The sensitivity of transmission to the input wavefront is a hallmark feature of complex media and the basis for wavefront shaping techniques. Yet, intriguing special cases exist in which the output wavefront is “frozen” (agnostic to the input wavefront). This happens when special structure in the complex medium collapses the rank of its transmission matrix to unity. Here, an analogous, more universal phenomenon for differential scattering (including reflection) in reconfigurable complex media is demonstrated. Specifically, for a localized perturbation, the differential scattering matrix of any complex medium has rank one. One consequence is that the differential output signal is coherent irrespective of the input wavefront's coherence. Moreover, the thermal noise emitted into the frozen differential output mode has a structure that can be exploited for thermal noise management. Frozen differential scattering is experimentally evidenced in a rich‐scattering wireless link parametrized by a programmable meta‐atom. “Customized freezing” is achieved by optimizing the configuration of programmable meta‐atoms that parametrize the wireless link, as envisioned for 6G networks. Moreover, particular shapes of the frozen differential output mode are imposed, and a signal‐to‐thermal‐noise ratio is maximized. Potential applications include filtering and stabilization of differential wavefronts, as well as imaging, sensing, and communications in complex media.
{"title":"Frozen Differential Scattering in Reconfigurable Complex Media","authors":"Philipp del Hougne","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202502660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202502660","url":null,"abstract":"The sensitivity of transmission to the input wavefront is a hallmark feature of complex media and the basis for wavefront shaping techniques. Yet, intriguing special cases exist in which the output wavefront is “frozen” (agnostic to the input wavefront). This happens when special structure in the complex medium collapses the rank of its transmission matrix to unity. Here, an analogous, more universal phenomenon for differential scattering (including reflection) in reconfigurable complex media is demonstrated. Specifically, for a localized perturbation, the differential scattering matrix of any complex medium has rank one. One consequence is that the differential output signal is coherent irrespective of the input wavefront's coherence. Moreover, the thermal noise emitted into the frozen differential output mode has a structure that can be exploited for thermal noise management. Frozen differential scattering is experimentally evidenced in a rich‐scattering wireless link parametrized by a programmable meta‐atom. “Customized freezing” is achieved by optimizing the configuration of programmable meta‐atoms that parametrize the wireless link, as envisioned for 6G networks. Moreover, particular shapes of the frozen differential output mode are imposed, and a signal‐to‐thermal‐noise ratio is maximized. Potential applications include filtering and stabilization of differential wavefronts, as well as imaging, sensing, and communications in complex media.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146042936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a promising carrier for 6G communication, terahertz waves are particularly susceptible to eavesdropping and transmission sabotage during wireless propagation. However, the existing terahertz encryption schemes are challenging to intrinsically protect the wireless transmission, whose encryption systems are also bulky and hard to integrate. Here, to meet the requirement of confidential 6G wireless links, we propose a single-pixel meta-encryption scheme based on statistical optics empowered Hadamard metasurfaces, which can achieve strong security, key tolerance, and ultra-robustness. The metasurfaces are prepared by 3D printing technology for simple, rapid, and low-cost fabrication. By modulating terahertz waves with Hadamard metasurfaces and combining single-pixel imaging, the scheme achieves a key space size of 1090 and 31% key tolerance. Experimental results show that even if 97% of the optical path is severely blocked or there are 30% errors in the key, the transmitted images can be reconstructed. Our approach combines single-pixel imaging with terahertz metasurfaces to address security challenges in future wireless communication, paving the way for secure, robust, and efficient encryption frameworks applicable to communication networks from 6G to XG.
