Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106353
Ing-Marie Gren , Hans Andersson , Lars Jonasson
A common rule in many countries for mitigating the damage caused by African swine fever (ASF) is to eradicate the virus at the outbreak in order to prevent its dispersal and the associated social costs of depopulating infected domestic pigs. The economic performance of this practice, as measured by five different evaluation criteria (net present value, benefit-cost ratio, rate of return, internal rate of return, and payback time), depends on the type of control cost and the spatial and dynamic allocation of benefits, i.e. avoided losses from infected domestic pig farms. The present paper calculates the direct and indirect costs of immediate control measures during an ASF outbreak in wild boars in Mid Sweden. The direct costs include expenses incurred for surveillance, laboratory tests, depopulation of wild boar etc., while the indirect costs are borne by firms and people in the area in relation to movement restrictions. The calculations showed that the total cost of control measures amounted to 28 million euros, with indirect costs making up 40 % of this figure. The benefits were greatly dependent on the speed of ASF dispersal and assumptions about pig farmers’ investment responses, which implied large variations in each of the five evaluation criteria.
{"title":"Benefits and costs of measures to tackle the outbreak of African swine fever in Sweden","authors":"Ing-Marie Gren , Hans Andersson , Lars Jonasson","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A common rule in many countries for mitigating the damage caused by African swine fever (ASF) is to eradicate the virus at the outbreak in order to prevent its dispersal and the associated social costs of depopulating infected domestic pigs. The economic performance of this practice, as measured by five different evaluation criteria (net present value, benefit-cost ratio, rate of return, internal rate of return, and payback time), depends on the type of control cost and the spatial and dynamic allocation of benefits, i.e. avoided losses from infected domestic pig farms. The present paper calculates the direct and indirect costs of immediate control measures during an ASF outbreak in wild boars in Mid Sweden. The direct costs include expenses incurred for surveillance, laboratory tests, depopulation of wild boar etc., while the indirect costs are borne by firms and people in the area in relation to movement restrictions. The calculations showed that the total cost of control measures amounted to 28 million euros, with indirect costs making up 40 % of this figure. The benefits were greatly dependent on the speed of ASF dispersal and assumptions about pig farmers’ investment responses, which implied large variations in each of the five evaluation criteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142372675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106352
Caroline M. Best , Lucy Vass , Elliot Stanton , Judy Bettridge , Andrew W. Dowsey , Kristen K. Reyher
There is increasing pressure to reduce and refine antimicrobial use (AMU) in farmed livestock, to slow the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and preserve the efficacy of antimicrobials (AMs) in both humans and animals. Developing strategies to help drive the prudent use of AMs requires an understanding of the direct and indirect factors influencing the between-farm variation in AMU typically observed. Given limited evidence of risk factors in sheep, this exploratory study aimed to investigate whether sheep flocks could be classified into farm types based on farm characteristics, health parameters and management practices, and whether important differences existed in AMU between these flock types. This study was conducted on 22 sheep flocks in Wales, United Kingdom as part of a wider longitudinal study on AMU and AMR. Comprehensive surveys were administered to flocks where 147 variables regarding farm characteristics, flock health parameters and management practices were captured. AMU data for each flock were also collated. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), followed by a Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components (HCPC) analysis, were used to classify the flocks. The top 10 dimensions yielded by MCA explained 67.4 % of the total variance. Nine partitions of relatively homogeneous flocks, derived from three typologies produced from the first three cut-points of the HCPC dendrogram, were visualised and described. These nine partitions were characterised by 70 variable categories, principally the implementation or neglect of best-practice lameness management practices. Partitions of flocks that neglected best-practice lameness managements – characterised by delayed treatments of lame sheep, footbathing and bleeding when foot trimming – reported higher lameness prevalence and fewer lame ewes recovering within five days of treatment. These flocks had higher total AMU (mg/PCU) and used a higher mass of injectable AMs than other partitions of flocks. Flock traits, lambing practices, disease challenges and other management factors also described partitions derived in later dendrogram cuts. Findings from this study confirm good AM stewardship in sheep flocks to be a complex picture, given the typologies of flocks described and the range of factors likely to influence AMU. Opportunities for targeted strategies for sustainable reductions in AMU can be directed towards specific flock types identified, specifically within the context of lameness treatment and control. We highlight the importance of understanding flock heterogeneity, through the construction of typologies, as a means to fine-tune appropriate interventions to specific flock types in order to help drive more prudent use of AMs.
