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The role of externalities and uncertainty in policy design: evidence from the regulation of genome editing 外部性和不确定性在政策设计中的作用:来自基因组编辑监管的证据
IF 7 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2021.1945185
Alberto Asquer, Inna Krachkovskaya
Abstract Externalities and uncertainty play an important role in the design of regulatory policies. Regulatory tools must be selected while taking into consideration the side-effects that regulated products or services have on other individuals and on the environment. This study investigates the externalities and uncertainty that arise from the use of genome editing (with specific reference to CRISPR technique) and how they relate to regulatory policy design choices. Building on evidence from genome editing regulation and on the NATO (Nodality, Authority, Treasure and Organization) policy tools framework, this study argues that a mix of regulatory tools is required to tackle externalities of genome editing applications and to cope with sources of uncertainty about their beneficial, neutral and harmful side-effects. The study provides some recommendations to policy-makers about reducing uncertainty, diversifying regulatory tools over time, and communicating to the public about features of genetically edited products.
摘要外部性和不确定性在监管政策的设计中发挥着重要作用。在选择监管工具时,必须考虑到受监管的产品或服务对其他个人和环境的副作用。本研究调查了基因组编辑(特别参考CRISPR技术)的使用所产生的外部性和不确定性,以及它们与监管政策设计选择的关系。基于基因组编辑监管的证据和北约(Nodality,Authority,Treasure and Organization)政策工具框架,本研究认为,需要多种监管工具来解决基因组编辑应用的外部性,并应对其有益、中性和有害副作用的不确定性来源。该研究为决策者提供了一些建议,以减少不确定性,随着时间的推移使监管工具多样化,并向公众宣传转基因产品的特点。
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引用次数: 1
A media visibility analysis of public leadership in Scandinavian responses to pandemics 斯堪的纳维亚应对流行病公共领导层的媒体知名度分析
IF 7 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2021.1943830
Olivier Rubin, E. Baekkeskov, PerOla Öberg
Abstract This paper analyses public leadership in Scandinavia during the latest two pandemics, the swine flu pandemic in 2009 and the coronavirus pandemic in 2020, by compiling and contrasting national proxies of media visibility among pandemic response actors. Concretely, the paper taps into key media databases to develop indicators of how often national leaders and leading health experts are mentioned in Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish media reports about the 2009 and 2020 pandemics. The study reveals a high degree of continuity of public leadership in Sweden during the two pandemics. In contrast, Norway and in particular Denmark both moved from a predominately expert-driven media presence in 2009 to a much stronger top-down ministerial leadership presence during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. In addition, Sweden also displays the most balanced media representation of health experts and cabinet ministers during both pandemics. The paper concludes by discussing the pros and cons of the outlined differences in public leadership and the possible practical implications with regards public debate and trust.
