Pub Date : 2023-05-11DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2211410
L. Olmos, D. Bouvard, O. Jiménez, J. Chávez, R. Macias
ABSTRACT This works proposes a methodology for fabricating materials with specific characteristics mimicking human bones. A Ti64 alloy powder was used as the base material and it was mixed with Ag, Ta, TiN and salt particles to obtain different features. A hip-bone like component was fabricated, including a highly porous core of Ti64/25Ta/5Ag and a compact outer shell of Ti64/5Ag that is supposed to improve corrosion and osseointegration. Besides, a harder cover surface in Ti64/10TiN composite should increase the wear resistance. The green component was sintered at 1260°C in argon. Its Young’s modulus was close to the one of bones due to the added porosity, which also provided a permeability close to the one reported for trabecular bones. Tribocorrosion behaviour in simulated body fluid was improved by TiN addition. In conclusion, the proposed processing route was able to produce complex components fulfilling specific features required for human bone replacement.
{"title":"Fabrication of tailored Ti6Al4V-based materials by conventional powder metallurgy for bone implant applications","authors":"L. Olmos, D. Bouvard, O. Jiménez, J. Chávez, R. Macias","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2211410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2211410","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This works proposes a methodology for fabricating materials with specific characteristics mimicking human bones. A Ti64 alloy powder was used as the base material and it was mixed with Ag, Ta, TiN and salt particles to obtain different features. A hip-bone like component was fabricated, including a highly porous core of Ti64/25Ta/5Ag and a compact outer shell of Ti64/5Ag that is supposed to improve corrosion and osseointegration. Besides, a harder cover surface in Ti64/10TiN composite should increase the wear resistance. The green component was sintered at 1260°C in argon. Its Young’s modulus was close to the one of bones due to the added porosity, which also provided a permeability close to the one reported for trabecular bones. Tribocorrosion behaviour in simulated body fluid was improved by TiN addition. In conclusion, the proposed processing route was able to produce complex components fulfilling specific features required for human bone replacement.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"216 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46309117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-08DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2207863
K. Nayak, J. Han, C. Jung, M. Joo, K.B. Lee, D. Bae, H.J. Choi
ABSTRACT In the present study, the composite sheets were produced by powder rolling the ball-milled Al/SiC mixture. The effect of milling speed (350–550 rev min–1) and milling duration (8 and 12 h) on the Al particle morphology and subsequent mechanical properties were examined for composites with different volume fractions of SiC. From the microstructural investigation, SiC particles are evenly distributed and well dispersed in the Al matrix; those are prepared under higher milling speed (550 rev min–1) and higher milling time (12 h). Furthermore, the flattened-shaped particle morphology was obtained under lower milling conditions, whereas the reduced-granule shape was obtained under higher milling conditions (550 rev min–1, 12 h). Consequently, the Al/SiC composite sheets made from a granule-shaped Al/SiC mixture show higher density, microhardness, and tensile strength due to significant consolidation and SiC uniformity. In addition, the tensile strength of 430.26 MPa has been achieved for the Al/2vol.-%SiC sheet compared to pure Al (393.49 MPa) under similar processing conditions.
{"title":"Synergetic effect of milling speed and duration on particle morphology and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Al matrix containing SiC","authors":"K. Nayak, J. Han, C. Jung, M. Joo, K.B. Lee, D. Bae, H.J. Choi","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2207863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2207863","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the present study, the composite sheets were produced by powder rolling the ball-milled Al/SiC mixture. The effect of milling speed (350–550 rev min–1) and milling duration (8 and 12 h) on the Al particle morphology and subsequent mechanical properties were examined for composites with different volume fractions of SiC. From the microstructural investigation, SiC particles are evenly distributed and well dispersed in the Al matrix; those are prepared under higher milling speed (550 rev min–1) and higher milling time (12 h). Furthermore, the flattened-shaped particle morphology was obtained under lower milling conditions, whereas the reduced-granule shape was obtained under higher milling conditions (550 rev min–1, 12 h). Consequently, the Al/SiC composite sheets made from a granule-shaped Al/SiC mixture show higher density, microhardness, and tensile strength due to significant consolidation and SiC uniformity. In addition, the tensile strength of 430.26 MPa has been achieved for the Al/2vol.-%SiC sheet compared to pure Al (393.49 MPa) under similar processing conditions.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47875487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-24DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2202953
Zejun Wang, Yuyuan Zhao
ABSTRACT The effects of five key processing parameters on the real and electroactive surface areas of porous nickel samples produced by the Lost Carbonate Sintering (LCS) process have been investigated systematically. The specific real and electroactive surface areas of the LCS porous Ni samples are 500–1600 cm−1 and 80–115 cm−1. Pore size, compacting pressure and sintering temperature have no significant effect on the surface areas. Porosity has no effect on the gravimetric real surface area, but a higher porosity leads to a lower volumetric real surface area and a higher electroactive surface area. Metal particle size has a huge effect on the surface areas of the LCS porous metal. An intermediate amount of fine Ni powder results in the highest real surface area, approximately 70% higher than the samples produced with coarse Ni powder. Samples produced with fine Ni powder can increase the electroactive surface area by up to 100%.
