Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2192036
C. Pauzon, Ahmad Raza, Imran Hanif, S. Dubiez-Le Goff, J. Moverare, E. Hryha
ABSTRACT High layer thicknesses for laser powder bed fusion are promising for productivity increase. However, these are associated with increased process instability, spatter generation and powder degradation, crucial for alloys sensitive to oxygen. The effect of increasing layer thickness from 30 to 60 µm is studied focusing on Ti-6Al-4V spatter formation during LPBF and its characterisation, with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, combustion analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results indicate that spatters are covered with a uniform Ti-Al-based oxide layer and Al-rich oxide particulates, the thickness of which is about twice that present on virgin powder. The oxygen content was about 60% higher in spatters compared to the virgin powder. The study highlights that increasing the layer thickness to 60 µm permits to reduce the total generation of spatters by ∼40%, while maintaining similar spatter characteristics and static tensile properties. Hence, this allows to increase build rate without compromising process robustness. Highlights Increased layer thickness from 30 to 60 µm resulted in ∼40% lower amount of spatter generated per build Increased layer thickness from 30 to 60 µm resulted in ∼17% higher amount of generated spatter per scanned layer Increase in bulk oxygen content by >60% was registered for spatter compared to the virgin powder in both cases The oxide layer is about twice thicker on the spatter particles compared to virgin powder
{"title":"Effect of layer thickness on spatter properties during laser powder bed fusion of Ti–6Al–4V","authors":"C. Pauzon, Ahmad Raza, Imran Hanif, S. Dubiez-Le Goff, J. Moverare, E. Hryha","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2192036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2192036","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT High layer thicknesses for laser powder bed fusion are promising for productivity increase. However, these are associated with increased process instability, spatter generation and powder degradation, crucial for alloys sensitive to oxygen. The effect of increasing layer thickness from 30 to 60 µm is studied focusing on Ti-6Al-4V spatter formation during LPBF and its characterisation, with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, combustion analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results indicate that spatters are covered with a uniform Ti-Al-based oxide layer and Al-rich oxide particulates, the thickness of which is about twice that present on virgin powder. The oxygen content was about 60% higher in spatters compared to the virgin powder. The study highlights that increasing the layer thickness to 60 µm permits to reduce the total generation of spatters by ∼40%, while maintaining similar spatter characteristics and static tensile properties. Hence, this allows to increase build rate without compromising process robustness. Highlights Increased layer thickness from 30 to 60 µm resulted in ∼40% lower amount of spatter generated per build Increased layer thickness from 30 to 60 µm resulted in ∼17% higher amount of generated spatter per scanned layer Increase in bulk oxygen content by >60% was registered for spatter compared to the virgin powder in both cases The oxide layer is about twice thicker on the spatter particles compared to virgin powder","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"333 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43408478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2191236
Denis Mutel, Simon Gélinas, C. Blais
ABSTRACT Metal powders developed for additive manufacturing processes need to achieve specific flow characteristics to be considered suitable. However, for the relationship between powder flow and the morphological characteristics of individual particles can be difficult to establish. In this context, artificial intelligence appears to be the perfect tool to clarify the imprecision surrounding this type of interaction. The work summarised in this manuscript first uses a neural network architecture (Mask R-CNN) allowing the segmentation of individual water-atomised tool steel particles in micrographs acquired in scanning electron microscopy. The micrographs of individual particles or their shape descriptors are then processed using and comparing two different strategies, namely linear regression or unsupervised machine learning (ML), to corelate the information collected on individual particles with the rheological properties of powder specimens. The approach developed aims to acquire new knowledge regarding specific particle characteristics that are required to optimise powder flowability for laser powder-bed fusion.