摘要本文分析了斯堪的纳维亚半岛在最近两次疫情期间的公共领导力,即2009年的猪流感疫情和2020年的冠状病毒疫情,通过汇编和对比疫情应对参与者的媒体知名度的国家指标。具体而言,该论文利用关键媒体数据库,制定丹麦、挪威和瑞典媒体关于2009年和2020年流行病的报道中提及国家领导人和主要卫生专家的频率指标。这项研究揭示了瑞典在两次疫情期间公共领导的高度连续性。相比之下,挪威,尤其是丹麦,在2020年冠状病毒大流行期间,都从2009年主要由专家主导的媒体形象转变为更强大的自上而下的部长级领导形象。此外,在这两次疫情期间,瑞典的卫生专家和内阁部长在媒体上的代表性也最为平衡。最后,本文讨论了公共领导力差异的利弊,以及对公共辩论和信任可能产生的实际影响。
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引用次数: 1
Research for impact: three keys for research implementation 影响研究:研究实施的三个关键
IF 7 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2021-06-28 DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2021.1936761
Kirsty Jones, S. Bice
Abstract Impact is essential to research, policymaking and implementation. Yet impact is often misunderstood or poorly defined. For public policy scholars, concerns about impact exist largely on two planes. On one level scholars seek to understand the impacts of policy interventions. On a second level scholars aim for their public policy research to generate real-world impact. These two concerns – the “what” and the “how” of research – are often treated separately. In this article, we argue that it is worthwhile joining up these concerns about impact. This is possible, we suggest, through a combination of logic models and a novel rethink of the usual “pathway to research impact”. The article introduces two research co-design tools aimed at improving the likelihood of achieving research impact, while also improving understanding of those impacts: an integrated knowledge translation (IKT)-informed logic model and an implementation science (IS)-derived Pathway to Impact. We draw on a multi-year research co-creation project to develop the Infrastructure Engagement Excellence (IEE) Standards for Australia’s $250 billion infrastructure sector. This co-creation project illustrates the development of the logic model, Pathway to Impact and consequent research co-design process. Together, these tools can support policy scholars’ efforts to produce impactful research while also creating better understanding of policy and practice impacts, and how to achieve them. We conclude that genuine and robust research co-design requires researchers to commit not only to undertaking research with rigor, but also a willingness to dedicate thought and effort to the relationship between what research activities are carried out and how those processes can advance policy and practice outcomes and impact.
摘要影响对研究、决策和执行至关重要。然而,影响往往被误解或定义不清。对于公共政策学者来说,对影响的担忧主要存在于两个层面。在一个层面上,学者们试图理解政策干预的影响。在第二个层面上,学者们的公共政策研究旨在产生现实世界的影响。这两个问题——研究的“内容”和“方式”——通常被分开对待。在这篇文章中,我们认为,将这些关于影响的担忧结合起来是值得的。我们认为,通过逻辑模型的结合和对通常的“研究影响途径”的新颖反思,这是可能的。本文介绍了两种旨在提高实现研究影响的可能性,同时提高对这些影响的理解的研究共同设计工具:一种是综合知识翻译(IKT)知情逻辑模型,另一种是实施科学(IS)衍生的影响途径。我们利用一个多年研究联合创建项目,为澳大利亚2500亿美元的基础设施行业制定卓越基础设施参与(IEE)标准。这个共同创建项目说明了逻辑模型的发展、影响之路以及随后的研究共同设计过程。总之,这些工具可以支持政策学者进行有影响力的研究,同时也可以更好地了解政策和实践的影响,以及如何实现这些影响。我们得出的结论是,真正而稳健的研究联合设计要求研究人员不仅要致力于严谨地开展研究,还要愿意将思想和精力投入到开展的研究活动与这些过程如何推进政策和实践结果及影响之间的关系上。
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引用次数: 1
On the realities of gender inclusion in climate change policies in Nepal 关于尼泊尔气候变化政策中性别包容的现实
IF 7 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2021-06-20 DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2021.1935643
Anupma Rai, D. P. Ayadi, Bibek Shrestha, Aashish Mishra
Abstract Climate change impacts are felt globally but not equally. Even within the most vulnerable groups, women are disproportionately affected by the impacts of a changing climate. This review delves into the issue of how climate change and related policy documents in Nepal have addressed the gender-differentiated impacts of climate change. Through a gendered lens, the policies are evaluated as to whether they are gender-blind or gender-aware. We have reviewed 24 documents with climate change as a thematic area of focus along with other climate change-related national policy documents on the environment, forestry and watershed, agriculture, and disaster. Out of the 24 documents reviewed, 19 were found to be gender-aware and 5 were found to be gender-blind. We recommend gender-transformative policy development as it has been made clear that unless prevalent structural inequalities are addressed, the vulnerable cannot adapt to climate change impacts.
