural strength‐(67.11%).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The enthalpy of 0.5 wt% MWCNTBm enhanced to 10.91 J/g.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Fractographic examinations show extensive intralaminar/interlaminar deformation.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The deformation behavior of uncured thermoset prepreg during hot compaction process was investigated by dividing the whole compaction process into an initial compression stage and the subsequent creep stage. At the compression stage, there existed a strain‐softening phenomenon in the temperature range of 50–90°C, indicating different deformation behavior that is mainly determined by the viscosity of prepreg. Following an appraisal of advantages and limitations of existing compaction models, a combination model consisted of a modified power‐law model including the influence of temperature and the generalized Kelvin‐Voigt model was proposed to describe the deformation behavior of prepreg during compression and creep stage, respectively. Finally, a discussion on the compaction mechanism was conducted to offer some insights into the deformation process.HighlightsStrain‐softening phenomenon occurred during the compaction of uncured prepreg.Proposed combination model captures the deformation of uncured prepreg well.The percolation mechanism dominates prepreg deformation during compaction.The squeeze flow mechanism causes limited thickness reduction of prepreg.
{"title":"Understanding the compaction behavior of uncured thermoset prepreg: Experimental investigation and theoretical analyses","authors":"Lei Yan, Bowen Gong, Shuyi Wang, Baofa Cheng, Cheng Sun, Wenting Ouyang, Huan Wang, Hua‐Xin Peng","doi":"10.1002/pc.28995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28995","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The deformation behavior of uncured thermoset prepreg during hot compaction process was investigated by dividing the whole compaction process into an initial compression stage and the subsequent creep stage. At the compression stage, there existed a strain‐softening phenomenon in the temperature range of 50–90°C, indicating different deformation behavior that is mainly determined by the viscosity of prepreg. Following an appraisal of advantages and limitations of existing compaction models, a combination model consisted of a modified power‐law model including the influence of temperature and the generalized Kelvin‐Voigt model was proposed to describe the deformation behavior of prepreg during compression and creep stage, respectively. Finally, a discussion on the compaction mechanism was conducted to offer some insights into the deformation process.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Strain‐softening phenomenon occurred during the compaction of uncured prepreg.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Proposed combination model captures the deformation of uncured prepreg well.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The percolation mechanism dominates prepreg deformation during compaction.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The squeeze flow mechanism causes limited thickness reduction of prepreg.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
You Li, Hongyi Li, Chengjun Song, Ziming Zhu, Xiaowan Ma
The bonding interface of carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP)‐reinforced steel structure is a weak part, and nanomaterial‐modified adhesives are expected to improve its comprehensive performance. This paper investigates the micro‐modification mechanisms of nanomaterials on epoxy resin adhesives using molecular dynamics simulation method. It explores how the functionalized nano SiO2 and carbon nanotubes affects the thermal and mechanical properties of the epoxy resin adhesive. The models established using Materials Studio software include the pure epoxy resin adhesive model (EP) with varying degrees of crosslinking, the functionalized nano‐SiO2‐modified epoxy resin adhesive model (EP + SiO2/OH), the single‐walled carbon nanotube‐modified epoxy resin adhesive model (EP + SWNT), and the synergistic enhancements model of the epoxy resin adhesive with nano‐SiO2 and carbon nanotubes (EP + SWNT + SiO2/OH). Based on the aforementioned models, the Forcite module is used to calculate the free volume, glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of the adhesive. The results show that the degree of crosslinking effects significantly the mechanical performance of epoxy resin adhesive. A high degree of crosslinking restricts the movement of the molecular chain, enhancing the strength of the epoxy resin adhesive. Furthermore, the trend of the mechanical and thermal properties of the four models remains constant with the rise of temperature, and the properties decrease most significantly in the range of the glass transition temperature. Moreover, the epoxy resin adhesive doped with nanomaterials exhibits varying degrees of enhancement in mechanical and thermal properties. The epoxy resin adhesive reinforced with functionalized nano‐SiO2 and carbon nanotubes exhibits better properties compared to those with a single nanomaterial.HighlightsThe micro‐modification mechanism is revealed for nanomaterial modified epoxy resin adhesive.The degree of crosslinking effects significantly the mechanical performance of epoxy resin adhesive.The epoxy resin adhesive doped with nanomaterials exhibits varying degrees of enhancement in mechanical and thermal properties.
