Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology最新文献

Background: To explore the mediating effect of smartphone addiction between psychological resilience and insomnia among university students.

Methods: This study included 581 clinical medical students from the Dalian Medical University, enrolled between September 2020 and May 2023. The Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS-SV), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were used to assess smartphone addiction, insomnia, and psychological resilience among the students. The Process macro and Bootstrap methods were employed to analyze the mediating effect of smartphone addiction between psychological resilience and insomnia.

Results: The detection rate of smartphone addiction was 28.06% (163/581), and the detection rate of insomnia was 26.17% (152/581). The total SAS-SV score was 27.60 ± 14.27, the total ISI score was 6.60 ± 5.33, and the total CD-RISC score was 72.86 ± 6.88. There was a significant negative correlation between the total CD-RISC score and the total SAS-SV score (r = -0.4129, P < .0001), and a significant negative correlation between the total CD-RISC score and the total ISI score (r = -2.942, P < .0001). The total SAS-SV score and the total ISI score were significantly positively correlated (r = 0.5687, P < .0001). Psychological resilience was used as the independent variable, insomnia as the dependent variable, and smartphone addiction as the mediating variable in the mediation effect analysis. Psychological resilience negatively predicted insomnia (β = -0.0940, P < .0001), smartphone addiction positively predicted insomnia (β = 0.1564, P < .0001), and smartphone addiction mediated the relationship between psychological resilience and insomnia (effect value = -0.1339, 95% CI: -0.1680 to -0.1034), with an effect size of 58.75%.

Conclusion: Psychological resilience directly affects insomnia and also indirectly affects insomnia through the mediating effect of smartphone addiction.

Ekbom's syndrome (ES), also referred to as delusional parasitosis, is a psychiatric disorder that is relatively uncommon. It is characterized by a robust and unwavering belief in infestation despite the absence of predominant hallucinations or formal thought disorders. Ekbom syndrome presents in 2 main forms: primary, marked by delusions and abnormal tactile sensations; and secondary, where symptoms arise due to another underlying organic condition. In primary ES, the therapeutic approach primarily relies on antipsychotic (AP) medications. This article presents a case with primary ES showing that atypical APs with aripiprazole and brexpiprazole effectively treat this disease. Brexpiprazole, compared to aripiprazole, induced less tremor and akathisia in the case report, suggesting it might be more suitable for treating this condition.

Background: This study aims to examine leptin and ghrelin gene polymorphisms and serum levels in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Methods: The study comprised a case group of 40 children aged 2-7 diagnosed with ASD and a control group of 40 healthy children. The severity of ASD symptoms was assessed using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale and the Autism Behavior Checklist. Leptin and ghrelin gene variants were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. Serum ghrelin and leptin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.

Results: In this study, gene polymorphisms and allele frequencies were examined, and no significant difference was found (P > .05 for all). Our findings indicated no significant difference in leptin serum levels between the groups (P = .584). However, ghrelin serum levels were significantly lower in the ASD group (P = .027). Receiver operating curve analysis to determine the cutoff value of serum ghrelin level as a diagnostic indicator for ASD resulted in a cutoff value of 885.7 pg/mL with 42.50% sensitivity and 85% specificity (P = .021). No significant relationship was found between leptin and ghrelin serum levels and the severity of ASD (P > .05 for all).

Conclusion: Our study is the first to evaluate leptin and ghrelin gene polymorphisms in ASD. Our findings indicate no association between leptin and ghrelin gene polymorphisms and ASD. However, our study suggests that ghrelin serum levels may potentially contribute to the etiology of ASD. More research is needed to understand the role of leptin and ghrelin in ASD.

This article examines the relationship between patent foramen ovale (PFO) and migraine, emphasizing the mechanisms underlying the connection and the historical status of transcatheter PFO closure as a treatment for migraine. Patent foramen ovale is the most prevalent congenital cardiac defect in adults and frequently co-occurs with migraine, particularly migraine with aura. This article reviews several studies that have identified a significant prevalence of PFO in patients with migraine, implying that PFO and migraine may be more closely associated than previously thought. The underlying mechanisms of this association involve the transfer of emboli from the venous system to systemic circulation through the PFO, which can result in a range of clinical conditions. Transcatheter PFO closure therapy has demonstrated benefits in some patients with migraine; however, additional research is required to determine its effectiveness and safety. This article offers a comprehensive review of the current understanding of the link between PFO and migraine and emphasizes the need for further research in this field.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the complete blood cell count parameters of patients with methamphetamine and synthetic cannabis use disorder (MCUD), a condition that has recently exhibited a gradual increase in prevalence, with those of healthy subjects.

Methods: In total, 76 patients diagnosed with MCUD and 78 healthy controls were included in the study. Venous blood samples were collected from all participants at presentation for laboratory examination.

Results: The rate of mono- and poly-substance users in the patient group was 14.5% and 85.5%, respectively. The average duration of methamphetamine (METH) use in the patient group is 3.0 ± 1.9 years. White blood cell (P < .001), PLT (P = .005), monocyte count (P < .001), basophil count (P < .001), neutrophil count (P < .001), lymphocyte count (P < .001) basophil/lymphocyte ratio (BLR) (P = .04), SII (P = .006), and SIRI (P = .001) values were significantly higher. In contrast Hgb (P = .043), Hct (P = .002), monocyte percentage (P = .004), and RBC (P = .021) values were significantly lower in the MCUD group compared to the control group. There was a significant positive correlation between neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (r = .552 P < .001) and between systemic immune inflammatory index (SII) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) (r = 0.580 P < .001).