{"title":"Novel characterisation of sheep flocks in Wales: A description of principal flock typologies and antimicrobial use patterns","authors":"Caroline M. Best , Lucy Vass , Elliot Stanton , Judy Bettridge , Andrew W. Dowsey , Kristen K. Reyher","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is increasing pressure to reduce and refine antimicrobial use (AMU) in farmed livestock, to slow the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and preserve the efficacy of antimicrobials (AMs) in both humans and animals. Developing strategies to help drive the prudent use of AMs requires an understanding of the direct and indirect factors influencing the between-farm variation in AMU typically observed. Given limited evidence of risk factors in sheep, this exploratory study aimed to investigate whether sheep flocks could be classified into farm types based on farm characteristics, health parameters and management practices, and whether important differences existed in AMU between these flock types. This study was conducted on 22 sheep flocks in Wales, United Kingdom as part of a wider longitudinal study on AMU and AMR. Comprehensive surveys were administered to flocks where 147 variables regarding farm characteristics, flock health parameters and management practices were captured. AMU data for each flock were also collated. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), followed by a Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components (HCPC) analysis, were used to classify the flocks. The top 10 dimensions yielded by MCA explained 67.4 % of the total variance. Nine partitions of relatively homogeneous flocks, derived from three typologies produced from the first three cut-points of the HCPC dendrogram, were visualised and described. These nine partitions were characterised by 70 variable categories, principally the implementation or neglect of best-practice lameness management practices. Partitions of flocks that neglected best-practice lameness managements – characterised by delayed treatments of lame sheep, footbathing and bleeding when foot trimming – reported higher lameness prevalence and fewer lame ewes recovering within five days of treatment. These flocks had higher total AMU (mg/PCU) and used a higher mass of injectable AMs than other partitions of flocks. Flock traits, lambing practices, disease challenges and other management factors also described partitions derived in later dendrogram cuts. Findings from this study confirm good AM stewardship in sheep flocks to be a complex picture, given the typologies of flocks described and the range of factors likely to influence AMU. Opportunities for targeted strategies for sustainable reductions in AMU can be directed towards specific flock types identified, specifically within the context of lameness treatment and control. We highlight the importance of understanding flock heterogeneity, through the construction of typologies, as a means to fine-tune appropriate interventions to specific flock types in order to help drive more prudent use of AMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106352"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142366280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106351
Famke Alberts , Olaf Berke , Grazieli Maboni , Tatiana Petukhova , Zvonimir Poljak
Influenza is a disease that represents both a public health and agricultural risk with pandemic potential. Among the subtypes of influenza A virus, H3 influenza virus can infect many avian and mammalian species and is therefore a virus of interest to human and veterinary public health. The primary goal of this study was to train and validate classifiers for the identification of the most likely host species using the hemagglutinin gene segment of H3 viruses. A five-step process was implemented, which included training four machine learning classifiers, testing the classifiers on the validation dataset, and further exploration of the best-performing model on three additional datasets. The gradient boosting machine classifier showed the highest host-classification accuracy with a 98.0 % (95 % CI [97.01, 98.73]) correct classification rate on an independent validation dataset. The classifications were further analyzed using the predicted probability score which highlighted sequences of particular interest. These sequences were both correctly and incorrectly classified sequences that showed considerable predicted probability for multiple hosts. This showed the potential of using these classifiers for rapid sequence classification and highlighting sequences of interest. Additionally, the classifiers were tested on a separate swine dataset composed of H3N2 sequences from 1998 to 2003 from the United States of America, and a separate canine dataset composed of canine H3N2 sequences of avian origin. These two datasets were utilized to look at the applications of predicted probability and host convergence over time. Lastly, the classifiers were used on an independent dataset of environmental sequences to explore the host identification of environmental sequences. The results of these classifiers show the potential for machine learning to be used as a host identification technique for viruses of unknown origin on a species-specific level.
