Pub Date : 1965-05-01DOI: 10.3181/00379727-119-30126
G J COLLINS, C R CREGER, J R COUCH
Summary Dimetridazole has been shown to be toxic to turkeys(3), chickens(1), and chick embryos (4). It has also been shown to decrease certain physiologic values in chicks(4). The data presented here indicate that the drug inhibits growth of N. sitophila and L. casei and that it can be, to some extent, metabolized by L. casei.
{"title":"EFFECT OF DIMETRIDAZOLE ON GROWTH OF NEUROSPORA SITOPHILA AND LACTOBACILLUS CASEI.","authors":"G J COLLINS, C R CREGER, J R COUCH","doi":"10.3181/00379727-119-30126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30126","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Dimetridazole has been shown to be toxic to turkeys(3), chickens(1), and chick embryos (4). It has also been shown to decrease certain physiologic values in chicks(4). The data presented here indicate that the drug inhibits growth of N. sitophila and L. casei and that it can be, to some extent, metabolized by L. casei.","PeriodicalId":20675,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"164-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3181/00379727-119-30126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40885508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-05-01DOI: 10.3181/00379727-119-30091
R HIRSCHHORN, G WEISSMANN
Summary A method has been described for isolation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes from 25 ml of peripheral venous blood. These granules resembled in content and behavior the granules of rabbit white cells and rat and rabbit liver. The “latent” acid hydrolases could be released from the granules by agents which have been shown to disrupt lysosomes from other tissues: streptolysins, lysolecithin, and etiocholanolone.
{"title":"ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LEUKOCYTE LYSOSOMES IN VITRO.","authors":"R HIRSCHHORN, G WEISSMANN","doi":"10.3181/00379727-119-30091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30091","url":null,"abstract":"Summary A method has been described for isolation of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes from 25 ml of peripheral venous blood. These granules resembled in content and behavior the granules of rabbit white cells and rat and rabbit liver. The “latent” acid hydrolases could be released from the granules by agents which have been shown to disrupt lysosomes from other tissues: streptolysins, lysolecithin, and etiocholanolone.","PeriodicalId":20675,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"36-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3181/00379727-119-30091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40796568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-05-01DOI: 10.3181/00379727-119-30093
H P SCHWARZ, I KOSTYK, A MARMELEJO, P PANAGEOTOPOULOS
Summary Determination of the ratios of sphingomyelin: lipid-galactose in brain and spinal cord of a group of E.A.E. rabbits and a group of normal rabbits showed remarkable similarity of the ratios within each of the groups of rabbits. Comparison of the values of the two groups with one another, however, showed that the sphingomyelin: lipid-galactose ratios of both brain and spinal cord from the E.A.E. rabbits were significantly lower than those from the normal ones. The metabolic-enzymatic cause of this change is subject of further investigation.
{"title":"BRAIN SPHINGOLIPIDS IN EXPERIMENTAL \"ALLERGIC\" ENCEPHALOMYELITIS.","authors":"H P SCHWARZ, I KOSTYK, A MARMELEJO, P PANAGEOTOPOULOS","doi":"10.3181/00379727-119-30093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30093","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Determination of the ratios of sphingomyelin: lipid-galactose in brain and spinal cord of a group of E.A.E. rabbits and a group of normal rabbits showed remarkable similarity of the ratios within each of the groups of rabbits. Comparison of the values of the two groups with one another, however, showed that the sphingomyelin: lipid-galactose ratios of both brain and spinal cord from the E.A.E. rabbits were significantly lower than those from the normal ones. The metabolic-enzymatic cause of this change is subject of further investigation.","PeriodicalId":20675,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"42-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3181/00379727-119-30093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40796570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-05-01DOI: 10.3181/00379727-119-30082
M K PATTERSON, E CONWAY, W WHITTLE, T A MCCOY
Summary The in vitro growth response of the Jensen sarcoma and its nutritional variants (JA-1 and JA-2) to media containing normal guinea pig serum and partially purified asparaginase and media devoid of asparagine was studied. A comparison of the morphology of the cells grown in the presence of guinea pig serum and media devoid of asparagine showed a remarkable similarity. Further, the growth characteristics of cultures exposed to guinea pig serum and partially purified asparaginase were essentially the same. These results suggested the active component of guinea pig serum was asparaginase which catalyzed the destruction of extracellular asparagine.