{"title":"Molecular dynamics simulations of the micro mechanism of functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes modified epoxy resin adhesives","authors":"You Li, Hongyi Li, Chengjun Song, Ziming Zhu, Xiaowan Ma","doi":"10.1002/pc.29059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29059","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>The bonding interface of carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP)‐reinforced steel structure is a weak part, and nanomaterial‐modified adhesives are expected to improve its comprehensive performance. This paper investigates the micro‐modification mechanisms of nanomaterials on epoxy resin adhesives using molecular dynamics simulation method. It explores how the functionalized nano SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and carbon nanotubes affects the thermal and mechanical properties of the epoxy resin adhesive. The models established using Materials Studio software include the pure epoxy resin adhesive model (EP) with varying degrees of crosslinking, the functionalized nano‐SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>‐modified epoxy resin adhesive model (EP + SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/OH), the single‐walled carbon nanotube‐modified epoxy resin adhesive model (EP + SWNT), and the synergistic enhancements model of the epoxy resin adhesive with nano‐SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and carbon nanotubes (EP + SWNT + SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/OH). Based on the aforementioned models, the Forcite module is used to calculate the free volume, glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of the adhesive. The results show that the degree of crosslinking effects significantly the mechanical performance of epoxy resin adhesive. A high degree of crosslinking restricts the movement of the molecular chain, enhancing the strength of the epoxy resin adhesive. Furthermore, the trend of the mechanical and thermal properties of the four models remains constant with the rise of temperature, and the properties decrease most significantly in the range of the glass transition temperature. Moreover, the epoxy resin adhesive doped with nanomaterials exhibits varying degrees of enhancement in mechanical and thermal properties. The epoxy resin adhesive reinforced with functionalized nano‐SiO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and carbon nanotubes exhibits better properties compared to those with a single nanomaterial.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The micro‐modification mechanism is revealed for nanomaterial modified epoxy resin adhesive.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The degree of crosslinking effects significantly the mechanical performance of epoxy resin adhesive.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The epoxy resin adhesive doped with nanomaterials exhibits varying degrees of enhancement in mechanical and thermal properties.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shijia Wang, Yifan Liu, Chunlin Qin, Jianhui Su, Yunhua Deng, Wei Song, Bo Chen, Xiaoguo Song, Caiwang Tan
Printing polymers on metal surfaces using fused deposition modeling could enhance the versatility of hybrid structures. However, the differences between metals and plastics prevented the effective spreading of molten plastic on metal surfaces, challenging reliable plastic printing on metal substrates. This study employed a nanosecond laser to fabricate laser‐textured grids of varying widths (0.2–0.5 mm) on a 6061 aluminum alloy (6061Al) surface. Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic plastic (CFRTP) was printed on 6061Al surface in different printing directions (0°, 45°, and 90°). The influence of laser texturing and printing direction on joint performance was evaluated. The findings indicated the laser‐texturing increased 6061Al surface roughness, enhancing wettability of CFRTP on 6061Al surface. The 45° printing direction provided the best wetting, resulting in a tensile‐shear force of 1631.7 N, 218% higher than at 90°. Optimal performance was achieved with a 0.5‐mm texture width, increasing tensile‐shear force by 180% compared to 0.2 mm and 67% compared to 0.6 mm. Interfacial stress concentration decreased and then increased with the increase of laser‐textured width and the 45° printing direction provided the longest print path and best resin spreading. This research presented a novel approach to metal‐polymer joining, with significant implications for advanced lightweight hybrid structures.HighlightsPrinting carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic plastic (CFRTP) on 6061 aluminum alloy (6061Al) surface was achieved by fused deposition modeling via laser texturing.The print direction affected the wetting and spreading space of the molten resin.Pinning effect of printed CFRTP/6061Al by laser texturing was studied.The spreading and wetting of resin determined the mechanical properties.