{"title":"Utilizing machine learning and hemagglutinin sequences to identify likely hosts of influenza H3Nx viruses","authors":"Famke Alberts , Olaf Berke , Grazieli Maboni , Tatiana Petukhova , Zvonimir Poljak","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Influenza is a disease that represents both a public health and agricultural risk with pandemic potential. Among the subtypes of influenza A virus, H3 influenza virus can infect many avian and mammalian species and is therefore a virus of interest to human and veterinary public health. The primary goal of this study was to train and validate classifiers for the identification of the most likely host species using the hemagglutinin gene segment of H3 viruses. A five-step process was implemented, which included training four machine learning classifiers, testing the classifiers on the validation dataset, and further exploration of the best-performing model on three additional datasets. The gradient boosting machine classifier showed the highest host-classification accuracy with a 98.0 % (95 % CI [97.01, 98.73]) correct classification rate on an independent validation dataset. The classifications were further analyzed using the predicted probability score which highlighted sequences of particular interest. These sequences were both correctly and incorrectly classified sequences that showed considerable predicted probability for multiple hosts. This showed the potential of using these classifiers for rapid sequence classification and highlighting sequences of interest. Additionally, the classifiers were tested on a separate swine dataset composed of H3N2 sequences from 1998 to 2003 from the United States of America, and a separate canine dataset composed of canine H3N2 sequences of avian origin. These two datasets were utilized to look at the applications of predicted probability and host convergence over time. Lastly, the classifiers were used on an independent dataset of environmental sequences to explore the host identification of environmental sequences. The results of these classifiers show the potential for machine learning to be used as a host identification technique for viruses of unknown origin on a species-specific level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106350
Isadora Machado , Thomas Petznick , Ana Paula S. Poeta Silva , Chong Wang , Locke Karriker , Daniel C.L. Linhares , Gustavo S. Silva
Responsible antibiotic usage (ABU) is crucial for both animal and human health and requires constant improvement of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). The presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a viral pathogen with immunosuppressive effects on swine, can intensify bacterial co-infections, alter antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and potentially lead to increased ABU. This study aimed to measure ABU changes in the grow-finish population associated with PRRSV infection and describe the antibiotic classes employed to manage clinical signs from a farrow-to-finish genetic multiplier system. Three PRRSV statuses (naïve, positive epidemic, and positive endemic) were established to classify the lots based on PRRSV circulation, with a total of 135,063 animals evaluated. The number of pig treatments per animal days at risk (PTDR) was calculated by administration route to quantify ABU across PRRSV status using negative binomial regression and non-parametric tests (P-value < 0.05). Moreover, to improve ABU comparability in the international scenario, the milligrams per population correction unit (mg/PCU) was calculated according to the European Medicines Agency guidelines. In the nursery phase, there was a statistically significant difference between PRRSV statuses for the overall PTDR (injectable and water routes of administration), with an ABU increase of 3.79 and 2.51 times the naïve PTDR for positive epidemic and endemic status, respectively. For the finishing phase, there was a statistically significant difference between PRRSV statuses in the injectable PTDR, with an ABU increase of 2.74 and 2.28 times the naïve PTDR level for positive epidemic and endemic statuses, respectively. In the nursery phase, the mean mg/PCU was 22.27 mg/PCU for naïve, 86.71 for positive epidemic, and 33.37 for positive endemic statuses; in the finishing phase, 81.31, 76.55, and 67.09 mg/PCU, respectively. The most frequently injected antibiotic in the nursery phase was ampicillin, with 49 % of total injections, followed by lincomycin (31 %) and enrofloxacin (20 %), and in the finishing phase, 72 % of injections were lincomycin, followed by enrofloxacin (28 %). The results highlight that the PRRSV outbreak in the source was associated with a grow-finish ABU increase, revealing the importance of preventing PRRSV infection to potentially decrease ABU and improve AMS within swine production systems.
{"title":"Assessment of changes in antibiotic use in grow-finish pigs after the introduction of PRRSV in a naïve farrow-to-finish system","authors":"Isadora Machado , Thomas Petznick , Ana Paula S. Poeta Silva , Chong Wang , Locke Karriker , Daniel C.L. Linhares , Gustavo S. Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Responsible antibiotic usage (ABU) is crucial for both animal and human health and requires constant improvement of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). The presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a viral pathogen with immunosuppressive effects on swine, can intensify bacterial co-infections, alter antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and potentially lead to increased ABU. This study aimed to measure ABU changes in the grow-finish population associated with PRRSV infection and describe the antibiotic classes employed to manage clinical signs from a farrow-to-finish genetic multiplier system. Three PRRSV statuses (naïve, positive epidemic, and positive endemic) were established to classify the lots based on PRRSV circulation, with a total of 135,063 animals evaluated. The number of pig treatments per animal days at risk (PTDR) was calculated by administration route to quantify ABU across PRRSV status using negative binomial regression and non-parametric tests (<em>P-value</em> < 0.05). Moreover, to improve ABU comparability in the international scenario, the milligrams per population correction unit (mg/PCU) was calculated according to the European Medicines Agency guidelines. In the nursery phase, there was a statistically significant difference between PRRSV statuses for the overall PTDR (injectable and water routes of administration), with an ABU increase of 3.79 and 2.51 times the naïve PTDR for positive epidemic and endemic status, respectively. For the finishing phase, there was a statistically significant difference between PRRSV statuses in the injectable PTDR, with an ABU increase of 2.74 and 2.28 times the naïve PTDR level for positive epidemic and endemic statuses, respectively. In the nursery phase, the mean mg/PCU was 22.27 mg/PCU for naïve, 86.71 for positive epidemic, and 33.37 for positive endemic statuses; in the finishing phase, 81.31, 76.55, and 67.09 mg/PCU, respectively. The most frequently injected antibiotic in the nursery phase was ampicillin, with 49 % of total injections, followed by lincomycin (31 %) and enrofloxacin (20 %), and in the finishing phase, 72 % of injections were lincomycin, followed by enrofloxacin (28 %). The results highlight that the PRRSV outbreak in the source was associated with a grow-finish ABU increase, revealing the importance of preventing PRRSV infection to potentially decrease ABU and improve AMS within swine production systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142327956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-21DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106349
Mattias Delpont , Chloé Chavoix , Lisa Fourtune , André Durivage , Jean-Luc Guérin , Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt , Mathilde C. Paul
Biosecurity is the cornerstone of prevention strategies to limit infectious pathogen spread between poultry farms. However, poor compliance of biosecurity measures is often observed when entering or exiting barns. The lack of knowledge, understanding, risk perception or technical skill are often described for anteroom-related biosecurity errors (i.e., not respecting anteroom zoning in relation to changing boots, clothing, and hand sanitation). In this study, we designed and assessed the efficacy of an intervention aiming at improving biosecurity compliance in anterooms, using substances glowing under ultraviolet light, which mimic microbiological contamination. Training exercises offered in a single session were proposed to 145 participants with an interest in animal farming (veterinary students, agricultural students, poultry farmers and poultry farm advisors). The exercises’ efficacy was assessed by measuring the change in attitude and intentions of participants about specific biosecurity measures. The participants’ attitudes and intentions were quantified using a questionnaire before and after training. The change in score was assessed in a multivariate linear regression model to measure the effect of various parameters on this change. The attitudes and intentions of participants were statistically improved (p < 0.05) and were affected by the initial attitude and intention score, the gender of the participants and the status of the participant (type of student or activity in the poultry industry). The use of this exercise material, perceived as playful and engaging, could be included in the framework of biosecurity training for all stakeholders of the poultry industry.