{"title":"6G Single-Pixel Meta-Encryption with Ultra-Robustness","authors":"Bo Yu, Yifei Xu, Wenwei Liu, Zhancheng Li, Yongliang Liu, Yuanshuo Liu, Qi Liu, Hua Cheng, Shuqi Chen","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202502566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202502566","url":null,"abstract":"As a promising carrier for 6G communication, terahertz waves are particularly susceptible to eavesdropping and transmission sabotage during wireless propagation. However, the existing terahertz encryption schemes are challenging to intrinsically protect the wireless transmission, whose encryption systems are also bulky and hard to integrate. Here, to meet the requirement of confidential 6G wireless links, we propose a single-pixel meta-encryption scheme based on statistical optics empowered Hadamard metasurfaces, which can achieve strong security, key tolerance, and ultra-robustness. The metasurfaces are prepared by 3D printing technology for simple, rapid, and low-cost fabrication. By modulating terahertz waves with Hadamard metasurfaces and combining single-pixel imaging, the scheme achieves a key space size of 10<sup>90</sup> and 31% key tolerance. Experimental results show that even if 97% of the optical path is severely blocked or there are 30% errors in the key, the transmitted images can be reconstructed. Our approach combines single-pixel imaging with terahertz metasurfaces to address security challenges in future wireless communication, paving the way for secure, robust, and efficient encryption frameworks applicable to communication networks from 6G to XG.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Comprehensive observation of chemical dynamics in living systems is crucial for deciphering metabolic processes, yet current techniques force a compromise between molecular specificity and imaging throughput. This work presents laser‐scanning in situ pump‐probe infrared (IR) and Raman excitation (LS‐INSPIRE) microscopy, a real‐time multimodal imaging platform that simultaneously captures mid‐IR photothermal (MIP), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), and two‐photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) signals within a single scan. A custom catoptric relay paired with a reverse‐Cassegrain objective yields chromatic‐aberration‐free imaging from UV to mid‐IR, delivering pixel‐registered, multichannel data across a large field of view. The capabilities are demonstrated by tracking deuterium incorporation into lipids in live cells, quantitatively mapping molecular markers during embryogenesis, and uncovering neural development and lipid metabolism mechanisms in Caenorhabditis elegans . LS‐INSPIRE transcends the longstanding trade‐off between molecular breadth and dynamic acquisition, establishing a versatile paradigm for chemical imaging in biology, medicine, and materials science.
{"title":"Laser‐Scanning Infrared‐Raman‐Fluorescence Microscopy for Metabolic Flux Imaging in Living Organisms","authors":"Siming Wang, Pengcheng Fu, Hyeon Jeong Lee, Delong Zhang","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202502715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202502715","url":null,"abstract":"Comprehensive observation of chemical dynamics in living systems is crucial for deciphering metabolic processes, yet current techniques force a compromise between molecular specificity and imaging throughput. This work presents laser‐scanning in situ pump‐probe infrared (IR) and Raman excitation (LS‐INSPIRE) microscopy, a real‐time multimodal imaging platform that simultaneously captures mid‐IR photothermal (MIP), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), and two‐photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) signals within a single scan. A custom catoptric relay paired with a reverse‐Cassegrain objective yields chromatic‐aberration‐free imaging from UV to mid‐IR, delivering pixel‐registered, multichannel data across a large field of view. The capabilities are demonstrated by tracking deuterium incorporation into lipids in live cells, quantitatively mapping molecular markers during embryogenesis, and uncovering neural development and lipid metabolism mechanisms in <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</jats:italic> . LS‐INSPIRE transcends the longstanding trade‐off between molecular breadth and dynamic acquisition, establishing a versatile paradigm for chemical imaging in biology, medicine, and materials science.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146042937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When a light beam hits the interface between different media, the positions of the refracted and reflected beams deviate from those predicted by traditional geometric optics, resulting in beam shifts phenomenon. Beam shifts and manipulation technologies play an indispensable role in precision measurement, biochemical sensing, optical switching, and photodetection. Traditional beam shift phenomena, such as Goos-Hänchen shifts and Imbert-Fedorov shifts, typically require oblique incidence conditions, with the shift magnitudes often limited to the nanoscale, significantly constraining integration and reconfigurability. Moreover, these minute shifts are susceptible to environmental noise, making it challenging to meet the demands for large-range, high-sensitivity beam shifts. Photonic crystals offer strong light field manipulation capabilities and support a variety of polarization singularity configurations, including bound states in the continuum and circularly polarized singularities, providing a novel platform for the generation and control of beam shifts. This study leverages the geometric phase configuration to develop a multidimensional control framework for Imbert-Fedorov shifts based on photonic crystal slabs, achieving continuous tuning of beam shifts on the order of four wavelengths for a normal incident beam. This approach establishes a new paradigm for high-sensitivity optical sensing, beam manipulation, and reconfigurable photonic switching applications.