{"title":"Effects of processing conditions and fine powder loading on real and electroactive surface areas of porous nickel manufactured by lost carbonate sintering","authors":"Zejun Wang, Yuyuan Zhao","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2202953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2202953","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The effects of five key processing parameters on the real and electroactive surface areas of porous nickel samples produced by the Lost Carbonate Sintering (LCS) process have been investigated systematically. The specific real and electroactive surface areas of the LCS porous Ni samples are 500–1600 cm−1 and 80–115 cm−1. Pore size, compacting pressure and sintering temperature have no significant effect on the surface areas. Porosity has no effect on the gravimetric real surface area, but a higher porosity leads to a lower volumetric real surface area and a higher electroactive surface area. Metal particle size has a huge effect on the surface areas of the LCS porous metal. An intermediate amount of fine Ni powder results in the highest real surface area, approximately 70% higher than the samples produced with coarse Ni powder. Samples produced with fine Ni powder can increase the electroactive surface area by up to 100%.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41923885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-24DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2202947
M. Sun, Suiyuan Chen, M. Wei, Jing Liang, Changsheng Liu, Mei Wang
ABSTRACT 24CrNiMoY alloy steel with high strength and toughness was prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The microstructure and mechanical properties of alloy steel samples prepared by SLM using different laser energies were studied. The results showed that with increasing energy density, the internal defects of the sample first decreased and then increased, and the hardness and tensile properties also showed a trend of increasing at first but decreasing afterwards. When the energy density was 100.7 J/mm3, the alloy steel sample has the fewest defects and the highest hardness (391.2 HV0.2). The tensile strength and impact toughness also reached the best state: the tensile strength was 1252.83 MPa, the yield strength was 1041.62 MPa, the elongation to fracture was 12.89%, and the impact toughness was 65.7 J. The microstructure of 24CrNiMoY alloy steel prepared by SLM is mainly composed of fine lath martensite, which has good strength and toughness.
{"title":"Preparation of 24CrNiMoY alloy steel with high strength and toughness by selective laser melting","authors":"M. Sun, Suiyuan Chen, M. Wei, Jing Liang, Changsheng Liu, Mei Wang","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2202947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2202947","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT 24CrNiMoY alloy steel with high strength and toughness was prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) technology. The microstructure and mechanical properties of alloy steel samples prepared by SLM using different laser energies were studied. The results showed that with increasing energy density, the internal defects of the sample first decreased and then increased, and the hardness and tensile properties also showed a trend of increasing at first but decreasing afterwards. When the energy density was 100.7 J/mm3, the alloy steel sample has the fewest defects and the highest hardness (391.2 HV0.2). The tensile strength and impact toughness also reached the best state: the tensile strength was 1252.83 MPa, the yield strength was 1041.62 MPa, the elongation to fracture was 12.89%, and the impact toughness was 65.7 J. The microstructure of 24CrNiMoY alloy steel prepared by SLM is mainly composed of fine lath martensite, which has good strength and toughness.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48105383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2202950
L. Emanuelli, Giacomo Segata, M. Perina, Martin Regolini, Valentina Nicchiotti, A. Molinari
ABSTRACT The microstructure and mechanical properties of 17-4 stainless steel produced by Binder Jetting (BJT) and heat treated according to the standard conditions for the 17-4 PH steel (H900 and H1100) were investigated. The sintered relative density is 97.8% with a slightly anisotropic shrinkage. Tensile strength and elongation are above the minimum required for the wrought steel and comparable to those of the same material manufactured by Metal Injection Molding. They are also better than those reported in the literature for the 17-4 PH stainless steel manufactured by BJT. Tensile elongation at fracture is anisotropic, highlighting a significant dependence of the non-uniform plastic deformation on the direction.