{"title":"Rheological characterisation of water atomised tool steel powders developed for laser powder bed fusion by supervised and unsupervised machine learning","authors":"Denis Mutel, Simon Gélinas, C. Blais","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2191236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2191236","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Metal powders developed for additive manufacturing processes need to achieve specific flow characteristics to be considered suitable. However, for the relationship between powder flow and the morphological characteristics of individual particles can be difficult to establish. In this context, artificial intelligence appears to be the perfect tool to clarify the imprecision surrounding this type of interaction. The work summarised in this manuscript first uses a neural network architecture (Mask R-CNN) allowing the segmentation of individual water-atomised tool steel particles in micrographs acquired in scanning electron microscopy. The micrographs of individual particles or their shape descriptors are then processed using and comparing two different strategies, namely linear regression or unsupervised machine learning (ML), to corelate the information collected on individual particles with the rheological properties of powder specimens. The approach developed aims to acquire new knowledge regarding specific particle characteristics that are required to optimise powder flowability for laser powder-bed fusion.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"195 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42531797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2179207
E. Soares Barreto, J. Wegner, M. Frey, S. Kleszczynski, R. Busch, V. Uhlenwinkel, L. Mädler, N. Ellendt
ABSTRACT Laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) is advantageous for manufacturing bulk metallic glasses with size and geometrical freedom. However, the oxygen uptake along the production chain can negatively impact the generation of high-quality, amorphous parts. In this context, Cu–Ti-based alloys were gas-atomised and additively manufactured using commercial- (CP) and high-purity (HP) feedstocks. The oxygen absorption in each processing step was tracked and related to the amorphous phase formation and glass-forming ability (GFA) of alloys. Results show an increasing oxygen absorption, considerably influenced by the starting feedstock, especially for CP. In HP material, the most contribution is inherent from the powder oxygen content. Results reveal the lack of influence of the oxygen content in the GFA. TEM analysis of commercial powder and PBF-LB/M sample show uniform and featureless micrographs, displaying the absence of oxygen-induced nucleation. The present contribution enhances the qualification and economic processability of amorphous metals by PBF-LB/M.
{"title":"Influence of oxygen in the production chain of Cu–Ti-based metallic glasses via laser powder bed fusion","authors":"E. Soares Barreto, J. Wegner, M. Frey, S. Kleszczynski, R. Busch, V. Uhlenwinkel, L. Mädler, N. Ellendt","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2179207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2179207","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) is advantageous for manufacturing bulk metallic glasses with size and geometrical freedom. However, the oxygen uptake along the production chain can negatively impact the generation of high-quality, amorphous parts. In this context, Cu–Ti-based alloys were gas-atomised and additively manufactured using commercial- (CP) and high-purity (HP) feedstocks. The oxygen absorption in each processing step was tracked and related to the amorphous phase formation and glass-forming ability (GFA) of alloys. Results show an increasing oxygen absorption, considerably influenced by the starting feedstock, especially for CP. In HP material, the most contribution is inherent from the powder oxygen content. Results reveal the lack of influence of the oxygen content in the GFA. TEM analysis of commercial powder and PBF-LB/M sample show uniform and featureless micrographs, displaying the absence of oxygen-induced nucleation. The present contribution enhances the qualification and economic processability of amorphous metals by PBF-LB/M.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"343 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42410795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2189083
Junfeng Wang, Min Xia, Jialun Wu, C. Ge
ABSTRACT The clogging problem of close-coupled nozzles in the vacuum induction melting gas atomisation (VIGA) process is studied by numerical simulation and industrial experiments. To understand the factors affecting lick back on the nozzle, volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model simulation was adopted to visualise the motion of alloy melt around the outer wall of the delivery tube in the primary atomisation process. When the melt orifice diameter is 4 mm and the atomisation pressure is close to 3.5 MPa, the atomisation process is continuous, the powder particle size is fine, and the atomiser can be reused. When the orifice diameter is 5 mm, and the atomisation pressure is greater than 2.5 MPa, the risk of nozzle clogging is avoided, the powder size is relatively coarse. In the case of using the same atomiser structure, this study explains the mechanism of lick-back and the resulting nozzle damage in VIGA units.