{"title":"Polarization-Controlled Tunable Beam Shift via Pancharatnam-Berry Phase Gradients in Photonic Crystal Slabs","authors":"Riwa Hao, Jiale Chen, Zi-xin Zhou, Yan-qing Lu, Jun-long Kou","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202502419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202502419","url":null,"abstract":"When a light beam hits the interface between different media, the positions of the refracted and reflected beams deviate from those predicted by traditional geometric optics, resulting in beam shifts phenomenon. Beam shifts and manipulation technologies play an indispensable role in precision measurement, biochemical sensing, optical switching, and photodetection. Traditional beam shift phenomena, such as Goos-Hänchen shifts and Imbert-Fedorov shifts, typically require oblique incidence conditions, with the shift magnitudes often limited to the nanoscale, significantly constraining integration and reconfigurability. Moreover, these minute shifts are susceptible to environmental noise, making it challenging to meet the demands for large-range, high-sensitivity beam shifts. Photonic crystals offer strong light field manipulation capabilities and support a variety of polarization singularity configurations, including bound states in the continuum and circularly polarized singularities, providing a novel platform for the generation and control of beam shifts. This study leverages the geometric phase configuration to develop a multidimensional control framework for Imbert-Fedorov shifts based on photonic crystal slabs, achieving continuous tuning of beam shifts on the order of four wavelengths for a normal incident beam. This approach establishes a new paradigm for high-sensitivity optical sensing, beam manipulation, and reconfigurable photonic switching applications.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"284 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guochao Wei, Jin Li, Beibei Wang, Zhenzhen Liu, Wei Zhu, Kang Du, Xiaoxi Zhou, Junjun Xiao, Shengxiang Wang
Photonic crystal beam splitters based on coupled topological interface states (TISs) circumvent the long coupling distances of conventional waveguides. However, their splitting ratio is quantized, limited by the discrete coupling lengths imposed by the lattice period, and their operation bandwidth is narrow due to the phase-matching requirement. To overcome these limitations, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a topological beam splitter composed of three intersecting interface channels coupled through a heterostructure. By engineering the symmetry-breaking parameters of the heterostructure, we achieve continuous control over the TIS mode profiles and the inter-channel coupling strength. This enables continuous tuning of the beam-splitting ratio, defined as the normalized field distribution between the two output ports, from 0:100 to 100:0. Crucially, the device bandwidth is determined by the intrinsic bandwidth of the TISs, which is significantly broader than that of phase-matched coupled waveguides. Our design provides a versatile platform for broadband, arbitrarily tunable beam splitting, promising advancements in wavelength-division multiplexing, on-chip optical communications, and topological lasers.
{"title":"Beam Splitter With Arbitrary Splitting Ratio by Valley Edge Mode","authors":"Guochao Wei, Jin Li, Beibei Wang, Zhenzhen Liu, Wei Zhu, Kang Du, Xiaoxi Zhou, Junjun Xiao, Shengxiang Wang","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202502733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202502733","url":null,"abstract":"Photonic crystal beam splitters based on coupled topological interface states (TISs) circumvent the long coupling distances of conventional waveguides. However, their splitting ratio is quantized, limited by the discrete coupling lengths imposed by the lattice period, and their operation bandwidth is narrow due to the phase-matching requirement. To overcome these limitations, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a topological beam splitter composed of three intersecting interface channels coupled through a heterostructure. By engineering the symmetry-breaking parameters of the heterostructure, we achieve continuous control over the TIS mode profiles and the inter-channel coupling strength. This enables continuous tuning of the beam-splitting ratio, defined as the normalized field distribution between the two output ports, from 0:100 to 100:0. Crucially, the device bandwidth is determined by the intrinsic bandwidth of the TISs, which is significantly broader than that of phase-matched coupled waveguides. Our design provides a versatile platform for broadband, arbitrarily tunable beam splitting, promising advancements in wavelength-division multiplexing, on-chip optical communications, and topological lasers.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feifan Xu, Jin Zhang, Weishi Li, Chengliang Pan, Haojie Xia
Lithography alignment, a core process in micro–nano fabrication, has evolved from the micron scale to the nanometer and even sub‐nanometer domain. However, this advancement has introduced unprecedented challenges related to precision, speed, and reliability. During multilayer pattern exposure, lithography alignment is crucial for achieving high‐resolution and accurate pattern transfer, which directly influences device performance and yield, ultimately determining the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the lithography process. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development and key technological advancements in lithography alignment. First, recent breakthroughs in alignment mark optimization, signal enhancement, and compensation for asymmetric deformation of the mark are discussed. Next, the evolution of pre‐alignment, coarse alignment, and fine alignment technologies is outlined, including a systematic comparison of the alignment strategies adopted by major lithography machine manufacturers, such as ASML, Nikon, and Canon. Subsequently, the principles, implementations, advantages, and challenges of core technologies, including interferometric alignment, image‐processing‐based alignment, and grating‐modulated alignment, are reviewed. Additionally, the alignment requirements for advanced lithography technologies are discussed. Lastly, the open challenges associated with lithography alignment are highlighted, along with potential future trends and research directions. This review contributes to the literature by consolidating recent advancements and critically comparing current methodologies for lithography alignment.
