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The dust properties of star-forming galaxies in the first billion years 形成恒星的星系在第一个十亿年内的尘埃特性
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1743921322003866
E. da Cunha
Abstract The Atacama Large Millimetre/Sub-millimetre Array (ALMA) is obtaining the deepest observations of early galaxies ever achieved at (sub-)millimetre wavelengths, and detecting the dust emission of young galaxies in the first billion years of cosmic history, well in the epoch of reionization. Here I review some of the latest results from these observations, with special focus on the REBELS large programme, which targets a sample of 40 star-forming galaxies at z ⋍ 7. ALMA detects significant amounts of dust in very young galaxies, and this dust might have different properties to dust in lower-redshift galaxies. I describe the evidence for this, and discuss theoretical/modelling efforts to explain the dust properties of these young galaxies. Finally, I describe two additional surprising results to come out of the REBELS survey: (i) a new population of completely dust-obscured galaxies at z ⋍ 7, and (ii) the prevalence of spatial offsets between the ultraviolet and infrared emission of UV-bright, high-redshift star-forming galaxies.
阿塔卡马大型毫米波/亚毫米波阵列(ALMA)正在获得迄今为止对早期星系(亚)毫米波波长的最深观测,并探测宇宙历史上第一个十亿年的年轻星系的尘埃发射,以及在再电离时代。在这里,我回顾一下这些观测的一些最新结果,特别关注rebel大型项目,该项目以z⋍7的40个恒星形成星系为目标。ALMA在非常年轻的星系中发现了大量的尘埃,这些尘埃可能与低红移星系中的尘埃具有不同的特性。我描述了这方面的证据,并讨论了解释这些年轻星系尘埃特性的理论/建模努力。最后,我描述了rebel调查的另外两个令人惊讶的结果:(I) z⋍7上完全被尘埃遮蔽的新星系群,以及(ii)紫外线和红外发射之间普遍存在的空间偏移,紫外线明亮,高红移的恒星形成星系。
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引用次数: 0
X-ray view of colliding winds in WR 25 wr25碰撞风的x射线图
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1743921322004148
Bharti Arora, J. Pandey, M. De Becker
Astract The long-term behavior of a colliding wind binary WR 25 is presented using archival X-ray data obtained over a time span of : 16 years. The present analysis reveals phase-locked variations repeating consistently over many consecutive orbits of the source (with binary orbital period : 208 days). A significant deviation of the X-ray flux with respect to the theoretical 1/D trend (D is the binary separation) close to periastron passage has been observed. This may occur due to the shifting of the adiabatic wind collision to the radiative regime in that part of the orbit. Further, no signature of X-ray emission in 10.0-79.0 keV energy range attributable to inverse Compton scattering is detected by NuSTAR.
摘要利用16年的x射线档案资料,研究了WR 25对撞风双星的长期行为。目前的分析表明,锁相变化在源的许多连续轨道上持续重复(双星轨道周期:208天)。x射线通量相对于理论1/D趋势(D为双星分离)在接近近天星通道时发生了显著的偏差。这可能是由于在轨道的那一部分,绝热风碰撞转移到辐射状态。此外,在10.0-79.0 keV能量范围内,NuSTAR未探测到由逆康普顿散射引起的x射线发射特征。
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引用次数: 0
The cold gas supply through cosmic time: insights on the galaxy assembly at early epochs 通过宇宙时间的冷气体供应:对早期星系集合的见解
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1743921322003854
M. Aravena
Abstract. Remarkable progress has been made in the last few years in understanding the global properties of galaxies and how they evolve through cosmic time. Major focus has been given to studies of how the availability of molecular gas regulates star-forming activity and galaxy growth, the eventual quenching of star formation, and how these mechanisms evolve through cosmic time. Most of these advances have been made thanks to ALMA and the upgraded capabilities of NOEMA. In this contribution, I briey review the latest constraints on the molecular gas content based on dierent tracers of the interstellar medium (ISM; dust continuum and CO, [CI] and [CII] line emission), including recent determinations of the molecular gas fraction, gas depletion timescales, and molecular gas cosmic density provided by the recent ALMA programs out to z ∼ 7. Finally, I concentrate on recent and ongoing studies aiming to spatially and kinematically resolve the cold ISM and star formation activity down to kpc scales in galaxies out to z ∼ 6 – 7, which represent an unprecedented view of the galaxy assembly and feedback processes in the early universe.