{"title":"Nozzle clogging in vacuum induction melting gas atomisation: influence of gas pressure and melt orifice diameter coupling","authors":"Junfeng Wang, Min Xia, Jialun Wu, C. Ge","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2189083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2189083","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The clogging problem of close-coupled nozzles in the vacuum induction melting gas atomisation (VIGA) process is studied by numerical simulation and industrial experiments. To understand the factors affecting lick back on the nozzle, volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model simulation was adopted to visualise the motion of alloy melt around the outer wall of the delivery tube in the primary atomisation process. When the melt orifice diameter is 4 mm and the atomisation pressure is close to 3.5 MPa, the atomisation process is continuous, the powder particle size is fine, and the atomiser can be reused. When the orifice diameter is 5 mm, and the atomisation pressure is greater than 2.5 MPa, the risk of nozzle clogging is avoided, the powder size is relatively coarse. In the case of using the same atomiser structure, this study explains the mechanism of lick-back and the resulting nozzle damage in VIGA units.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"281 - 294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46879571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2185340
O. Uçak, M. Zago, J. Voglhuber, I. Cristofolini
ABSTRACT The anisotropy of dimensional change in compaction plane of rings made of three low alloyed steels was investigated as a function of green density and geometry. Increasing green density and (D ext–D int)/H ratio, the anisotropy of both shrinkage and swelling increases. A correlation with springback during ejection of the rings from die cavity after cold compaction was found. The ratio between the dimensional changes of diameters, as a function of the ratio between springback of diameters, describes a linear correlation intersecting point (1,1), representative of isotropic behaviour. This correlation confirms the hypothesis of an effect of micropores, generated in the green parts during ejection from die cavity, on dimensional change anisotropy. An analytical correlation was determined for the anisotropy of dimensional change in the compaction plane as a function of green density and geometrical parameter, which can be implemented in the design methodology accounting for the anisotropic dimensional change previously proposed.
{"title":"A study of the anisotropy of dimensional change in the compaction plane during sintering of low alloyed cold compacted steels","authors":"O. Uçak, M. Zago, J. Voglhuber, I. Cristofolini","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2185340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2185340","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 The anisotropy of dimensional change in compaction plane of rings made of three low alloyed steels was investigated as a function of green density and geometry. Increasing green density and (D ext–D int)/H ratio, the anisotropy of both shrinkage and swelling increases. A correlation with springback during ejection of the rings from die cavity after cold compaction was found. The ratio between the dimensional changes of diameters, as a function of the ratio between springback of diameters, describes a linear correlation intersecting point (1,1), representative of isotropic behaviour. This correlation confirms the hypothesis of an effect of micropores, generated in the green parts during ejection from die cavity, on dimensional change anisotropy. An analytical correlation was determined for the anisotropy of dimensional change in the compaction plane as a function of green density and geometrical parameter, which can be implemented in the design methodology accounting for the anisotropic dimensional change previously proposed.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"295 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47590196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2177015
X. Jian, L. Xin, Cai Yunhe, Xingting Li, Yongqiang Lin, Jintao Xi
ABSTRACT The measurement and predictive functions of the model equation method in the preparation of porous copper were studied. Needlelike and spherical carbamide was used as a space holder with volume content between 10 and 80%. One step of heat treatment for green compacts was applied to fabricate porous copper. A criterion for determining the uniformity of external dimensions of porous copper was proposed. The results showed that the mass follows the law of conservation and the height of porous copper decreased as the increase of spacer content while there was no regularity for the diameter. The porosity of porous copper calculated by the model equation method was equal to those of by the mass volume method. The theoretical formula obtained to describe the relationship between porosity and spacer content of porous copper intersects with the empirical formula. The results indicated that the measurement function of the model equation method was easier to play than the prediction function.