{"title":"Direct printing of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic plastic on metal sheets via fused deposition modeling assisted by laser texturing","authors":"Shijia Wang, Yifan Liu, Chunlin Qin, Jianhui Su, Yunhua Deng, Wei Song, Bo Chen, Xiaoguo Song, Caiwang Tan","doi":"10.1002/pc.29034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29034","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Printing polymers on metal surfaces using fused deposition modeling could enhance the versatility of hybrid structures. However, the differences between metals and plastics prevented the effective spreading of molten plastic on metal surfaces, challenging reliable plastic printing on metal substrates. This study employed a nanosecond laser to fabricate laser‐textured grids of varying widths (0.2–0.5 mm) on a 6061 aluminum alloy (6061Al) surface. Carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic plastic (CFRTP) was printed on 6061Al surface in different printing directions (0°, 45°, and 90°). The influence of laser texturing and printing direction on joint performance was evaluated. The findings indicated the laser‐texturing increased 6061Al surface roughness, enhancing wettability of CFRTP on 6061Al surface. The 45° printing direction provided the best wetting, resulting in a tensile‐shear force of 1631.7 N, 218% higher than at 90°. Optimal performance was achieved with a 0.5‐mm texture width, increasing tensile‐shear force by 180% compared to 0.2 mm and 67% compared to 0.6 mm. Interfacial stress concentration decreased and then increased with the increase of laser‐textured width and the 45° printing direction provided the longest print path and best resin spreading. This research presented a novel approach to metal‐polymer joining, with significant implications for advanced lightweight hybrid structures.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Printing carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic plastic (CFRTP) on 6061 aluminum alloy (6061Al) surface was achieved by fused deposition modeling via laser texturing.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The print direction affected the wetting and spreading space of the molten resin.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Pinning effect of printed CFRTP/6061Al by laser texturing was studied.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The spreading and wetting of resin determined the mechanical properties.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bo Tian, Jie Zhao, Na Zhou, Jinfeng Li, Jizhuang Fan, Yunchen Du, Hongtao Zhao
Polymer‐based radiation shielding materials are receiving more and more interests due to their desirable advantages in lightweight and maneuverability. Herein, we employ polypropylene (PP) as the matrix to construct γ‐ray shielding composites through the embedment of PbO particles with a wet reaction melt blending method. From the changes in dynamic rheological behaviors and fracture surface of PP/PbO composite, it can be found that the gradient addition of PbO particles facilitates the formation of heterogeneous network structure with, and high PbO content may make the composites undergo a “liquid–solid” transition. Rheological temperature and time scanning show that both PbO content and heterogeneous network structure greatly contribute to the storage modulus (G') and thermal stability. The γ‐ray (137Cs) shielding tests manifest that BPP/PbO‐4 has the best shielding performance, whose thicknesses of half value layer (HVL) and tenth value layer (TVL) are 0.32 and 1.05 cm, respectively, obviously smaller than those shielding materials ever reported. The analyses on effective atomic number (Zeff) and effective electron density (NE) reveal that the good shielding performance of BPP/PbO‐4 benefits from its proper content and dispersion of PbO particles.