全球都能感受到气候变化的影响,但并不平等。即使在最脆弱的群体中,妇女也不成比例地受到气候变化的影响。这篇综述深入探讨了尼泊尔的气候变化和相关政策文件如何解决气候变化对性别差异的影响。通过性别视角,评估这些政策是无视性别还是意识到性别。我们审查了24份以气候变化为专题领域的文件,以及其他与气候变化有关的环境、林业和流域、农业、灾害等国家政策文件。在审查的24份文件中,发现19份具有性别意识,5份没有性别意识。我们建议制定性别转型政策,因为已经明确的是,除非解决普遍存在的结构性不平等问题,否则弱势群体无法适应气候变化的影响。
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引用次数: 2
Enhancing policy capacity through Co-design: the case of local public transportation in the Philippines 通过协同设计提高政策能力:以菲律宾当地公共交通为例
IF 7 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2021-06-08 DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2021.1930689
Revka E. Perez, Anne Clarice L. Ng, N. C. Tiglao
Abstract This paper explores how co-design can support the analytical, operational, and political policy capacities of government bodies. It specifically covers the policy capacities for public transport of local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines which was then mainly undertaken by the national government. The study area is Pasig City which has its own Pasig Bus Service (PBS) operated by its City Transportation Development and Management Office (CTDMO). To assess and improve the PBS, a design thinking workshop was held with CTDMO and commuter representatives in creating an information exchange platform. Discussions from the workshop were subjected to thematic analysis and coding to determine the kind and frequency of policy capacities expressed. Challenges in conducting the workshop were also identified along with recommendations to ensure the effectiveness of co-design in improving policy capacities of participants and the agency involved.
摘要本文探讨了协同设计如何支持政府机构的分析、操作和政治政策能力。它具体涵盖了菲律宾地方政府单位(lgu)的公共交通政策能力,当时主要由国家政府承担。研究区域是帕西格市,它有自己的帕西格巴士服务(PBS),由其城市交通发展和管理办公室(CTDMO)运营。为了评估和改善公共服务系统,我们与CTDMO和通勤代表举办了一个设计思维工作坊,以建立一个信息交流平台。讲习班的讨论经过专题分析和编码,以确定所表达的政策能力的种类和频率。还确定了举办讲习班的挑战,并提出了建议,以确保共同设计在提高与会者和有关机构的政策能力方面的有效性。
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引用次数: 6
Imagining the future with citizens: participatory foresight and democratic policy design in Marcoussis, France 与公民一起想象未来:法国马库锡的参与性远见和民主政策设计
IF 7 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2021-06-07 DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2021.1930687
C. Gouache
Abstract The idea that the future is too serious and strategic to be discussed with people who are not “experts” is so commonly shared that citizens’ voices are lacking in most decision-making processes and future-oriented choices whether we look at political or research and innovation agendas. Yet, proofs to contradict this vision are now multiplying and can be found in a growing number of case studies and scientific publications. Citizens are proving not only to be legitimate actors to contribute to the future agenda-setting of local, national or European levels but also relevant and pertinent contributors. However, this practice of participatory agenda-setting—even though it is getting greater attention—remains relatively experimental, atypical and sporadic. The limits and drawbacks of citizen participation processes have already been highlighted in the literature but rather than calling this practice to an end it actually calls for more experimentation as the difficulties do not diminish the democratic need, legitimacy and value of such governance practices. Especially, since many western democracies are becoming very fragile. We will see in the preliminary part of this paper, the many challenges that undermine not only the functioning of democratic processes but also the citizens’ role and sense of agency in the governance of the society they live in, as well as the role of elected officials and experts regarding agenda-setting, then we will look into the lack of future thinking not only in the political sphere but also the educational and social practices, analyze the values of participatory processes and its potential limits and risks and finally review an experimental case of participatory foresight and policy design from the small town of Marcoussis (France) which successfully conducted a participatory agenda-setting experiment—and voted—after a 2 years-long process, their local agenda for the future together with its inhabitants, civil servants and elected officials. Marcoussis has engaged around 600 people (out of a population of 8000 inhabitants) in 25 moments, using very diverse methods and techniques (forum-theater, philosophy talks, market of ideas for the future, collective distillation) and setting the process in unusual and non-administrative contexts (entering into schools, ‘hacking’ their local popular festivals) to touch a very diverse set of citizens and gather as many contributions as possible. In this case analysis, we will inspect the preliminary conditions of how Marcoussis set up their participatory foresight and agenda-setting process, then review the creative tools and design methods that were experimented and finally, draw the lessons learned in terms of participatory agenda-setting processes and democratic innovations.