{"title":"Making the invisible visible: Effectiveness of a training program to increase awareness and biosecurity compliance in poultry barn anterooms, using glowing substances","authors":"Mattias Delpont , Chloé Chavoix , Lisa Fourtune , André Durivage , Jean-Luc Guérin , Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt , Mathilde C. Paul","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biosecurity is the cornerstone of prevention strategies to limit infectious pathogen spread between poultry farms. However, poor compliance of biosecurity measures is often observed when entering or exiting barns. The lack of knowledge, understanding, risk perception or technical skill are often described for anteroom-related biosecurity errors (i.e., not respecting anteroom zoning in relation to changing boots, clothing, and hand sanitation). In this study, we designed and assessed the efficacy of an intervention aiming at improving biosecurity compliance in anterooms, using substances glowing under ultraviolet light, which mimic microbiological contamination. Training exercises offered in a single session were proposed to 145 participants with an interest in animal farming (veterinary students, agricultural students, poultry farmers and poultry farm advisors). The exercises’ efficacy was assessed by measuring the change in attitude and intentions of participants about specific biosecurity measures. The participants’ attitudes and intentions were quantified using a questionnaire before and after training. The change in score was assessed in a multivariate linear regression model to measure the effect of various parameters on this change. The attitudes and intentions of participants were statistically improved (p < 0.05) and were affected by the initial attitude and intention score, the gender of the participants and the status of the participant (type of student or activity in the poultry industry). The use of this exercise material, perceived as playful and engaging, could be included in the framework of biosecurity training for all stakeholders of the poultry industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106346
Hassaan Bin Aslam , Barbara Häsler , Munir Iqbal , Tahir Yaqub , Pablo Alarcon
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) subtype H9N2 is endemic in Pakistan and impacts poultry farming through disease related mortality, poor weight gain and reduced egg production. This study aims to estimate the farm-level financial impact of LPAI H9N2 infection on commercial broiler and layer production systems in Pakistan.
A questionnaire based cross-sectional survey of 138 broiler farms and 136 layer farms in Pakistan was conducted in 2019. Primary data collected by cross-sectional survey along with expert opinion and published literature were used to parameterize five stochastic production and gross margin models for three broiler and two layer production systems: fully integrated production (FIP), partially integrated production (PIP) and independent farming production (IP) systems. Partial budget analysis were then carried out to estimate the financial impact of LPAI H9N2.
Results indicate that in broiler production systems, starting with 35,000 day old chicks (DOC) per batch, the net cost of disease (million PKR/production cycle) was estimated at 4.10 (14,862 USD), 4.62 (16,747 USD) and 2.46 (8917 USD) for IP, PIP and FIP systems, respectively. The disease produced a negative gross margin (defined here as revenue minus replacement and variable costs) in IP (-53 PKR (-0.19 USD)/DOC bought) and PI (-25 PKR (-0.091 USD)/DOC bought) systems, while remained positive for FIP systems (87 PKR (0.32 USD)/DOC bought). For layer production systems, (mean flock size as 48,000 DOCs) the net cost (million PKR/production cycle) was 29.75 (107,095.21 USD) and 29.51 (106,223.45 USD) IP and PIP systems, respectively, and produced negative gross margin in both systems.
The outcomes of the study highlight the vulnerability of independent and partially integrated production systems to the disease. These findings also offer a decision-making tool to the farmers and policy makers to evaluate avian influenza surveillance systems and control interventions in Pakistan.