{"title":"IN VITRO EFFECTS OF GUINEA PIG SERUM ON THE JENSEN, JA-1 AND JA-2 SARCOMAS.","authors":"M K PATTERSON, E CONWAY, W WHITTLE, T A MCCOY","doi":"10.3181/00379727-119-30082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30082","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The in vitro growth response of the Jensen sarcoma and its nutritional variants (JA-1 and JA-2) to media containing normal guinea pig serum and partially purified asparaginase and media devoid of asparagine was studied. A comparison of the morphology of the cells grown in the presence of guinea pig serum and media devoid of asparagine showed a remarkable similarity. Further, the growth characteristics of cultures exposed to guinea pig serum and partially purified asparaginase were essentially the same. These results suggested the active component of guinea pig serum was asparaginase which catalyzed the destruction of extracellular asparagine.","PeriodicalId":20675,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"5-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3181/00379727-119-30082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40796576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-05-01DOI: 10.3181/00379727-119-30141
J A SHULMAN, R G PETERSDORF
Summary Pyrogen tolerance was produced by repeated daily injections of endotoxin. As tolerance developed, the ability of the serum to augment the pyrogenic effect of endotoxin and production of endogenous pyrogen were diminished. When tolerance was produced by passive transfer, these 2 parameters were similarly affected. RES blockade did not reverse tolerance nor did it restore augmenting factor or markedly increase the animal's ability to elaborate endogenous pyrogen following injection with endotoxin. These observations suggest that serum inhibitors may mediate tolerance by inactivating the ability of serum to augment endotoxin.
{"title":"RELATIONSHIP OF ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN AND SERUM AUGMENTING FACTOR TO ENDOTOXIN TOLERANCE.","authors":"J A SHULMAN, R G PETERSDORF","doi":"10.3181/00379727-119-30141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30141","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Pyrogen tolerance was produced by repeated daily injections of endotoxin. As tolerance developed, the ability of the serum to augment the pyrogenic effect of endotoxin and production of endogenous pyrogen were diminished. When tolerance was produced by passive transfer, these 2 parameters were similarly affected. RES blockade did not reverse tolerance nor did it restore augmenting factor or markedly increase the animal's ability to elaborate endogenous pyrogen following injection with endotoxin. These observations suggest that serum inhibitors may mediate tolerance by inactivating the ability of serum to augment endotoxin.","PeriodicalId":20675,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"218-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3181/00379727-119-30141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40796825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-05-01DOI: 10.3181/00379727-119-30088
G GABBIANI, B TUCHWEBER
Summary Experiments on rats have shown that pretreatment with calcium acetate prevents the skin calcification elicited by means of calcergy and aggravates the cutaneous and renal lesions induced by calciphylaxis. This observation suggests a difference in the mechanisms of the two phenomena.
{"title":"INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS CALCIUM ON CALCIPHYLAXIS AND CALCERGY.","authors":"G GABBIANI, B TUCHWEBER","doi":"10.3181/00379727-119-30088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30088","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Experiments on rats have shown that pretreatment with calcium acetate prevents the skin calcification elicited by means of calcergy and aggravates the cutaneous and renal lesions induced by calciphylaxis. This observation suggests a difference in the mechanisms of the two phenomena.","PeriodicalId":20675,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"24-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3181/00379727-119-30088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40796834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-05-01DOI: 10.3181/00379727-119-30134
K Y KAO, C A HIZER, R L DAWSON, T H MCGAVACK
Summary 1. A simple preliminary fractionation method for the nondialyzable urinary carbohydrate containing solids is reported. Sodium chloride is added to urine to 0.58 M to precipitate CPC-I (Tamm and Horsfall mucoid). After dialysis and concentration, CPC-II is separated from AMP and glycopeptide with addition of (NH4)2SO4 to 100% saturation. 2. The present method enables (a) simultaneous quantitative evaluation of 3 carbohydrate-containing fractions in urine, (b) determination of the glycopeptide and AMP content of the AMP fraction, and (c) further fractionation of these into individual components. 3. The mean and standard error of the daily excretion of each component for all samples was: CPC-I—50 ±6mg; CPC-II—193 ± 23 mg; AMP— 13 ± 2 mg; and glycopeptide—15 ± 2 mg. With increasing age, the excretion of CPC-II is increased. The excretion of AMP is highest between 10–20 yrs of age. It decreases thereafter.