摘要认为未来过于严肃和战略性,无法与非“专家”讨论的观点非常普遍,以至于无论是从政治议程还是研究和创新议程来看,在大多数决策过程和面向未来的选择中都缺乏公民的声音。然而,与这一观点相矛盾的证据正在成倍增加,并且可以在越来越多的案例研究和科学出版物中找到。事实证明,公民不仅是为地方、国家或欧洲各级未来议程制定做出贡献的合法行为者,而且也是相关和相关的贡献者。然而,这种参与式议程制定的做法——尽管它越来越受到关注——仍然是相对实验性的、非典型的和零星的。文献中已经强调了公民参与过程的局限性和缺点,但它并没有要求结束这种做法,而是要求进行更多的实验,因为这些困难并没有削弱这种治理做法的民主需求、合法性和价值。尤其是,许多西方民主国家正变得非常脆弱。我们将在本文件的初步部分看到,许多挑战不仅破坏民主进程的运作,而且破坏公民在治理他们所生活的社会中的作用和机构感,以及民选官员和专家在议程制定方面的作用,然后,我们将不仅在政治领域,而且在教育和社会实践中,分析参与式进程的价值及其潜在的局限性和风险,最后回顾一个来自法国小镇马库锡的参与式远见和政策设计的实验案例,该案例成功地进行了参与式议程制定实验,并在2 他们与当地居民、公务员和民选官员一起制定了长达数年的地方未来议程。马库锡在25个瞬间吸引了大约600人(8000名居民中),使用非常多样化的方法和技术(论坛剧场、哲学讲座、未来思想市场、集体升华),并将流程设置在不同寻常的非行政环境中(进入学校、“黑客攻击”当地流行的节日),以接触到非常多样化的公民群体,并收集尽可能多的贡献。在这一案例分析中,我们将考察马库锡如何建立其参与性远见和议程制定过程的初步条件,然后审查所试验的创造性工具和设计方法,最后总结参与性议程制定过程和民主创新方面的经验教训。
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引用次数: 3
Constraints on policy learning: designing the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in Pennsylvania 政策学习的制约因素:宾夕法尼亚州区域温室气体倡议的设计
IF 7 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2021-05-24 DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2021.1928970
A. Bell, D. Mallinson
Abstract Much policy diffusion and learning research examines macro-level patterns of policy spread. However, micro-level case studies can reveal nuances in how learning occurs, particularly when innovation originates within the executive branch, not the legislature. This case study of Pennsylvania’s effort to join the regional greenhouse gas initiative (RGGI) illuminates the legal constraints faced by administrators who must innovate within the bounds of existing authority. The study also shows that legal constraints can reduce an agency’s ability to maximize the political durability of major policy reform. The case yields insights for both policy designers and scholars of policy diffusion and learning.
许多政策传播和学习研究考察了政策传播的宏观层面模式。然而,微观层面的案例研究可以揭示学习如何发生的细微差别,特别是当创新源于行政部门而非立法部门时。这项关于宾夕法尼亚州加入区域温室气体倡议(RGGI)的案例研究阐明了行政人员面临的法律约束,他们必须在现有权力范围内进行创新。研究还表明,法律约束会降低机构最大限度提高重大政策改革政治持久性的能力。该案例为政策设计者和政策传播和学习学者提供了见解。
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引用次数: 2
The challenging role of policy labs in public sector organizations: designing for more responsive systems (or organizations) 政策实验室在公共部门组织中具有挑战性的角色:为响应性更强的系统(或组织)设计
IF 7 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2021-05-17 DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2021.1917173
Tamami Komatsu, Mariana Salgado, A. Deserti, F. Rizzo
Design has emerged as a discipline equipped to tackle the complex problems of the 21st century, primarily for its human-centered and experimentation approach and participative qualities. Through th...