{"title":"Study on the structure and γ‐ray shielding performance of polypropylene/PbO composites with heterogeneous networks","authors":"Bo Tian, Jie Zhao, Na Zhou, Jinfeng Li, Jizhuang Fan, Yunchen Du, Hongtao Zhao","doi":"10.1002/pc.29053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29053","url":null,"abstract":"Polymer‐based radiation shielding materials are receiving more and more interests due to their desirable advantages in lightweight and maneuverability. Herein, we employ polypropylene (PP) as the matrix to construct <jats:italic>γ</jats:italic>‐ray shielding composites through the embedment of PbO particles with a wet reaction melt blending method. From the changes in dynamic rheological behaviors and fracture surface of PP/PbO composite, it can be found that the gradient addition of PbO particles facilitates the formation of heterogeneous network structure with, and high PbO content may make the composites undergo a “liquid–solid” transition. Rheological temperature and time scanning show that both PbO content and heterogeneous network structure greatly contribute to the storage modulus (<jats:italic>G</jats:italic>') and thermal stability. The <jats:italic>γ</jats:italic>‐ray (<jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs) shielding tests manifest that BPP/PbO‐4 has the best shielding performance, whose thicknesses of half value layer (<jats:italic>HVL</jats:italic>) and tenth value layer (<jats:italic>TVL</jats:italic>) are 0.32 and 1.05 cm, respectively, obviously smaller than those shielding materials ever reported. The analyses on effective atomic number (<jats:italic>Z</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>eff</jats:italic></jats:sub>) and effective electron density (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>E</jats:italic></jats:sub>) reveal that the good shielding performance of BPP/PbO‐4 benefits from its proper content and dispersion of PbO particles.","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matrix crack propagation and stiffness degradation behaviors of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer/titanium alloy (CFRP/Ti) bolted joint were characterized by a synergistic damage mechanics approach. The parametric study including pre‐tightening torques and interference fit sizes was conducted. The results showed that the joint stiffness degradation exhibited characteristics of local stiffness degradation due to local stress concentration. Stiffness degradation in different plies was caused by matrix crack damage occurring in different directions. The pre‐tightening torque significantly increased the joint stiffness and restrain matrix crack progression, effectively inhibiting the stiffness degradation of the joint. Moreover, the low interference fit level delayed the crack initiation in −45° ply and 45° ply and the crack propagation of the laminate, while promoted the crack initiation in 90° ply. The stiffness degradation of the laminate could be significantly reduced by interference fit.HighlightsMatrix crack propagation and stiffness degradation behaviors of the CFRP laminate were characterized by a synergistic damage mechanics method.A FE model of the CFRP/Ti double‐lap interference fit bolted joint was established.Influences of pre‐tightening torques on both matrix crack initiation and propagation were investigated.The optimum interference fit size of the matrix damage strengthening was 0.20%–0.60%.
{"title":"Progressive damage and stiffness degradation assessments of double‐lap CFRP/Ti interference fit bolted joints under quasi‐static tensile load","authors":"Yangjie Zuo, Zhiguo Wang, Yunlei Jiao, Xin Pei","doi":"10.1002/pc.29025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29025","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Matrix crack propagation and stiffness degradation behaviors of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer/titanium alloy (CFRP/Ti) bolted joint were characterized by a synergistic damage mechanics approach. The parametric study including pre‐tightening torques and interference fit sizes was conducted. The results showed that the joint stiffness degradation exhibited characteristics of local stiffness degradation due to local stress concentration. Stiffness degradation in different plies was caused by matrix crack damage occurring in different directions. The pre‐tightening torque significantly increased the joint stiffness and restrain matrix crack progression, effectively inhibiting the stiffness degradation of the joint. Moreover, the low interference fit level delayed the crack initiation in −45° ply and 45° ply and the crack propagation of the laminate, while promoted the crack initiation in 90° ply. The stiffness degradation of the laminate could be significantly reduced by interference fit.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Matrix crack propagation and stiffness degradation behaviors of the CFRP laminate were characterized by a synergistic damage mechanics method.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>A FE model of the CFRP/Ti double‐lap interference fit bolted joint was established.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Influences of pre‐tightening torques on both matrix crack initiation and propagation were investigated.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The optimum interference fit size of the matrix damage strengthening was 0.20%–0.60%.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For traditional materials, a polymer composite with high performance and large‐scale production is still the goal pursued by researchers. In our work, polyamide 6/calcium sulfate whiskers (PA6/SCW) composites were fabricated via melt‐compouding method. The calcium sulfate whisker based on gypsum mineral was used as reinforcement. After grafting silane coupling agent on the whisker surface, the whiskers showed a significant reinforcing effect in polyamide. The mechanics and tribology performance of the samples had been significantly inhanced. Based on the nucleation mechanism of lattice matching, calcium sulfate whiskers have obvious heterogeneous nucleation effect in PA6 matrix, while the crystallization period was slightly prolonged. This was caused by the network structure formed by the whiskers in the matrix, which impeded the free movement of polymer chain segments. In combination with the orientation degree of the molecular chains measured by the interdigital electrode, the reinforcing effect of the oriented PA6 specimens was derived from the orientation arrangement of the whiskers and the efficient load transfer.HighlightsMechanical and tribological properties of composite were significantly improved.The composite could achieved large‐scale production due to simple preparation.The whiskers had obvious heterogeneous nucleation effect in matrix.The reinforcing effect was derived from efficient load transfer from whiskers.