{"title":"URINARY PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE. I. FRACTIONATION OF NONDIALYZABLE COMPONENTS OF HUMAN URINE.","authors":"K Y KAO, C A HIZER, R L DAWSON, T H MCGAVACK","doi":"10.3181/00379727-119-30134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30134","url":null,"abstract":"Summary 1. A simple preliminary fractionation method for the nondialyzable urinary carbohydrate containing solids is reported. Sodium chloride is added to urine to 0.58 M to precipitate CPC-I (Tamm and Horsfall mucoid). After dialysis and concentration, CPC-II is separated from AMP and glycopeptide with addition of (NH4)2SO4 to 100% saturation. 2. The present method enables (a) simultaneous quantitative evaluation of 3 carbohydrate-containing fractions in urine, (b) determination of the glycopeptide and AMP content of the AMP fraction, and (c) further fractionation of these into individual components. 3. The mean and standard error of the daily excretion of each component for all samples was: CPC-I—50 ±6mg; CPC-II—193 ± 23 mg; AMP— 13 ± 2 mg; and glycopeptide—15 ± 2 mg. With increasing age, the excretion of CPC-II is increased. The excretion of AMP is highest between 10–20 yrs of age. It decreases thereafter.","PeriodicalId":20675,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"193-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3181/00379727-119-30134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40799770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-05-01DOI: 10.3181/00379727-119-30153
H M FRANKEL
In mammals there is an inverse relationship between plasma Pco2 and level of blood lactate and pyruvate (1–3). A similar relationship for an avian species has not been established. Materials and methods. Adult male white Leghorn chickens (2.5 kg to 3.1 kg) kept in outdoor pens were used in these experiments. Experiments were conducted between February and May so the animals were adapted to cold. The tracheas, left carotid arteries and right brachial veins were can-nulated under local anesthesia (ethyl ch-loride). Incisions were closed and 20 mg/animal of heparin (sodium) was administered intravenously. After waiting approximately 15 minutes, a control sample of blood was drawn. Succinylcholine was injected i.v., initially in a dose of 40 mg/animal and before each additional ventilating regimen in a dose of 20 mg/animal. The animals were over-ventilated artificially by connecting the tracheal cannula of the animal to a respiratory pump which ran at a stroke volume of 38 ml and a rate of 50 breaths per minute (1.9 1/min). Gas mixtures of 21% O2, and 0, 5 or 10% CO2 with the remainder as N2 were delivered to the animals on the over ventilation regimen. Presentation of gas mixtures was randomized to eliminate the possibility of sequence of presentation influencing the results. In some experiments only 0 and 5% CO2 were used. At the end of 30 minutes on a given gas mixture a 4 ml sample of arterial blood was drawn after first drawing 1/2 ml to clear the cannula. The portion of blood sample to be analyzed for lactate and pyruvate and glucose was drawn into a 2 ml syringe, transferred directly into a centrifuge tube containing 2 ml of chilled 10% trichloroacetic acid and mixed.