{"title":"Lithography Alignment Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Advances and Challenges","authors":"Feifan Xu, Jin Zhang, Weishi Li, Chengliang Pan, Haojie Xia","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202501998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202501998","url":null,"abstract":"Lithography alignment, a core process in micro–nano fabrication, has evolved from the micron scale to the nanometer and even sub‐nanometer domain. However, this advancement has introduced unprecedented challenges related to precision, speed, and reliability. During multilayer pattern exposure, lithography alignment is crucial for achieving high‐resolution and accurate pattern transfer, which directly influences device performance and yield, ultimately determining the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the lithography process. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development and key technological advancements in lithography alignment. First, recent breakthroughs in alignment mark optimization, signal enhancement, and compensation for asymmetric deformation of the mark are discussed. Next, the evolution of pre‐alignment, coarse alignment, and fine alignment technologies is outlined, including a systematic comparison of the alignment strategies adopted by major lithography machine manufacturers, such as ASML, Nikon, and Canon. Subsequently, the principles, implementations, advantages, and challenges of core technologies, including interferometric alignment, image‐processing‐based alignment, and grating‐modulated alignment, are reviewed. Additionally, the alignment requirements for advanced lithography technologies are discussed. Lastly, the open challenges associated with lithography alignment are highlighted, along with potential future trends and research directions. This review contributes to the literature by consolidating recent advancements and critically comparing current methodologies for lithography alignment.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146042940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Femtosecond optical vortices feature helical phase fronts within their transverse modes and also display a fixed phase difference among the longitudinal modes. This multi‐dimensional manipulation of femtosecond laser pulses forms a fundamental basis for various applications. While multiple techniques exist for generating traditional femtosecond optical vortices, a notable void persists in the domain of continuous‐variable entanglement. This letter introduces the demonstration of femtosecond optical vortices entanglement accomplished through the synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator, which is designed with a nonplanar ring cavity to compensate for astigmatism without introducing additional dispersion. The generated light field exhibits both temporal multimode structures, manifested as supermodes in the femtosecond optical frequency comb, and spatial multimode structures carrying orbital angular momentum. Orbital angular momentum entanglement is clearly observed in the first three‐order supermodes. The femtosecond optical vortices entanglement, serving as a precursor of potential, holds the crucial key to unlocking enhanced capabilities in advanced information processing, securing quantum communication, and even paving the way for the realization of multi‐parameter quantum metrology.
{"title":"Generation of Femtosecond Optical Vortices Entanglement","authors":"Hongbo Liu, Yanxiang Xie, Jiaming Li, Yunhao Zhang, Rongguo Yang, Kui Liu, Jiangrui Gao","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202501983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202501983","url":null,"abstract":"Femtosecond optical vortices feature helical phase fronts within their transverse modes and also display a fixed phase difference among the longitudinal modes. This multi‐dimensional manipulation of femtosecond laser pulses forms a fundamental basis for various applications. While multiple techniques exist for generating traditional femtosecond optical vortices, a notable void persists in the domain of continuous‐variable entanglement. This letter introduces the demonstration of femtosecond optical vortices entanglement accomplished through the synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator, which is designed with a nonplanar ring cavity to compensate for astigmatism without introducing additional dispersion. The generated light field exhibits both temporal multimode structures, manifested as supermodes in the femtosecond optical frequency comb, and spatial multimode structures carrying orbital angular momentum. Orbital angular momentum entanglement is clearly observed in the first three‐order supermodes. The femtosecond optical vortices entanglement, serving as a precursor of potential, holds the crucial key to unlocking enhanced capabilities in advanced information processing, securing quantum communication, and even paving the way for the realization of multi‐parameter quantum metrology.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"286 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146042938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shiqing Dong, Qian Wang, Dan Yang, Wenbo Duan, Yanan He, Hongchao Liu, Kesheng Shen, Chao Dong, Zunlue Zhu, Hai Lu
Infrared metasurfaces featuring artificially designed structures provide a versatile platform for tailoring sensor properties, holding great promise for next‐generation broadband surface‐enhanced mid‐infrared absorption spectroscopy. In particular, the over‐coupled metasurfaces provide broader sensing bandwidths with a simpler fabrication compared to under‐coupled pixelated metasurfaces. However, over‐coupled metasurfaces has encountered several technical bottlenecks, particularly in the numerical simulation of electromagnetically induced absorption mechanisms and in the extraction of broadband signal. Herein, we propose a metasurface design based on extinction property analysis that modularly controls quasi‐bound states in the continuum and dual over‐coupled resonances to enable trace detection and spectral fingerprinting identification, respectively. The quasi‐bound states in the continuum with surface sensitivity of 0.79 nm/nm serves as an intrinsic calibration reference, delivering a sharp spectral marker for high‐fidelity signal retrieval. The calibrated framework allows accurate retrieval of broadband vibrational signatures, while the over‐coupled resonances collectively amplify molecular absorption from 1800 to 1000 cm −1 . Our results demonstrate that extinction‐based analysis offers superior frequency resolution for visualizing the coupling between resonators and molecules. It underscores the potential of dual over‐coupled metasurfaces for identifying complex analytes such as microplastics and biomarkers, paving the way for advanced mid‐infrared sensing platforms.