{"title":"The application of the model equation method in the preparation of porous copper by using needlelike and spherical carbamide as a space holder","authors":"X. Jian, L. Xin, Cai Yunhe, Xingting Li, Yongqiang Lin, Jintao Xi","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2177015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2177015","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The measurement and predictive functions of the model equation method in the preparation of porous copper were studied. Needlelike and spherical carbamide was used as a space holder with volume content between 10 and 80%. One step of heat treatment for green compacts was applied to fabricate porous copper. A criterion for determining the uniformity of external dimensions of porous copper was proposed. The results showed that the mass follows the law of conservation and the height of porous copper decreased as the increase of spacer content while there was no regularity for the diameter. The porosity of porous copper calculated by the model equation method was equal to those of by the mass volume method. The theoretical formula obtained to describe the relationship between porosity and spacer content of porous copper intersects with the empirical formula. The results indicated that the measurement function of the model equation method was easier to play than the prediction function.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"365 - 376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46309143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-29DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2171582
S. Graham, A. Patel, B. Fernández Silva, W. Stott, G. Baxter, M. Roscher, M. Jackson
ABSTRACT Metal additive manufacturing techniques typically operate using powders with limited particle size ranges, but atomisation processes produce significant amounts of particles outside these ranges, resulting in an accumulation of out-of-size specification metal powders without a clear use case. Field-assisted sintering technology (FAST) can provide an alternative, solid-state processing route to consolidate these powders into billets for subsequent processing, or directly into near-net shape components. In this study, surplus powders of A20X, an aerospace approved aluminium alloy developed by Aluminium Materials Technologies (ECKART GmbH), were processed using FAST and subsequently hot rolled to produce sheet material. Tensile properties were similar to hot rolled conventional cast material and comparable to additively manufactured product. This indicates that FAST is an effective option for converting surplus metal powders into useful products, while improving sustainability in the additive supply chain. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Solid-state processing of surplus aluminium alloy powders through a combination of field-assisted sintering technology and hot rolling","authors":"S. Graham, A. Patel, B. Fernández Silva, W. Stott, G. Baxter, M. Roscher, M. Jackson","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2171582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2171582","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Metal additive manufacturing techniques typically operate using powders with limited particle size ranges, but atomisation processes produce significant amounts of particles outside these ranges, resulting in an accumulation of out-of-size specification metal powders without a clear use case. Field-assisted sintering technology (FAST) can provide an alternative, solid-state processing route to consolidate these powders into billets for subsequent processing, or directly into near-net shape components. In this study, surplus powders of A20X, an aerospace approved aluminium alloy developed by Aluminium Materials Technologies (ECKART GmbH), were processed using FAST and subsequently hot rolled to produce sheet material. Tensile properties were similar to hot rolled conventional cast material and comparable to additively manufactured product. This indicates that FAST is an effective option for converting surplus metal powders into useful products, while improving sustainability in the additive supply chain. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"187 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42465224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-29DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2170848
M. Schickbichler, S. Ramesh Babu, M. Hafok, C. Turk, G. Schneeberger, A. Fölzer, S. Michelic
ABSTRACT Powder metallurgical (PM) steels are characterised by a very high cleanness level. Single mesoscopic inclusions can nevertheless induce material failure under the extreme exposed stresses in the final product. Extensive knowledge about the cleanness of these steels is therefore essential. Various methods for inclusion analyses are available, providing different information about the non-metallic inclusion population present in the steel matrix. Several state-of-the-art methods of inclusion analysis are compared, considering morphological parameters and chemical composition of the detected inclusions as well as the required time effort and statistics behind the specific method. Tests were carried out with a standard PM steel HS6-5-3C. Combined with chemical extraction, automated SEM/EDS measurements enable a clear description of the microscopic cleanness level. Statistical analyses using the extreme value theory allowed the prediction of the maximum inclusion size in the investigated samples.