{"title":"BLOOD LACTATE AND PYRUVATE AND EVIDENCE FOR HYPOCAPNIC LACTICACIDOSIS IN THE CHICKEN.","authors":"H M FRANKEL","doi":"10.3181/00379727-119-30153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30153","url":null,"abstract":"In mammals there is an inverse relationship between plasma Pco2 and level of blood lactate and pyruvate (1–3). A similar relationship for an avian species has not been established. Materials and methods. Adult male white Leghorn chickens (2.5 kg to 3.1 kg) kept in outdoor pens were used in these experiments. Experiments were conducted between February and May so the animals were adapted to cold. The tracheas, left carotid arteries and right brachial veins were can-nulated under local anesthesia (ethyl ch-loride). Incisions were closed and 20 mg/animal of heparin (sodium) was administered intravenously. After waiting approximately 15 minutes, a control sample of blood was drawn. Succinylcholine was injected i.v., initially in a dose of 40 mg/animal and before each additional ventilating regimen in a dose of 20 mg/animal. The animals were over-ventilated artificially by connecting the tracheal cannula of the animal to a respiratory pump which ran at a stroke volume of 38 ml and a rate of 50 breaths per minute (1.9 1/min). Gas mixtures of 21% O2, and 0, 5 or 10% CO2 with the remainder as N2 were delivered to the animals on the over ventilation regimen. Presentation of gas mixtures was randomized to eliminate the possibility of sequence of presentation influencing the results. In some experiments only 0 and 5% CO2 were used. At the end of 30 minutes on a given gas mixture a 4 ml sample of arterial blood was drawn after first drawing 1/2 ml to clear the cannula. The portion of blood sample to be analyzed for lactate and pyruvate and glucose was drawn into a 2 ml syringe, transferred directly into a centrifuge tube containing 2 ml of chilled 10% trichloroacetic acid and mixed.","PeriodicalId":20675,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"261-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3181/00379727-119-30153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40796557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-05-01DOI: 10.3181/00379727-119-30159
T L PERRY, G M LING, S HANSEN, L MACDOUGALL
Summary Rats made artificially phenylketonuria during fetal or early neonatal life by administration of large amounts of phenylalanine showed no defect in learning ability when tested later for capacity to acquire visual discrimination. Administration of large amounts of 5-HTP failed to correct the low brain serotonin concentrations characteristic of artificial phenylketonuria, The results of this investigation do not provide support for the theory that a serotonin deficiency in brain during infancy causes the mental defect characteristic of human phenylketonuria. In addition, it appears unlikely that the rat is a suitable experimental animal for exploring the exact mechanism of the mental defect of phenylketonuria in man.
{"title":"UNIMPAIRED LEARNING ABILITY OF RATS MADE ARTIFICIALLY PHENYLKETONURIC DURING FETAL OR NEONATAL LIFE.","authors":"T L PERRY, G M LING, S HANSEN, L MACDOUGALL","doi":"10.3181/00379727-119-30159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30159","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Rats made artificially phenylketonuria during fetal or early neonatal life by administration of large amounts of phenylalanine showed no defect in learning ability when tested later for capacity to acquire visual discrimination. Administration of large amounts of 5-HTP failed to correct the low brain serotonin concentrations characteristic of artificial phenylketonuria, The results of this investigation do not provide support for the theory that a serotonin deficiency in brain during infancy causes the mental defect characteristic of human phenylketonuria. In addition, it appears unlikely that the rat is a suitable experimental animal for exploring the exact mechanism of the mental defect of phenylketonuria in man.","PeriodicalId":20675,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"282-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3181/00379727-119-30159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40796563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1965-05-01DOI: 10.3181/00379727-119-30090
Z GERSHON, A L OLITZKI
Summary Several bactericidal substances were isolated from the supernatant of murine monocytes incubated for 2 hours at 37°C in Eagle's medium in vitro with addition of 5. typhi (Ty2). Smaller quantities of the same substances were liberated from monocytes incubated without addition of bacteria. An in vivo protecting substance has also been isolated. This substance protected mice if injected at least 4 hours before the bacterial inoculum, and the protection lasted for about 10 days, but when administered simultaneously with bacteria or after onset of infection no protection could be achieved. The substance turned out to be a basic protein, labile to acid treatment and trypsin and stable to heating at 100°C for one hour.
{"title":"MONOCYTIN, A PROTECTING SUBSTANCE PRODUCED BY MURINE MONOCYTES.","authors":"Z GERSHON, A L OLITZKI","doi":"10.3181/00379727-119-30090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30090","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Several bactericidal substances were isolated from the supernatant of murine monocytes incubated for 2 hours at 37°C in Eagle's medium in vitro with addition of 5. typhi (Ty2). Smaller quantities of the same substances were liberated from monocytes incubated without addition of bacteria. An in vivo protecting substance has also been isolated. This substance protected mice if injected at least 4 hours before the bacterial inoculum, and the protection lasted for about 10 days, but when administered simultaneously with bacteria or after onset of infection no protection could be achieved. The substance turned out to be a basic protein, labile to acid treatment and trypsin and stable to heating at 100°C for one hour.","PeriodicalId":20675,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"32-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1965-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3181/00379727-119-30090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40796567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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