{"title":"Financial impact of low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 on commercial broiler chicken and egg layer production systems in Pakistan","authors":"Hassaan Bin Aslam , Barbara Häsler , Munir Iqbal , Tahir Yaqub , Pablo Alarcon","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) subtype H9N2 is endemic in Pakistan and impacts poultry farming through disease related mortality, poor weight gain and reduced egg production. This study aims to estimate the farm-level financial impact of LPAI H9N2 infection on commercial broiler and layer production systems in Pakistan.</div><div>A questionnaire based cross-sectional survey of 138 broiler farms and 136 layer farms in Pakistan was conducted in 2019. Primary data collected by cross-sectional survey along with expert opinion and published literature were used to parameterize five stochastic production and gross margin models for three broiler and two layer production systems: fully integrated production (FIP), partially integrated production (PIP) and independent farming production (IP) systems. Partial budget analysis were then carried out to estimate the financial impact of LPAI H9N2.</div><div>Results indicate that in broiler production systems, starting with 35,000 day old chicks (DOC) per batch, the net cost of disease (million PKR/production cycle) was estimated at 4.10 (14,862 USD), 4.62 (16,747 USD) and 2.46 (8917 USD) for IP, PIP and FIP systems, respectively. The disease produced a negative gross margin (defined here as revenue minus replacement and variable costs) in IP (-53 PKR (-0.19 USD)/DOC bought) and PI (-25 PKR (-0.091 USD)/DOC bought) systems, while remained positive for FIP systems (87 PKR (0.32 USD)/DOC bought). For layer production systems, (mean flock size as 48,000 DOCs) the net cost (million PKR/production cycle) was 29.75 (107,095.21 USD) and 29.51 (106,223.45 USD) IP and PIP systems, respectively, and produced negative gross margin in both systems.</div><div>The outcomes of the study highlight the vulnerability of independent and partially integrated production systems to the disease. These findings also offer a decision-making tool to the farmers and policy makers to evaluate avian influenza surveillance systems and control interventions in Pakistan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142327955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106347
Nathan P. Snow , Benjamin Smith , Michael J. Lavelle , Michael P. Glow , Kayleigh Chalkowski , Bruce R. Leland , Sarah Sherburne , Justin W. Fischer , Keely J. Kohen , Seth M. Cook , Hatton Smith , Kurt C. VerCauteren , Ryan S. Miller , Kim M. Pepin
Introductions of transboundary animal diseases (TADs) into free-ranging wildlife can be difficult to control and devastating for domestic livestock trade. Combating a new TAD introduction in wildlife with an emergency response requires quickly limiting spread of the disease by intensely removing wild animals within a contiguous area. In the case of African swine fever virus (ASFv) in wild pigs (Sus scrofa), which has been spreading in many regions of the world, there is little information on the time- and cost-efficiency of methods for intensively and consistently culling wild pigs and recovering carcasses in an emergency response scenario. We compared the efficiencies of aerial operations, trapping, experimental toxic baiting, and ground shooting in northcentral Texas, USA during two months in 2023. Culling and recovering carcasses of wild pigs averaged a rate of 0.15 wild pigs/person hour and cost an average of $233.04/wild pig ($USD 2023) across all four methods. Aerial operations required the greatest initial investment but subsequently was the most time- and cost-efficient, costing an average of $7266 to reduce the population by a standard measure of 10 %, including recovering carcasses. Aerial operations required a ground crew of ∼7 people/helicopter to recover carcasses. Costs for reducing the population of wild pigs using trapping were similar, although took 13.5 times longer to accomplish. In cases where carcass recovery and disposal are needed (e.g., response to ASFv), a benefit of trapping was immediate carcass recovery. Toxic baiting was less efficient because both culling and carcass recovery required substantial time. We culled very few wild pigs with ground shooting in this landscape. Our results provide insight on the efficiencies of each removal method. Strategically combining removal methods may increase overall efficiency. Overall, our findings inform the preparation of resources, personnel needs, and deployment readiness for TAD responses involving wild pigs.