摘要在过去的几年里,在了解星系的整体特性以及它们如何在宇宙时间中演化方面取得了显著的进展。主要的焦点是研究分子气体的可用性如何调节恒星形成活动和星系生长,恒星形成的最终淬火,以及这些机制如何通过宇宙时间进化。这些进步大多得益于ALMA和NOEMA的升级能力。在这篇文章中,我简要回顾了基于星际介质的不同示踪剂(ISM;尘埃连续体和CO, [CI]和[CII]线发射),包括最近由ALMA计划提供的z ~ 7范围内的分子气体分数,气体耗尽时间尺度和分子气体宇宙密度的测定。最后,我专注于最近和正在进行的研究,旨在空间和运动学上解决z ~ 6 - 7星系中冷ISM和恒星形成活动的kpc尺度,这代表了早期宇宙中星系组装和反馈过程的前所未有的观点。
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引用次数: 0
Radiatively Cooling Superwinds in Ultracompact Hii Regions 超紧凑Hii区域的辐射冷却超风
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1743921322003994
Ashkbiz Danehkar
Abstract Ultracompact Hii regions (UC-HII) are the young, very dense cores of massive star-forming regions in dwarf galaxies, where newly formed massive OB stars are surrounded by natal molecular clouds. Thermal energy deposited by mechanical feedback from a cluster of massive OB stars can form a superwind, which may lead to a wind-blown bubble as well as radiative cooling. We investigate the formation of radiatively cooling superwinds in UC-HII using a radiative cooling module in the hydrodynamics program. We built a grid of hydrodynamic simulations to determine the dependence of radiative cooling on the cluster radius, mass-deposition rate, wind velocity, and ambient medium in UC-HII. Our findings could help to better understand star formation in massive star-forming regions, where cool superwinds could trigger the formation of molecular clumpy regions.
超紧凑Hii区(UC-HII)是矮星系中大质量恒星形成区的年轻、非常致密的核心,在那里新形成的大质量OB恒星被出生的分子云包围。大质量OB星团通过机械反馈沉积的热能可以形成超风,这可能导致风吹的气泡以及辐射冷却。我们利用流体动力学程序中的辐射冷却模块研究了UC-HII中辐射冷却超风的形成。我们建立了一个流体动力学模拟网格,以确定UC-HII中辐射冷却与团簇半径、质量沉积速率、风速和环境介质的关系。我们的发现可以帮助更好地理解大质量恒星形成区域的恒星形成,在那里,凉爽的超风可以触发分子团块区域的形成。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of stellar flares and coronal mass ejections on the atmospheric escape from hot Jupiters 恒星耀斑和日冕物质抛射对热木星大气逃逸的影响
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1743921322004963
G. Hazra, A. Vidotto, S. Carolan, C. Villarreal D’Angelo, W. Manchester
Abstract Spectral observations in the Ly-α line have shown that atmospheric escape is variable and for the exoplanet HD189733b, the atmospheric evaporation goes from undetected to enhanced evaporation in a 1.5 years interval. To understand the temporal variation in the atmospheric escape, we investigate the effect of flares, winds, and CMEs on the atmosphere of hot Jupiter HD189733b using 3D self-consistent radiation hydrodynamic simulations. We consider four cases: first, the quiescent phase including stellar wind; secondly, a flare; thirdly, a CME; and fourthly, a flare followed by a CME. We find that the flare alone increases the atmospheric escape rate by only 25%, while the CME leads to a factor of 4 increments, in comparison to the quiescent case. We also find that the flare alone cannot explain the observed high blue-shifted velocities seen in the Ly-α. The CME, however, leads to an increase in the velocity of escaping atmospheres, enhancing the blue-shifted transit depth.
在Ly-α谱线上的光谱观测表明,HD189733b系外行星的大气蒸发是变化的,它的大气蒸发从未被探测到到以1.5年的间隔加速蒸发。为了了解大气逃逸的时间变化,我们利用三维自一致辐射流体动力学模拟研究了耀斑、风和日冕物质抛射对热木星HD189733b大气的影响。我们考虑了四种情况:第一,静止阶段包括恒星风;其次是耀斑;第三,CME;第四种是耀斑,随后是日冕物质抛射。我们发现,与静止情况相比,耀斑本身仅使大气逃逸率增加了25%,而日冕物质抛射使大气逃逸率增加了4倍。我们还发现耀斑本身不能解释在Ly-α中观测到的高蓝移速度。然而,日冕物质抛射导致逃逸大气层的速度增加,从而增强了蓝移过境深度。
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引用次数: 0
Weakening the wind with ULLYSES: Examining the Bi-Stability Jump 用尤利西斯削弱风:检查双稳定跳
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/S174392132200480X
Olivier Verhamme, J. Sundqvist
Abstract Radiation-driven mass-loss is an important, but still highly debated, driver for the evolution of massive stars. Current massive star evolution models rely on the theoretical prediction that low luminosity massive stars experience a sudden increase in mass loss below a stellar effective temperature of about 20 000 K. However, novel radiation-driven mass-loss rate predictions show no such bi-stability jump, which effects the post main-sequence evolution of massive stars. The ULLYSES data set provides a unique opportunity to investigate the theoretical bi-stability jump dichotomy and may help to assess the existence of the bi-stability jump in massive star winds. By utilising UV spectra from ULLYSES combined with X-shooter optical data we obtain empirical mass-loss rate constraints, that are no longer degenerate to the effects of wind clumping, and derive novel empirical constraints on the mass-loss behavior across the temperature range of the bi-stability jump. Current preliminary results do not show a clear presence of a bi-stability jump.