{"title":"Quasi‐Bound States in the Continuum Calibrated Broadband Metasurface Enhanced Mid‐Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy","authors":"Shiqing Dong, Qian Wang, Dan Yang, Wenbo Duan, Yanan He, Hongchao Liu, Kesheng Shen, Chao Dong, Zunlue Zhu, Hai Lu","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202502667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202502667","url":null,"abstract":"Infrared metasurfaces featuring artificially designed structures provide a versatile platform for tailoring sensor properties, holding great promise for next‐generation broadband surface‐enhanced mid‐infrared absorption spectroscopy. In particular, the over‐coupled metasurfaces provide broader sensing bandwidths with a simpler fabrication compared to under‐coupled pixelated metasurfaces. However, over‐coupled metasurfaces has encountered several technical bottlenecks, particularly in the numerical simulation of electromagnetically induced absorption mechanisms and in the extraction of broadband signal. Herein, we propose a metasurface design based on extinction property analysis that modularly controls quasi‐bound states in the continuum and dual over‐coupled resonances to enable trace detection and spectral fingerprinting identification, respectively. The quasi‐bound states in the continuum with surface sensitivity of 0.79 nm/nm serves as an intrinsic calibration reference, delivering a sharp spectral marker for high‐fidelity signal retrieval. The calibrated framework allows accurate retrieval of broadband vibrational signatures, while the over‐coupled resonances collectively amplify molecular absorption from 1800 to 1000 cm <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> . Our results demonstrate that extinction‐based analysis offers superior frequency resolution for visualizing the coupling between resonators and molecules. It underscores the potential of dual over‐coupled metasurfaces for identifying complex analytes such as microplastics and biomarkers, paving the way for advanced mid‐infrared sensing platforms.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146042939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the ever‐increasing demand for high‐capacity and chip‐integrated information storage, on‐chip metasurface‐enabled optical holography offers a promising solution by manipulating various optical parameters. However, the incident azimuthal angle, an essential optical degree of freedom (DoF), remains underexplored and limited due to the lack of arbitrary direction‐decoupled and effective phase‐encoding mechanisms, constraining both the multiplexing capacity and channel scalability. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an omnidirectional‐incidence on‐chip metasurface for massive 3D meta‐holographic storage. Specifically, by leveraging angular‐independent detour phase modulation together with the conjugate relation of optical responses under opposite on‐chip illuminations, we break the conjugate constraint and extend the azimuthal multiplexing to 360° angular space, achieving full utilization of arbitrary angular DoF. As a proof of concept, up to 32‐channel multiplane 3D meta‐holograms are successfully reconstructed by sequentially switching the azimuthal angles to 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, and 315°, thereby surpassing typical azimuthal coding strategies. Moreover, our arbitrary azimuthal encoding for massive information storage relies solely on the displacements of identical meta‐atoms, simplifying design complexity and improving the fabrication robustness. We envision that the proposed omnidirectional azimuthal‐multiplexed on‐chip metasurfaces represent a powerful platform for high‐density optical information storage, high‐fidelity 3D displays, and secure optical encryption.