Conclusion: Methamphetamine and cannabis may affect the levels of inflammatory markers and SII and SIRI values through various mechanisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in the relevant literature, which investigated SII and SIRI values in patients with MCUD, therefore, the results can contribute to the future development of immune system-related markers in this field.

Experiential avoidance refers to a phenomenon in which individuals exhibit an unwillingness to engage with certain personal experiences, including physical sensations, emotions, thoughts, memories, and behavioral tendencies. They employ cognition and emotions to avoid these experiences. Extensive research has linked experiential avoidance to various mental diseases, conduct disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. While the existing literature highlights the significance of understanding experiential avoidance as a central mechanism underlying psychological symptomatology development and maintenance, further investigation is required to comprehend its dimensions and mechanisms fully. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current theories and empirical evidence on experiential avoidance while elucidating its association with psychopathology. We propose a model of experiential avoidance processes based on an extensive review and critical analysis of the previous emotion regulation model that integrates expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal during emotion regulation through experiential avoidance. This proposed model seeks to explain both the formation and maintenance aspects of experiential avoidance by offering valuable insights for future research. We also examined the association between experiential avoidance and various psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Elaborating on these mechanisms provides a roadmap for future research endeavors and clinical interventions.

Background: Based on previous studies reporting language disorders associated with maternal overload and changes in parenting practices, this study aimed to investigate maternal gatekeeping and overprotectiveness in developmental language disorder (DLD).

Methods: Forty-five children with DLD and 46 children with typical language development (TLD) children were included in this study. To assess the level of maternal gatekeeping and overprotectiveness, we employed Maternal Gatekeeping Scale (MGS) and Parent Attitude Scale (PAS). Additionally, participant's language abilities were evaluated using Test of Early Language Development-3 (TELD-3), and their overall developmental status was assessed using Denver Development Screening Test-2 (DDST-II). Immitance-metric assessment and auto-acoustic emission testing were also used to assess hearing functions.

Results: Mean PAS-overprotection (34.1 ± 8.4, 24.3 ± 5.9, P < .001) and MGS total scores (141.7 ± 24.1, 115.7 ± 20.5, P < .001) in children with DLD were significantly higher than those of the TLD. Factors affecting MGS scores were investigated using Multiple linear regression analysis. DLD diagnosis (β = 14.195, P = .029), PAS-overprotection (β = 1.158, P = .001) and family income level (β = 9.643, P = .045) were found as significantly associated with MGS scores. In addition, PAS-overprotective obtained to have a partial mediating role in the relationship between DLD diagnosis and MGS scores (β = .391, P < .001).

Conclusion: Present study reveals that maternal gatekeeping is associated with DLD and overprotection. These findings underscore the importance of evaluating motherhood practices and fostering independency supportive attitudes in the care for children with DLD.

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL) is a rare genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It progresses with the presence of cranial and visceral organ tumors. Psychiatric symptoms may be accompanied by tumor location and hormonal changes. However, it is rare for the disease to first appear with psychiatric symptoms, which may delay the diagnosis of the disease. In this article, a case of VHL, first presenting with major depression, is discussed. The diagnosis and treatment of major depression may obscure the diagnosis of VHL due to the similar mean age at diagnosis and the confounding effect of neurovegetative symptoms accompanying depression.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant psychiatric disorder among children and adolescents. It is important that the relationship with depression is analyzed in adolescents in which cognitive and metacognitive processes are different from adult individuals.

Methods: Forty-five patients and 44 healthy controls were included in our study. Participants were administered Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Barratt Impulsivity Scale, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), and Stroop test.

Results: When the DERS total scores were evaluated, a statistically significant difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of DERS scores. In the healthy controls, the emotion regulation skills were significantly higher compared with the MDD group. In the Stroop test, particularly in the fifth section, the control group displayed a statistically significant better performance in both total duration and the number of mistakes made compared with the study group. In the BRIEF test a statistically significant difference was found between the control group and the study group in all 3 areas. In order to determine the efficient factors related to the statistical difference between the BRIEF scores, the multiple linear regression analysis was used.

Conclusion: It was found that depression scores and Stroop performance influence executive functions. Given that Stoop performance can overlap with executive functions, this outcome was expected. However, the impact of depression scores affecting executive functions is also anticipated, considering that these scores particularly affect attention among the cognitive and maladaptive cognitive processes, such as rumination.

Background: The relationship between depression and severity of social media addiction is likely to be bidirectional. Nevertheless, current studies have addressed the depression score utilizing a scale in the general population instead of assessing this relationship in patients with major depressive disorder. Despite the fact that the negative relationship of social media addiction with emotional intelligence is acknowledged, the existence of this relationship in major depressive disorder has not been investigated yet. Hence, the objective of our study is to evaluate severity of social media addiction and emotional intelligence in major depressive disorder.

Methods: This research was performed with 158 participants between the ages of 18 and 56 in Kars Harakani State Hospital Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic. Sociodemographic data form involving the age, gender, marital status, education level and employment status of the participants, Beck Depression Inventory, Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory, and Social Media Addiction Scale were implemented to the participants.

Results: Creating the group to be none-less addicted and medium-highly addicted with regard to the social media addiction scale score, it was observed that the emotional intelligence of the medium-highly addicted group was significantly lower, and the depression score was higher (P < .001). Furthermore, the severity of social media addiction had a positive relationship with the depression score and a negative relationship with the emotional intelligence score (r = 0.353, P < .001; r = -0.376, P < .001).

Conclusion: Emotional intelligence in major depressive disorder is associated with both depression level and severity of social media addiction. Interventions, i.e., emotional intelligence skill training, might be practical for the aforementioned patients.