辐射驱动的质量损失是大质量恒星演化的一个重要驱动力,但仍存在高度争议。目前的大质量恒星演化模型依赖于理论预测,即低光度大质量恒星在大约20,000 K的恒星有效温度以下会经历质量损失的突然增加。然而,新的辐射驱动的质量损失率预测显示没有这种双稳定性跳跃,这影响了大质量恒星的后主序演化。ULLYSES数据集提供了一个独特的机会来研究理论上的双稳定跳变二分法,并可能有助于评估大质量星风中双稳定跳变的存在。通过利用ULLYSES的紫外光谱和x -射手光学数据,我们获得了不再退化为风团效应的经验质量损失率约束,并得出了双稳定跳变温度范围内质量损失行为的新经验约束。目前的初步结果并没有显示双稳定性跳跃的明确存在。
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引用次数: 1
Short-term variations of surface magnetism and prominences of the young sun-like star V530 Per 年轻的类太阳恒星V530 Per的表面磁性和日珥的短期变化
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141975
Cang Tianqi, P. Petit, J. Donati, C. Folsom
Abstract V530 Per is a solar-like member of the young open cluster α Persei, with an ultra-short rotation period (P∼0.32d). We report on two spectropolarimetric campaigns using ESPaDOnS, aimed at characterizing the short-term variability of its magnetic activity and large-scale magnetic field. We used time-resolved spectropolarimetric observations obtained in 2006 and 2018 and reconstructed the brightness distribution and large-scale magnetic field geometry of V530 Per through Zeeman-Doppler imaging. Using the same data sets, we also mapped the spatial distribution of prominences through tomography of Hα emission. We reconstruct, at both epochs, a large, dark spot occupying the polar region of V530 Per while smaller (dark and bright) spots were reconstructed at lower latitudes. The maximal field strength reached ∼1 kG. The prominence pattern displayed a stable component that was confined close to the corotation radius. In 2018, we also observed rapidly evolving Hα emitting structures, over timescales ranging from minutes to days. The fast Hα evolution was not linked to any detected photospheric changes in the spot or magnetic coverage.
V530 Per是年轻疏散星团英仙座α的一个类太阳成员,具有超短的旋转周期(P ~ 0.32d)。我们报告了两个使用espadon的光谱偏振运动,旨在表征其磁活动和大尺度磁场的短期变化。利用2006年和2018年获得的时间分辨偏振光谱观测数据,通过塞曼-多普勒成像重建了V530 Per的亮度分布和大尺度磁场几何形状。使用相同的数据集,我们还通过Hα发射的断层扫描绘制了日珥的空间分布。在这两个时期,我们重建了一个大的黑斑,占据了V530 Per的极地区域,而在低纬度地区重建了较小的(暗斑和亮斑)。最大场强达到了~ 1 kG。日珥模式在日珥半径附近呈现稳定分量。在2018年,我们还观察到快速演变的α发射结构,时间尺度从几分钟到几天不等。Hα的快速演化与在斑点或磁覆盖范围内检测到的任何光球变化无关。
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引用次数: 1
The first detection of deuterated water toward extragalactic hot cores with ALMA 首次用ALMA探测到河外热核的氘化水
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1743921322004252
M. Sewiło, A. Karska, L. Kristensen, S. Charnley, C.-H. Chen, Joana M. Oliveira, M. Cordiner, J. Wiseman, Á. Sánchez-Monge, J. V. van Loon, R. Indebetouw, P. Schilke, E. Garcia-Berrios
Abstract We discuss the first detection of deuterated water (HDO) in extragalactic hot cores. The HDO 211–212 line has been detected with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) toward hot cores N 105–2 A and 2 B in the N 105 star-forming region in the low-metallicity Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), the nearest star-forming galaxy. We compared the HDO line luminosity (LHDO) measured toward two hot cores in N 105 to those observed toward a sample of 17 Galactic hot cores and found that the observed values of LHDO for the LMC hot cores fit very well into the LHDO trends with Lbol and metallicity observed toward the Galactic hot cores. Our results indicate that LHDO seems to be largely dependent on the source luminosity, but metallicity also plays a role. We provide a rough estimate of the H2O column density and abundance ranges toward N 105–2 A and 2 B by assuming that HDO/H2O toward the LMC hot cores is the same as that observed in the Milky Way; the obtained values are systematically lower than those measured in the Galactic hot cores. The spatial distribution and velocity structure of the HDO emission in N 105–2 A is consistent with HDO being the product of the low-temperature dust grain chemistry.