{"title":"Omnidirectional‐Incidence On‐Chip Meta‐Optics Enabling Massive 3D Holographic Storage","authors":"Cheng Yi, Chao Xu, Shuai Wan, Zejing Wang, Zirui Zhao, Xinglong Li, Runlong Rao, Wei Dai, Zhike He, Zhongyang Li, Yangyang Shi","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202502562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202502562","url":null,"abstract":"With the ever‐increasing demand for high‐capacity and chip‐integrated information storage, on‐chip metasurface‐enabled optical holography offers a promising solution by manipulating various optical parameters. However, the incident azimuthal angle, an essential optical degree of freedom (DoF), remains underexplored and limited due to the lack of arbitrary direction‐decoupled and effective phase‐encoding mechanisms, constraining both the multiplexing capacity and channel scalability. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an omnidirectional‐incidence on‐chip metasurface for massive 3D meta‐holographic storage. Specifically, by leveraging angular‐independent detour phase modulation together with the conjugate relation of optical responses under opposite on‐chip illuminations, we break the conjugate constraint and extend the azimuthal multiplexing to 360° angular space, achieving full utilization of arbitrary angular DoF. As a proof of concept, up to 32‐channel multiplane 3D meta‐holograms are successfully reconstructed by sequentially switching the azimuthal angles to 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180°, 225°, 270°, and 315°, thereby surpassing typical azimuthal coding strategies. Moreover, our arbitrary azimuthal encoding for massive information storage relies solely on the displacements of identical meta‐atoms, simplifying design complexity and improving the fabrication robustness. We envision that the proposed omnidirectional azimuthal‐multiplexed on‐chip metasurfaces represent a powerful platform for high‐density optical information storage, high‐fidelity 3D displays, and secure optical encryption.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146032720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed Hassan Eisa, Ali Zia, Zainuriah Hassan, Sadaf Saeed
Ultrafast laser two‐photon lithography (TPL) has revolutionized micro/nanofabrication, enabling the creation of intricate 3D structures with sub‐diffraction‐limited resolution. The integration of TPL with metasurface engineering has unlocked new frontiers in photonic device design, offering unprecedented control over light‐matter interactions at the nanoscale. This review delves into the cutting‐edge advancements in TPL as applied to the fabrication of metasurfaces, which are thin, artificially structured materials with unique optical properties. We explore TPL's unparalleled precision of TPL, which allows the creation of complex metasurface geometries, facilitating breakthroughs in diverse applications, including high‐efficiency diffractive optics, next‐generation imaging systems, quantum optics, and dynamic tunable photonic devices. Key challenges, such as material limitations, process optimization, and scalability, are discussed along with promising solutions and future directions for overcoming these barriers. Furthermore, the potential of TPL to drive innovation in areas such as optical sensing, energy harvesting, and quantum information processing is critically analyzed. Through this comprehensive review, we highlight the transformative role of ultrafast laser two‐photon lithography in advancing metasurface technologies, positioning it as a cornerstone of the future of photonics.
{"title":"Ultrafast Laser Two‐Photon Lithography for Metasurface Engineering: Advances in Fabrication and Photonic Applications","authors":"Mohamed Hassan Eisa, Ali Zia, Zainuriah Hassan, Sadaf Saeed","doi":"10.1002/lpor.202502914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202502914","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrafast laser two‐photon lithography (TPL) has revolutionized micro/nanofabrication, enabling the creation of intricate 3D structures with sub‐diffraction‐limited resolution. The integration of TPL with metasurface engineering has unlocked new frontiers in photonic device design, offering unprecedented control over light‐matter interactions at the nanoscale. This review delves into the cutting‐edge advancements in TPL as applied to the fabrication of metasurfaces, which are thin, artificially structured materials with unique optical properties. We explore TPL's unparalleled precision of TPL, which allows the creation of complex metasurface geometries, facilitating breakthroughs in diverse applications, including high‐efficiency diffractive optics, next‐generation imaging systems, quantum optics, and dynamic tunable photonic devices. Key challenges, such as material limitations, process optimization, and scalability, are discussed along with promising solutions and future directions for overcoming these barriers. Furthermore, the potential of TPL to drive innovation in areas such as optical sensing, energy harvesting, and quantum information processing is critically analyzed. Through this comprehensive review, we highlight the transformative role of ultrafast laser two‐photon lithography in advancing metasurface technologies, positioning it as a cornerstone of the future of photonics.","PeriodicalId":204,"journal":{"name":"Laser & Photonics Reviews","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146032721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：