{"title":"Study of microstructure and mechanical properties of 17-4 PH stainless steel produced via Binder Jetting","authors":"L. Emanuelli, Giacomo Segata, M. Perina, Martin Regolini, Valentina Nicchiotti, A. Molinari","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2202950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2202950","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The microstructure and mechanical properties of 17-4 stainless steel produced by Binder Jetting (BJT) and heat treated according to the standard conditions for the 17-4 PH steel (H900 and H1100) were investigated. The sintered relative density is 97.8% with a slightly anisotropic shrinkage. Tensile strength and elongation are above the minimum required for the wrought steel and comparable to those of the same material manufactured by Metal Injection Molding. They are also better than those reported in the literature for the 17-4 PH stainless steel manufactured by BJT. Tensile elongation at fracture is anisotropic, highlighting a significant dependence of the non-uniform plastic deformation on the direction.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41706863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-19DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2201487
R. de Oro Calderon, C. Gierl-Mayer, H. Danninger
ABSTRACT In the upcoming years, a reduction in the use of critical elements, such as Ni and Cu, with unstable prices and high demand from the electromobility sector will become increasingly important for the PM-industry. Cr-alloyed sintered steels offer attractive properties at a moderate cost, but so far mostly Cr-prealloyed grades have been used. This work analyses the microstructural homogenisation process when Cr is introduced as admixed elemental powder. It is shown how – due to its high carbon affinity – Cr particles act as ‘internal carbon-getters’. There is an intermediate ‘heterogenization’ of the microstructure, i.e. the iron matrix is decarburised due to the formation of (Cr, Fe)-carbides. Final homogenisation depends on the formation of a transient liquid phase through the eutectic reaction between carbides and the iron matrix. Thus, the microstructure is not only sensitive to aspects such as sintering temperature or Cr-particle size but also to the heating rate and small variations in nominal carbon.
{"title":"Microstructural evolution during sintering of Fe-Cr-C steels prepared from admixed elemental powders","authors":"R. de Oro Calderon, C. Gierl-Mayer, H. Danninger","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2201487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2201487","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the upcoming years, a reduction in the use of critical elements, such as Ni and Cu, with unstable prices and high demand from the electromobility sector will become increasingly important for the PM-industry. Cr-alloyed sintered steels offer attractive properties at a moderate cost, but so far mostly Cr-prealloyed grades have been used. This work analyses the microstructural homogenisation process when Cr is introduced as admixed elemental powder. It is shown how – due to its high carbon affinity – Cr particles act as ‘internal carbon-getters’. There is an intermediate ‘heterogenization’ of the microstructure, i.e. the iron matrix is decarburised due to the formation of (Cr, Fe)-carbides. Final homogenisation depends on the formation of a transient liquid phase through the eutectic reaction between carbides and the iron matrix. Thus, the microstructure is not only sensitive to aspects such as sintering temperature or Cr-particle size but also to the heating rate and small variations in nominal carbon.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47238466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-12DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2198796
Gilmar Nogueira, T. Gervais, V. Peres, Estelle Marc, C. L. Martin
ABSTRACT A Discrete Element Method (DEM) model is used to simulate the compaction and sintering of ceramic oxides. The process kinematics is decomposed into loading, unloading and ejection of the pellet. Interactions between the particles are considered elastoplastic by implementing a model able to tackle large densities. A simplified approach is used in the sintering stage, which focuses on the final part geometry rather than kinetics. The results are in good agreement with experimental data and FEM simulations from the literature regarding density gradient, elastic spring-back and final geometry. The simulations show that the friction coefficient between the agglomerates and the die is the primary factor for the density gradient in the pellet. This density gradient induces non-homogeneous sintering, which results in a final geometry with a diabolo effect. It is the first time that DEM reproduces this effect with the advantage of considering explicitly the particulate nature of the powder. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Using discrete simulations of compaction and sintering to predict final part geometry","authors":"Gilmar Nogueira, T. Gervais, V. Peres, Estelle Marc, C. L. Martin","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2198796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2198796","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 A Discrete Element Method (DEM) model is used to simulate the compaction and sintering of ceramic oxides. The process kinematics is decomposed into loading, unloading and ejection of the pellet. Interactions between the particles are considered elastoplastic by implementing a model able to tackle large densities. A simplified approach is used in the sintering stage, which focuses on the final part geometry rather than kinetics. The results are in good agreement with experimental data and FEM simulations from the literature regarding density gradient, elastic spring-back and final geometry. The simulations show that the friction coefficient between the agglomerates and the die is the primary factor for the density gradient in the pellet. This density gradient induces non-homogeneous sintering, which results in a final geometry with a diabolo effect. It is the first time that DEM reproduces this effect with the advantage of considering explicitly the particulate nature of the powder. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"208 - 215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44522493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2194478