{"title":"Heterogeneous nucleation of calcium sulfate whisker in polyamide 6 and its efficient reinforcement on tribology performance","authors":"Shaojie Sun, Jinqiao Ye, Ziqing Cai","doi":"10.1002/pc.29044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29044","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>For traditional materials, a polymer composite with high performance and large‐scale production is still the goal pursued by researchers. In our work, polyamide 6/calcium sulfate whiskers (PA6/SCW) composites were fabricated via melt‐compouding method. The calcium sulfate whisker based on gypsum mineral was used as reinforcement. After grafting silane coupling agent on the whisker surface, the whiskers showed a significant reinforcing effect in polyamide. The mechanics and tribology performance of the samples had been significantly inhanced. Based on the nucleation mechanism of lattice matching, calcium sulfate whiskers have obvious heterogeneous nucleation effect in PA6 matrix, while the crystallization period was slightly prolonged. This was caused by the network structure formed by the whiskers in the matrix, which impeded the free movement of polymer chain segments. In combination with the orientation degree of the molecular chains measured by the interdigital electrode, the reinforcing effect of the oriented PA6 specimens was derived from the orientation arrangement of the whiskers and the efficient load transfer.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Mechanical and tribological properties of composite were significantly improved.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The composite could achieved large‐scale production due to simple preparation.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The whiskers had obvious heterogeneous nucleation effect in matrix.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The reinforcing effect was derived from efficient load transfer from whiskers.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142253981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akram Edkheil, Marija M. Vuksanović, Andrija Savić, Aleksandra Šaponjić, Miloš Petrović, Vesna Radojević, Radmila Jančić Heinemann
Dental materials' demands can be answered using composite materials, as composite properties are suitable for tailoring the material's behavior. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is usually a material of choice in dental applications, and its mechanical properties can be improved in terms of modulus, strength, and hardness. The chosen reinforcement in this publication was Zn/Al‐layered double hydroxide (LDH), as this material has functional property modification possibilities. The reinforcement was synthesized using the coprecipitation process on a laboratory scale. The dispersion of the reinforcement was done with ultrasonication, and the composites prepared contained 1, 3, and 5 wt% of reinforcement, and the so‐prepared composites were compared to the matrix. Improvements were observed in terms of the elastic modulus and tensile strength, and the best performance was observed in the composite with 3 wt% of particles. Hardness increased with the addition of particles and the higher the particle content, the better the hardness. Materials were tested using dynamic mechanical techniques, and it was proven that the addition of particles lowers the Tg of the composite compared to the pure matrix. The addition of particles diminished the affinity of the material for polar liquids such as water.HighlightsZn/Al‐layered double hydroxide is used to reinforce acrylic matrix.Composite with improved strength, modulus, and microhardness.Addition of a layered double hydroxide decreases hydrophobicity of composite.
