Preventive veterinary medicine最新文献

This study investigated Finnish veterinarians' perceptions of medication safety risks in sows, an area with limited research in veterinary medicine. Understanding these risks is essential for enhancing sow medication safety, health and welfare. This qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured, thematic individual interviews with 15 veterinarians who provide herd health visit services to sow farms. The interviews employed open-ended questions to elicit in-depth information from participants. Thematic analysis of the transcribed interviews was conducted using the ATLAS.ti software to identify key medication safety risks. The analysis identified eight key risk themes: (1) overreliance on caretakers' competence; (2) insufficient veterinary guidance; (3) communication and information barriers; (4) challenges with medicine logistics and availability; (5) unhygienic and inappropriate medication practices; (6) insufficient sick sow examination and follow-up; (7) injection-related pain and insufficient pain management; and (8) challenges in farm conditions and management. Recognizing medication safety risks is vital for veterinarians to effectively guide and monitor medicine use, ensuring optimal care for sows. This study offers new perspectives into these risks within veterinary medicine, particularly concerning animals used for food production. By identifying key risks that can jeopardize medication safety, this study provides valuable information for producers, veterinarians, policymakers, and regulatory bodies. Understanding these mechanisms enables stakeholders to develop targeted systems-based protocols that enhance sow health and welfare while promoting safer and more responsible medication practices.

Leptospirosis, a neglected zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp., poses ongoing challenges in China due to shared environmental exposure of humans and dogs. To summarize available epidemiological evidence, we conducted a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of human and canine leptospirosis in China. Six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP) were searched for eligible studies published up to 11 November 2025. Cross-sectional data were synthesized using random-effects models, with subgroup analyses applied to explore heterogeneity. A total of 109 studies from 29 provinces were included, comprising 111,542 human samples and 8875 dog samples. The pooled prevalence was estimated at 25.00% in humans and 12.00% in dogs, with substantial heterogeneity across studies. In humans, higher prevalence estimates were generally observed in central regions, earlier decades, middle-aged adults, populations classified as having higher exposure, and rural areas. Serovar distributions also differed across populations, with Icterohaemorrhagiae predominating in humans. In dogs, prevalence and serovar distributions varied across studies, with Canicola being the most frequently reported serogroup, and higher prevalence estimates commonly observed in unvaccinated and free-roaming animals. Overall, this study provides a descriptive synthesis of leptospirosis in humans and dogs in China. Given the substantial heterogeneity, wide confidence intervals, and data limitations, the findings should be interpreted cautiously as reflecting broad epidemiological patterns rather than confirmatory evidence of causal risk factors. Nonetheless, the results highlight populations, regions, and serovars that may warrant prioritization in surveillance and One Health-oriented prevention efforts.

On May 15, 2025, Brazil reported its first highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak in a commercial poultry breeder farm in Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul. This study presents the outbreak timeline, control measures, along with spatial risk assessment and epidemiological model used to simulate detection delays. The transmission model considered intra-farm dynamics (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered/Dead birds) and between-farm dynamics, via local transmission and farm-to-farm bird movements, at 3-days, 5-days, and 10-days detection delays. The single infected commercial farm lost 15,650 birds, with 92% mortality due to HPAI, and additional culling of the remaining birds on Day 5 post-notification to the state Official Veterinary Services. Based on the mortality and outbreak response data, the introduction likely occurred 3-10 days before its official detection. Our field investigations suggested that wild birds were the most likely source of introduction, although biosecurity breaches could not be ruled out. Control measures implemented included movement restrictions and a control zone, from which 4197 vehicles were inspected upon entry. Risk analysis classified 64.4% of municipalities as low risk, 35.0% as medium risk, and 0.6% as high risk. Our HPAI disease simulation results showed that the number of secondary infections would increase from a median of 4 farms (IQR 2-5) with a 3-day delay to 6 (IQR 3-22) and 34 (IQR 12-47) farms with 5- and 10-day delays, respectively. The rapid veterinary response eliminated the outbreak within 32 days of detection, highlighting the critical role of early detection and prompt response.