{"title":"Comparing efficiencies of population control methods for responding to introductions of transboundary animal diseases in wild pigs","authors":"Nathan P. Snow , Benjamin Smith , Michael J. Lavelle , Michael P. Glow , Kayleigh Chalkowski , Bruce R. Leland , Sarah Sherburne , Justin W. Fischer , Keely J. Kohen , Seth M. Cook , Hatton Smith , Kurt C. VerCauteren , Ryan S. Miller , Kim M. Pepin","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Introductions of transboundary animal diseases (TADs) into free-ranging wildlife can be difficult to control and devastating for domestic livestock trade. Combating a new TAD introduction in wildlife with an emergency response requires quickly limiting spread of the disease by intensely removing wild animals within a contiguous area. In the case of African swine fever virus (ASFv) in wild pigs (<em>Sus scrofa</em>), which has been spreading in many regions of the world, there is little information on the time- and cost-efficiency of methods for intensively and consistently culling wild pigs and recovering carcasses in an emergency response scenario. We compared the efficiencies of aerial operations, trapping, experimental toxic baiting, and ground shooting in northcentral Texas, USA during two months in 2023. Culling and recovering carcasses of wild pigs averaged a rate of 0.15 wild pigs/person hour and cost an average of $233.04/wild pig ($USD 2023) across all four methods. Aerial operations required the greatest initial investment but subsequently was the most time- and cost-efficient, costing an average of $7266 to reduce the population by a standard measure of 10 %, including recovering carcasses. Aerial operations required a ground crew of ∼7 people/helicopter to recover carcasses. Costs for reducing the population of wild pigs using trapping were similar, although took 13.5 times longer to accomplish. In cases where carcass recovery and disposal are needed (e.g., response to ASFv), a benefit of trapping was immediate carcass recovery. Toxic baiting was less efficient because both culling and carcass recovery required substantial time. We culled very few wild pigs with ground shooting in this landscape. Our results provide insight on the efficiencies of each removal method. Strategically combining removal methods may increase overall efficiency. Overall, our findings inform the preparation of resources, personnel needs, and deployment readiness for TAD responses involving wild pigs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106347"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142314675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106345
Catherine C. Kneipp , Ronald Coilparampil , Mark Westman , Monica Suann , Jennifer Robson , Simon M. Firestone , Richard Malik , Siobhan M. Mor , Mark A. Stevenson , Anke K. Wiethoelter
Brucella suis infection of dogs is an emerging issue worldwide requiring specific management to address zoonotic risks and animal welfare concerns. Diagnosis in dogs is routinely based on serological testing, but to date these tests have only been validated for use in production animal species and humans. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of three commonly used serological tests in dogs. Canine sera (n = 989) were tested with the Rose Bengal rapid plate agglutination test (RBRPT), the complement fixation test (CFT) and a competitive ELISA (C-ELISA). Diagnostic test performance was evaluated using a three test, two population Bayesian latent class analysis accounting for conditional dependence between the three tests. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) were calculated for a range of expected prevalence estimates for the individual tests and test combinations interpreted in series and parallel. The RBRPT showed the highest individual Se of 0.902 (95 % posterior credible interval [PCI] 0.759–0.978) and the CFT the highest individual diagnostic specificity (Sp) of 0.914 (95 % PCI 0.886–0.946). The C-ELISA had marginally the best overall diagnostic performance (Youden’s index = 0.807). The CFT and the C-ELISA interpreted in parallel returned the highest combined Se and Sp (0.988 and 0.885, respectively). All tests returned NPVs of > 0.982 in 2–8 % prevalence settings. Series interpretation of the three-test combination as well as the two-test combinations of the RBRPT and the C-ELISA and the CFT and the C-ELISA produced a PPV of 0.502 when the estimated prevalence was 8 %. While all tests are suitable for the detection of B. suis antibodies in dogs, they should not be interpreted in isolation as their diagnostic value is dependent on the pre-test probability of the disease. As such they are useful tools for the diagnosis of B. suis in dogs when exposure, history and clinical presentation indicate a risk of brucellosis.
{"title":"Evaluation of three serological tests for the diagnosis of Brucella suis in dogs using Bayesian latent class analysis","authors":"Catherine C. Kneipp , Ronald Coilparampil , Mark Westman , Monica Suann , Jennifer Robson , Simon M. Firestone , Richard Malik , Siobhan M. Mor , Mark A. Stevenson , Anke K. Wiethoelter","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Brucella suis</em> infection of dogs is an emerging issue worldwide requiring specific management to address zoonotic risks and animal welfare concerns. Diagnosis in dogs is routinely based on serological testing, but to date these tests have only been validated for use in production animal species and humans. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of three commonly used serological tests in dogs. Canine sera (n = 989) were tested with the Rose Bengal rapid plate agglutination test (RBRPT), the complement fixation test (CFT) and a competitive ELISA (C-ELISA). Diagnostic test performance was evaluated using a three test, two population Bayesian latent class analysis accounting for conditional dependence between the three tests. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) were calculated for a range of expected prevalence estimates for the individual tests and test combinations interpreted in series and parallel. The RBRPT showed the highest individual Se of 0.902 (95 % posterior credible interval [PCI] 0.759–0.978) and the CFT the highest individual diagnostic specificity (Sp) of 0.914 (95 % PCI 0.886–0.946). The C-ELISA had marginally the best overall diagnostic performance (Youden’s index = 0.807). The CFT and the C-ELISA interpreted in parallel returned the highest combined Se and Sp (0.988 and 0.885, respectively). All tests returned NPVs of > 0.982 in 2–8 % prevalence settings. Series interpretation of the three-test combination as well as the two-test combinations of the RBRPT and the C-ELISA and the CFT and the C-ELISA produced a PPV of 0.502 when the estimated prevalence was 8 %. While all tests are suitable for the detection of <em>B. suis</em> antibodies in dogs, they should not be interpreted in isolation as their diagnostic value is dependent on the pre-test probability of the disease. As such they are useful tools for the diagnosis of <em>B. suis</em> in dogs when exposure, history and clinical presentation indicate a risk of brucellosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monitoring antimicrobial use (AMU) is crucial, as it plays a key role in driving antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Animals account for a significant share of AMU, making it essential to accurately quantify AMU exposure at the species, farm, and country levels. In Pakistan, prophylactic use of antimicrobials remains common alongside therapeutic use. This study aimed to establish defined daily and course doses for both therapeutic and prophylactic use of antimicrobials in commercial broiler production in Pakistan. A list of antimicrobial products was compiled from the daily treatment records from 100 commercial broiler farms in Punjab, Pakistan. For each active substance (AS), a defined daily dose (DDDvetPK) was assigned for treatment, prevention or both, by averaging the recommended doses of all similar AS with the same administration route. A defined course dose (DCDvetPK) was calculated by multiplying the average recommended dose by the average treatment duration for each AS, based on the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC). A total of 41 AS, categorized into 17 antimicrobial classes, were identified from 139 antimicrobial products. The most frequently reported AS were colistin (polymyxins) at 15.9 %, amoxicillin (aminopenicillins) at 7.5 %, neomycin (aminoglycosides) at 7.3 %, enrofloxacin (fluoroquinolones) at 6.7 %, and tylosin (macrolides) at 6.4 % of the total treatments (n = 358) reported at farms. Notably, 51 % of AS were classified as critically important for human medicine by WHO. Among AS indicated for treatment in SmPC, the defined daily doses for Pakistan (DDDvetPK) varied substantially from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) values (DDDvet), with the top deviations being Tiamulin (+147.8 %), Sulfadimidine_TMP (+111.2 %), Flumequine (+88.6 %), Spiramycin (-87.8 %), and Tylosin (-84.3 %). This study presents a list of defined daily doses and defined course doses for AMU quantification in Pakistani broilers using dose-based indicators. The observed differences between Pakistani and EMA doses, and lack of EMA doses for preventive antimicrobials, suggest using Pakistani DDDvetPK values to quantify antimicrobial usage in Pakistan. A huge variation in recommended doses was reported in SmPC. There is an urgent need to establish a list of approved veterinary antimicrobials used in Pakistan, along with harmonization in recommended doses and maintenance of standardized SmPC by the drug regulatory authorities. Setting up a national-level list of defined daily doses is crucial to accurately monitor and quantify AMU.
{"title":"Establishing defined daily and course doses for antimicrobials used in Pakistani broilers to enable farm-level quantification and comparison of antimicrobial use","authors":"Qamer Mahmood , Ilias Chantziaras , Ammar Yasir , Jeroen Dewulf","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106348","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106348","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Monitoring antimicrobial use (AMU) is crucial, as it plays a key role in driving antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Animals account for a significant share of AMU, making it essential to accurately quantify AMU exposure at the species, farm, and country levels. In Pakistan, prophylactic use of antimicrobials remains common alongside therapeutic use. This study aimed to establish defined daily and course doses for both therapeutic and prophylactic use of antimicrobials in commercial broiler production in Pakistan. A list of antimicrobial products was compiled from the daily treatment records from 100 commercial broiler farms in Punjab, Pakistan. For each active substance (AS), a defined daily dose (DDD<sub>vetPK</sub>) was assigned for treatment, prevention or both, by averaging the recommended doses of all similar AS with the same administration route. A defined course dose (DCD<sub>vetPK</sub>) was calculated by multiplying the average recommended dose by the average treatment duration for each AS, based on the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC). A total of 41 AS, categorized into 17 antimicrobial classes, were identified from 139 antimicrobial products. The most frequently reported AS were colistin (polymyxins) at 15.9 %, amoxicillin (aminopenicillins) at 7.5 %, neomycin (aminoglycosides) at 7.3 %, enrofloxacin (fluoroquinolones) at 6.7 %, and tylosin (macrolides) at 6.4 % of the total treatments (n = 358) reported at farms. Notably, 51 % of AS were classified as critically important for human medicine by WHO. Among AS indicated for treatment in SmPC, the defined daily doses for Pakistan (DDD<sub>vetPK</sub>) varied substantially from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) values (DDD<sub>vet</sub>), with the top deviations being Tiamulin (+147.8 %), Sulfadimidine_TMP (+111.2 %), Flumequine (+88.6 %), Spiramycin (-87.8 %), and Tylosin (-84.3 %). This study presents a list of defined daily doses and defined course doses for AMU quantification in Pakistani broilers using dose-based indicators. The observed differences between Pakistani and EMA doses, and lack of EMA doses for preventive antimicrobials, suggest using Pakistani DDD<sub>vetPK</sub> values to quantify antimicrobial usage in Pakistan. A huge variation in recommended doses was reported in SmPC. There is an urgent need to establish a list of approved veterinary antimicrobials used in Pakistan, along with harmonization in recommended doses and maintenance of standardized SmPC by the drug regulatory authorities. Setting up a national-level list of defined daily doses is crucial to accurately monitor and quantify AMU.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142271947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106334
Imke Vredenberg , Gerdien van Schaik , Wim H.M. van der Poel , Arjan Stegeman
Passive surveillance can be most effective in the early detection of disease outbreaks given that farmers observe their animals daily. The European Animal Health Law states that unexplained excess mortality should be reported to the veterinary authorities. In the Netherlands, in addition to notifications to the competent authority, Royal GD is commissioned a passive surveillance component that consists of a veterinary helpdesk and postmortem examination for early detection of emerging diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate this voluntary passive surveillance component through excess mortality in cattle.