{"title":"Dental composite materials based on Zn/Al‐layered double hydroxide and their physical mechanical properties","authors":"Akram Edkheil, Marija M. Vuksanović, Andrija Savić, Aleksandra Šaponjić, Miloš Petrović, Vesna Radojević, Radmila Jančić Heinemann","doi":"10.1002/pc.29061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29061","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>Dental materials' demands can be answered using composite materials, as composite properties are suitable for tailoring the material's behavior. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is usually a material of choice in dental applications, and its mechanical properties can be improved in terms of modulus, strength, and hardness. The chosen reinforcement in this publication was Zn/Al‐layered double hydroxide (LDH), as this material has functional property modification possibilities. The reinforcement was synthesized using the coprecipitation process on a laboratory scale. The dispersion of the reinforcement was done with ultrasonication, and the composites prepared contained 1, 3, and 5 wt% of reinforcement, and the so‐prepared composites were compared to the matrix. Improvements were observed in terms of the elastic modulus and tensile strength, and the best performance was observed in the composite with 3 wt% of particles. Hardness increased with the addition of particles and the higher the particle content, the better the hardness. Materials were tested using dynamic mechanical techniques, and it was proven that the addition of particles lowers the Tg of the composite compared to the pure matrix. The addition of particles diminished the affinity of the material for polar liquids such as water.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Zn/Al‐layered double hydroxide is used to reinforce acrylic matrix.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Composite with improved strength, modulus, and microhardness.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Addition of a layered double hydroxide decreases hydrophobicity of composite.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the influence of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) content on the mechanical and tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/glass fibers/MoS2/h‐BN composite materials. Their tensile strength and hardness were measured to evaluate the improvement effect of h‐BN. The results indicate that h‐BN particles can enhance the tensile strength and surface hardness of the PTFE composites. Tribological properties were conducted under dry conditions using a ball‐on‐disk tribometer, and the worn surfaces were examined through scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that the friction coefficient initially decreases and then increases with the increase of h‐BN content. The lowest friction coefficient (reduced from 0.118 to 0.088) and wear rate (reduced by 16.16% compared to the sample without h‐BN addition) is achieved with the addition of 0.05 wt% h‐BN. Additionally, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was conducted on the SiC balls to reveal the wear mechanism by analyzing the composition of the transfer film. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations revealed the movement and interactions of h‐BN and PTFE at different content. This study provides valuable guidance for the incorporation of h‐BN particles into PTFE composites.HighlightsThe addition of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) enhanced the mechanical and tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites.The effect of h‐BN on the transfer film was quantitatively analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and EDS.Revealed the interaction mechanism between h‐BN particles and PTFE.
{"title":"Enhancement mechanism exploration of hexagonal boron nitride on the mechanical and tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene composites by experiments and molecular dynamics simulation","authors":"Shuntao Fang, Jingfu Song, Gai Zhao, Qingjun Ding","doi":"10.1002/pc.29017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.29017","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:label/>This study investigates the influence of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) content on the mechanical and tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/glass fibers/MoS<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/h‐BN composite materials. Their tensile strength and hardness were measured to evaluate the improvement effect of h‐BN. The results indicate that h‐BN particles can enhance the tensile strength and surface hardness of the PTFE composites. Tribological properties were conducted under dry conditions using a ball‐on‐disk tribometer, and the worn surfaces were examined through scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that the friction coefficient initially decreases and then increases with the increase of h‐BN content. The lowest friction coefficient (reduced from 0.118 to 0.088) and wear rate (reduced by 16.16% compared to the sample without h‐BN addition) is achieved with the addition of 0.05 wt% h‐BN. Additionally, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis was conducted on the SiC balls to reveal the wear mechanism by analyzing the composition of the transfer film. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations revealed the movement and interactions of h‐BN and PTFE at different content. This study provides valuable guidance for the incorporation of h‐BN particles into PTFE composites.Highlights<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The addition of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) enhanced the mechanical and tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The effect of h‐BN on the transfer film was quantitatively analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and EDS.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Revealed the interaction mechanism between h‐BN particles and PTFE.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":20375,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Composites","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142269038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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