K. Lim, M. Hayat, Kumarmani Jena, Wen Zhang, Lu Li, Pengtao Cao
ABSTRACT Owing to the different characteristics of each of the multiple polymers, obtaining a homogenous metal injection moulding (MIM) feedstock blend is challenging. Therefore, studying interactions between the polymeric components is vital for achieving suitable MIM feedstocks. We report on the effects of different compatibilisers – EGMA and E40 – on the interactions in polyoxymethylene (POM) and polypropylene (PP) blends. We measured contact angles and performed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses to identify the suitable compatibiliser that yields a feedstock with excellent properties. It was found that the binder system based on EGMA-3 demonstrates the lowest contact angle and best miscibility for the POM/PP blends compared to E40. This enhanced interaction lies in the chemistry of EGMA, having an active site that reduces the interfacial tension between the components of the POM/PP blend. Subsequently, this creates a positive interaction between the polymers and metal powders, ensuring good adhesion within the feedstock.
{"title":"Interactions of polymeric components in a POM-based binder system for titanium metal injection moulding feedstocks","authors":"K. Lim, M. Hayat, Kumarmani Jena, Wen Zhang, Lu Li, Pengtao Cao","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2194478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2194478","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Owing to the different characteristics of each of the multiple polymers, obtaining a homogenous metal injection moulding (MIM) feedstock blend is challenging. Therefore, studying interactions between the polymeric components is vital for achieving suitable MIM feedstocks. We report on the effects of different compatibilisers – EGMA and E40 – on the interactions in polyoxymethylene (POM) and polypropylene (PP) blends. We measured contact angles and performed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses to identify the suitable compatibiliser that yields a feedstock with excellent properties. It was found that the binder system based on EGMA-3 demonstrates the lowest contact angle and best miscibility for the POM/PP blends compared to E40. This enhanced interaction lies in the chemistry of EGMA, having an active site that reduces the interfacial tension between the components of the POM/PP blend. Subsequently, this creates a positive interaction between the polymers and metal powders, ensuring good adhesion within the feedstock.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"355 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43586212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2190477
Swathi K. Manchili, B. Malladi, M. Vattur Sundaram, E. Hryha, L. Nyborg
ABSTRACT High sintered density is desired for heavy-duty applications and there are different ways through which the sintered density can be improved. In the current study, nanopowder is blended to the conventionally used micrometre-sized water-atomised steel powder to evaluate its impact on sintering. Both the powder variants, without and with nanopowder, were subjected to thermogravimetry analysis, and uniaxially compacted to the same green density of 7.15 g/cc or 90% relative density and sintered at 1250°C in pure hydrogen. A comparative analysis was performed with respect to the microstructural evolution between the micro and micro/nano bimodal powder compacts. JMatPro and electron backscattered diffraction was used to understand the microstructural evolution. An attempt was made to understand the improved linear shrinkage in the micro/nano bimodal powder compact using a combination of microstructure analysis and chemical analysis.
{"title":"Influence of iron nanopowder addition on the densification of chromium-prealloyed water-atomised powder metallurgy steel admixed with nickel","authors":"Swathi K. Manchili, B. Malladi, M. Vattur Sundaram, E. Hryha, L. Nyborg","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2190477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2190477","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT High sintered density is desired for heavy-duty applications and there are different ways through which the sintered density can be improved. In the current study, nanopowder is blended to the conventionally used micrometre-sized water-atomised steel powder to evaluate its impact on sintering. Both the powder variants, without and with nanopowder, were subjected to thermogravimetry analysis, and uniaxially compacted to the same green density of 7.15 g/cc or 90% relative density and sintered at 1250°C in pure hydrogen. A comparative analysis was performed with respect to the microstructural evolution between the micro and micro/nano bimodal powder compacts. JMatPro and electron backscattered diffraction was used to understand the microstructural evolution. An attempt was made to understand the improved linear shrinkage in the micro/nano bimodal powder compact using a combination of microstructure analysis and chemical analysis.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"309 - 315"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41546986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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