设计已经成为一门能够解决21世纪复杂问题的学科,主要是因为它以人为本、实验方法和参与性。通过th……
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引用次数: 10
Design and learning effects of China’s expert advisory committees1 中国专家咨询委员会的设计和学习效果1
IF 7 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2021.1915596
Wei Li
Abstract Facing challenges of dealing with complex social and technical issues, Chinese government has sought to enhance social credibility of policy decisions by soliciting expert advice. One institutional approach to do so is to establish expert advisory committees (EACs). Based on an analysis of EACs established by China’s national government agencies, this paper finds low but increasing degrees of transparency and formalization, high degree of government control and relevance, low but increasing degree of inclusiveness and contestability. With more diversification and contestation of the societal interests and values, rising public demand for participation in decision-making and growing technical complexity of policy issues in China, the EACs’ advice has drawn upon more diverse types of knowledge, interests, and values. The study provides one of many learning mechanisms that account for the rapid economic development and social-political stability of the country witnessed by the world.
摘要面对处理复杂的社会和技术问题的挑战,中国政府寻求通过征求专家意见来提高决策的社会可信度。这样做的一种体制方法是建立专家咨询委员会。基于对中国国家政府机构建立的EAC的分析,本文发现透明度和正规化程度较低但不断增加,政府控制和相关性较高,包容性和可竞争性程度较低,但不断增加。随着中国社会利益和价值观的日益多样化和竞争,公众参与决策的需求不断增加,政策问题的技术复杂性不断增加,选管会的建议借鉴了更多样化的知识、利益和价值。这项研究提供了许多学习机制之一,这些机制解释了世界见证的该国经济快速发展和社会政治稳定。
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引用次数: 0
Public deliberation and policy design 公众审议和政策设计
IF 7 Q1 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Pub Date : 2021-04-24 DOI: 10.1080/25741292.2021.1912906
Alastair Stark, N. Thompson, G. Marston
Abstract What role can deliberative democracy mechanisms perform in relation to policy design? This article reports findings from an experiment which was conducted to answer that question. The experiment brought together a random sample of the public who debated public policy questions online and face-to-face. Three key findings emerged. First, deliberative democracy mechanisms are different from more typical participatory policy design tools because they offer something more dynamic than a ‘snapshot’ of public opinion. Second, public deliberation can contribute evidence to policy analysis processes that is more considered because it emerges from a process of citizen sensemaking. Finally, unique forms of policy relevant data can be produced by analyzing the justifications that citizens use to convince others during policy deliberations. These findings suggest that allowing citizens to “talk policy” through deliberative democracy mechanisms can produce unique forms of policy knowledge.
协商民主机制在政策设计中能够发挥怎样的作用?本文报告了一项实验的结果,该实验是为了回答这个问题而进行的。这个实验随机抽取了一些公众样本,他们在网上和面对面地讨论公共政策问题。三个主要发现浮出水面。首先,协商民主机制不同于更典型的参与性政策设计工具,因为它们提供的东西比公众舆论的“快照”更具动态性。其次,公众审议可以为政策分析过程提供证据,而政策分析过程受到更多的考虑,因为它来自公民的意义制定过程。最后,通过分析公民在政策审议过程中用来说服他人的理由,可以产生独特形式的政策相关数据。这些发现表明,允许公民通过协商民主机制“谈论政策”可以产生独特的政策知识形式。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
Policy Design and Practice
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