摘要讨论了首次在河外热核中探测到的氘化水(HDO)。HDO 211-212线是由阿塔卡马大型毫米/亚毫米阵列(ALMA)探测到的,方向是位于低金属丰度大麦哲伦星云(LMC)中n105恒星形成区的n105 - 2 A和2b热核。我们比较了n105中两个热核的HDO线光度(LHDO)与17个银河系热核的观测值,发现LHDO的观测值与观测到的银河系热核的Lbol和金属丰度的LHDO趋势非常吻合。我们的结果表明,LHDO似乎在很大程度上取决于源的光度,但金属丰度也起作用。假设LMC热核的HDO/H2O与银河系的相同,我们对n105 - 2 a和2 B方向的H2O柱密度和丰度范围进行了粗略估计;所获得的数值比在银河系热核中测量到的数值要低。n105 - 2 A地区HDO发射的空间分布和速度结构与低温尘粒化学的产物相一致。
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引用次数: 0
The spatially resolved view of star formation in galaxy clusters 星系团中恒星形成的空间分辨视图
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1743921322004884
B. Poggianti
Abstract Integral field spectroscopic studies of galaxies in dense environments, such as clusters and groups of galaxies, have provided new insights for understanding how star formation proceeds, and quenches. I present the spatially resolved view of the star formation activity and its link with the multiphase gas in cluster galaxies based on MUSE and multi-wavelength data of the GASP survey. I discuss the link among the different scales (i.e. the link between the spatially resolved and the global star formation rate-stellar mass relation), the spatially resolved signatures and the quenching histories of jellyfish (progenitors) and post-starburst (descendants) galaxies in clusters. Finally, I discuss the multi-wavelength view of star-forming clumps both in galaxy disks and in the tails of stripped gas.
密集环境中星系的积分场光谱研究,如星系团和星系群,为理解恒星形成和熄灭的过程提供了新的见解。本文提出了基于MUSE和GASP巡天的多波长数据的星系团中恒星形成活动及其与多相气体的联系的空间分辨视图。我讨论了不同尺度之间的联系(即空间分辨和全球恒星形成速率-恒星质量关系之间的联系),空间分辨特征和星团中水母(祖先)和星爆后(后代)星系的淬灭历史。最后,我讨论了星系盘和剥离气体尾部的恒星形成团块的多波长视图。
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引用次数: 0
ALMA observations of the environments of G333.0162+00.7615 ALMA对G333.0162+00.7615环境的观测
Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1743921323000121
T. Komesh, Aruzhan Omar, G. Garay, Zhandos Assembay, N. Alimgazinova, Nurman Zhumabay, Meiramgul Kyzgarina
Abstract We have carried out ALMA observations toward the environments of G333.0162+00.7615 which was considered as a candidate of high-mass young stellar object (HMYSO) in previous studies. Our dust continuum, molecular line emission and radio recombination line emission observations show that this source is not HMYSO associated with hypercompact (HC) HII regions. Instead, we discovered two new hot cores associate with earliest stages of high mass star formation region. We estimated the rotational temperatures of these cores about 270 K from J=14→13 rotational transition of CH3CN ladder. The moment maps show velocity gradients confirming that this cores are rotating.
摘要我们对G333.0162+00.7615的环境进行了ALMA观测,该天体在以往的研究中被认为是高质量年轻恒星天体(HMYSO)的候选者。我们的尘埃连续体、分子谱线发射和射电重组谱线发射观测表明,这个源不是与超致密(HC) HII区相关的HMYSO。相反,我们发现了两个新的热核,它们与高质量恒星形成区域的最早阶段有关。根据CH3CN阶梯的J=14→13旋转跃迁,我们估计了这些岩心的旋转温度约为270 K。力矩图显示的速度梯度证实了这些岩心在旋转。
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引用次数: 0
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Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
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