{"title":"Comparison of methods for characterising the steel cleanness in powder metallurgical high-speed steels","authors":"M. Schickbichler, S. Ramesh Babu, M. Hafok, C. Turk, G. Schneeberger, A. Fölzer, S. Michelic","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2170848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2170848","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Powder metallurgical (PM) steels are characterised by a very high cleanness level. Single mesoscopic inclusions can nevertheless induce material failure under the extreme exposed stresses in the final product. Extensive knowledge about the cleanness of these steels is therefore essential. Various methods for inclusion analyses are available, providing different information about the non-metallic inclusion population present in the steel matrix. Several state-of-the-art methods of inclusion analysis are compared, considering morphological parameters and chemical composition of the detected inclusions as well as the required time effort and statistics behind the specific method. Tests were carried out with a standard PM steel HS6-5-3C. Combined with chemical extraction, automated SEM/EDS measurements enable a clear description of the microscopic cleanness level. Statistical analyses using the extreme value theory allowed the prediction of the maximum inclusion size in the investigated samples.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"316 - 332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44525406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-17DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2023.2165760
L. Bolzoni, M. Jia, F. Yang
ABSTRACT The Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy is a cheaper α+β Ti alloy with mechanical performance comparable to those of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy whose cost could be further reduced by producing it via powder metallurgy. In this study, the effect of the thermomechanical deformation temperature on the properties of the Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy produced from elemental powders was studied. Furthermore, the effect of the modification of the microstructure via heat treatments on the properties of the forged billets was analysed. This study demonstrates that powder forging can successfully be used to manufacture α+β Ti alloys and the selection of the forging temperature significantly affects the mechanical behaviour, where the lower the forging temperature the stronger and the less ductile the material. The post-processing via solution treatment plus aging generally improves the mechanical properties of the Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy, especially in terms of ductility, without compromising the strength.
{"title":"Influence of powder forging and heat treatment conditions on the properties of the cost-effective Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy","authors":"L. Bolzoni, M. Jia, F. Yang","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2023.2165760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2023.2165760","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy is a cheaper α+β Ti alloy with mechanical performance comparable to those of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy whose cost could be further reduced by producing it via powder metallurgy. In this study, the effect of the thermomechanical deformation temperature on the properties of the Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy produced from elemental powders was studied. Furthermore, the effect of the modification of the microstructure via heat treatments on the properties of the forged billets was analysed. This study demonstrates that powder forging can successfully be used to manufacture α+β Ti alloys and the selection of the forging temperature significantly affects the mechanical behaviour, where the lower the forging temperature the stronger and the less ductile the material. The post-processing via solution treatment plus aging generally improves the mechanical properties of the Ti-5Al-2.5Fe alloy, especially in terms of ductility, without compromising the strength.","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"227 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45032455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-06DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2022.2163551
Mahdi Mirzaaghaei, F. Qods, H. Arabi, M. Milani, B. Mohammad Sadeghi, M. Nourbakhsh
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate and fabricate a Ti64-bagasse ash (BA) composite using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. Accordingly, the samples were fabricated under partial densification. XRD analysis, optical and electron microscopy (SEM), hardness measurement, and bending test were used to study the phases formed, the morphology of powders, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the samples, respectively. The results showed that increasing the volume percentage of bagasse ash affected the mechanical properties of the samples in addition to the microstructure. It was also observed that in the samples containing 5 vol.% bagasse ash, in addition to a significant decrease in the value of elastic modulus, the sample fabricated contained pores with a wall composed of ceramic and metal. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Investigation of mechanical and microstructure characteristics of Ti64-bagasse ash composite produced by the SPS process","authors":"Mahdi Mirzaaghaei, F. Qods, H. Arabi, M. Milani, B. Mohammad Sadeghi, M. Nourbakhsh","doi":"10.1080/00325899.2022.2163551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2022.2163551","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate and fabricate a Ti64-bagasse ash (BA) composite using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. Accordingly, the samples were fabricated under partial densification. XRD analysis, optical and electron microscopy (SEM), hardness measurement, and bending test were used to study the phases formed, the morphology of powders, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the samples, respectively. The results showed that increasing the volume percentage of bagasse ash affected the mechanical properties of the samples in addition to the microstructure. It was also observed that in the samples containing 5 vol.% bagasse ash, in addition to a significant decrease in the value of elastic modulus, the sample fabricated contained pores with a wall composed of ceramic and metal. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":20392,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy","volume":"66 1","pages":"248 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45611087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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