This study evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to cystic echinococcosis (CE) among residents of Siirt province, a high-risk area in southeastern Türkiye. A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted with 1000 participants from urban and rural districts using a structured 50-item questionnaire. Composite KAP scores were calculated, and associated factors were examined using bivariate analyses, Spearman correlations, and multivariable logistic regression. Significant urban-rural differences were observed, with urban residents showing better knowledge, more positive attitudes, and safer preventive behaviors than rural residents. These findings highlight the need to place particular emphasis on rural communities, where knowledge gaps and risky practices were more pronounced. Awareness of CE was limited, with only 38.5% of participants having heard of the disease. Median knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 4 (IQR: 2-6), 13 (IQR: 11-15), and 7 (IQR: 5-9), respectively. Knowledge levels were significantly higher among urban residents and more educated participants, while no significant sex-based difference was observed. Attitude scores were also significantly higher among urban residents and participants with higher educational attainment, whereas no significant associations were observed with age or sex. Although attitudes toward prevention, treatment, screening, and One Health measures were generally positive, preventive practices remained moderate, and risky behaviors such as feeding raw offal to dogs (38.8%) and frequent contact with stray dogs (40.1%) were still common. Knowledge was positively correlated with attitudes and practices, and attitudes were also positively correlated with practices, suggesting that better awareness may support safer preventive behavior. Higher education, urban residence, and absence of stray dog contact predicted higher knowledge, while good practices were associated with higher knowledge, positive attitudes, urban residence, and avoidance of raw offal feeding. In other words, participants who were better informed and had more favorable attitudes were more likely to adopt safer behaviors, whereas risky habits such as feeding raw offal to dogs were linked to poorer preventive practices. These findings provide baseline evidence for targeted community-based interventions and public health strategies to reduce CE transmission in southeastern Türkiye, with particular emphasis on rural communities where knowledge gaps and risky practices were more pronounced.

Veterinarians play a central role in the identification and control of Emergency Animal Diseases (EADs), yet empirical knowledge of how they experience and manage this work in practice remains limited. Ultimately, outbreak management depends on how suspected and confirmed cases are handled in everyday veterinary settings. This study explores how Swedish veterinarians experience and manage suspected and confirmed EADs in production animals, with particular attention to workload, task demands, and decision-making. The study draws on semi-structured interviews with 19 livestock and slaughterhouse veterinarians who have managed suspected or confirmed EADs leading to state-mandated interventions such as testing, movement restrictions, and culling. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings are presented through three main themes. First, Organisational strain and competing demands describes how emergency disease work intensifies workload, time pressure, and non-routine administrative and practical tasks, particularly when outbreak management is added to everyday clinical responsibilities. Second, The burden of situated responsibility captures how veterinarians' on-site judgements carry far-reaching consequences and require adaptation of formal protocols to local conditions. Third, Distributing responsibility in the management of EADs shows how collegial, expert, and institutional support helps distribute responsibility and make outbreak work manageable. Overall, the study highlights how EAD management amplifies the complexity of veterinary practice and underscores that strengthening disease preparedness requires attention to the organisational conditions and support structures that enable veterinarians to carry out this work without becoming overburdened.

The Asian lineage of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus is causing a large number of outbreaks globally. This study was conducted to evaluate the current Japanese emergency surveillance policy of HPAI in poultry farms. Under the current regulation, five chickens, including three dead chickens if available, are sampled from neighbor non-notified poultry farms of an outbreak farm. A susceptible-exposed-infectious-death mathematical model describing HPAI transmission within a broiler farm was developed. Using the model, sample sizes of live and dead chickens, respectively, to detect an HPAI outbreak of the virus with high, moderate, and low transmission coefficients and progression rates from infectious to death, at 9, 14, and 24 days after starting the outbreak, with detection sensitivities from 50% to 99% were calculated using deterministic models. Sampling of five live chickens allowed outbreak detection with a detection sensitivity of 95% only 24 days post-infection for a virus with high transmission and a moderate or low progression rate from infectious to death. Cumulative mortality increased more than 10% at 9 days post-infection for a virus with a high transmission rate. However, sampling of three sick or dead chickens was successful in detecting an outbreak only on or after 14 days post-infection for such a virus. The results suggested that the current sampling framework for HPAI emergency surveillance does not provide a high detection sensitivity in most scenarios, especially in the early stage of an HPAI outbreak. It is important to maintain a high alert in detection and reporting from poultry farms, and the design of emergency surveillance requires careful discussions.