Weekly on-farm mortality was calculated using the cattle Identification and Registration records. Mortality was assessed on regional level for dairy, veal and other beef cattle using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) (log-link, negative binomial). We used a cumulative sum of the model residuals to identify periods of excess mortality. The mortality was defined as excessive when above five times the standard error. The analysis was also conducted on herd level, but these models did not converge.
We checked for an association between the two passive surveillance components elements and excess mortality. A GLM (log-link, negative binomial) with the number of contacts or submissions per region as the dependent variables and excess mortality per region and year as independent variables was carried out.
Overall, the models showed significantly higher use of passive surveillance components in periods of excess mortality compared to non-excess periods. In dairy cattle the odds for contact or submission were between 1.72 (1.59–1.86) and 2.02 (1.82–2.25). For veal calves we found the odds of 2.19 (1.18–4.04) and 2.24 (1.78–2.83) relative to periods without excess mortality. Beef cattle operations, other than veal, showed only an increased odds for postmortem submissions in calves of 3.71 (2.74–5.01), submissions for cattle and contact in general was not increased for this farm type.
In conclusion, the voluntary passive surveillance component in the Netherlands is used more often in periods of excess mortality in cattle. The chance of getting a timely response is highest for dairy farms. For veal calf operations the chance of receiving a timely response is more likely for postmortem submissions. A comparison with passive surveillance for excess mortality in other countries was not possible because no literature could be found. However, the method of this study can be used by other countries to evaluate their passive surveillance. This would make comparison of the performance of passive surveillance in different countries possible.
{"title":"Evaluation of a voluntary passive surveillance component in cattle through notification of excess mortality","authors":"Imke Vredenberg , Gerdien van Schaik , Wim H.M. van der Poel , Arjan Stegeman","doi":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Passive surveillance can be most effective in the early detection of disease outbreaks given that farmers observe their animals daily. The European Animal Health Law states that unexplained excess mortality should be reported to the veterinary authorities. In the Netherlands, in addition to notifications to the competent authority, Royal GD is commissioned a passive surveillance component that consists of a veterinary helpdesk and postmortem examination for early detection of emerging diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate this voluntary passive surveillance component through excess mortality in cattle.</p><p>Weekly on-farm mortality was calculated using the cattle Identification and Registration records. Mortality was assessed on regional level for dairy, veal and other beef cattle using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) (log-link, negative binomial). We used a cumulative sum of the model residuals to identify periods of excess mortality. The mortality was defined as excessive when above five times the standard error. The analysis was also conducted on herd level, but these models did not converge.</p><p>We checked for an association between the two passive surveillance components elements and excess mortality. A GLM (log-link, negative binomial) with the number of contacts or submissions per region as the dependent variables and excess mortality per region and year as independent variables was carried out.</p><p>Overall, the models showed significantly higher use of passive surveillance components in periods of excess mortality compared to non-excess periods. In dairy cattle the odds for contact or submission were between 1.72 (1.59–1.86) and 2.02 (1.82–2.25). For veal calves we found the odds of 2.19 (1.18–4.04) and 2.24 (1.78–2.83) relative to periods without excess mortality. Beef cattle operations, other than veal, showed only an increased odds for postmortem submissions in calves of 3.71 (2.74–5.01), submissions for cattle and contact in general was not increased for this farm type.</p><p>In conclusion, the voluntary passive surveillance component in the Netherlands is used more often in periods of excess mortality in cattle. The chance of getting a timely response is highest for dairy farms. For veal calf operations the chance of receiving a timely response is more likely for postmortem submissions. A comparison with passive surveillance for excess mortality in other countries was not possible because no literature could be found. However, the method of this study can be used by other countries to evaluate their passive surveillance. This would make comparison of the performance of passive surveillance in different countries possible.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20413,"journal":{"name":"Preventive veterinary medicine","volume":"233 ","pages":"Article 106334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587724002204/pdfft?md5=7fd1b0ee65acc8529980ceb0505e1453&pid=1-s2.0-S0167587724002204-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142232839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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