Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology最新文献

Experiential avoidance refers to a phenomenon in which individuals exhibit an unwillingness to engage with certain personal experiences, including physical sensations, emotions, thoughts, memories, and behavioral tendencies. They employ cognition and emotions to avoid these experiences. Extensive research has linked experiential avoidance to various mental diseases, conduct disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. While the existing literature highlights the significance of understanding experiential avoidance as a central mechanism underlying psychological symptomatology development and maintenance, further investigation is required to comprehend its dimensions and mechanisms fully. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current theories and empirical evidence on experiential avoidance while elucidating its association with psychopathology. We propose a model of experiential avoidance processes based on an extensive review and critical analysis of the previous emotion regulation model that integrates expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal during emotion regulation through experiential avoidance. This proposed model seeks to explain both the formation and maintenance aspects of experiential avoidance by offering valuable insights for future research. We also examined the association between experiential avoidance and various psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Elaborating on these mechanisms provides a roadmap for future research endeavors and clinical interventions.

Background: Based on previous studies reporting language disorders associated with maternal overload and changes in parenting practices, this study aimed to investigate maternal gatekeeping and overprotectiveness in developmental language disorder (DLD).

Methods: Forty-five children with DLD and 46 children with typical language development (TLD) children were included in this study. To assess the level of maternal gatekeeping and overprotectiveness, we employed Maternal Gatekeeping Scale (MGS) and Parent Attitude Scale (PAS). Additionally, participant's language abilities were evaluated using Test of Early Language Development-3 (TELD-3), and their overall developmental status was assessed using Denver Development Screening Test-2 (DDST-II). Immitance-metric assessment and auto-acoustic emission testing were also used to assess hearing functions.

Results: Mean PAS-overprotection (34.1 ± 8.4, 24.3 ± 5.9, P < .001) and MGS total scores (141.7 ± 24.1, 115.7 ± 20.5, P < .001) in children with DLD were significantly higher than those of the TLD. Factors affecting MGS scores were investigated using Multiple linear regression analysis. DLD diagnosis (β = 14.195, P = .029), PAS-overprotection (β = 1.158, P = .001) and family income level (β = 9.643, P = .045) were found as significantly associated with MGS scores. In addition, PAS-overprotective obtained to have a partial mediating role in the relationship between DLD diagnosis and MGS scores (β = .391, P < .001).

Conclusion: Present study reveals that maternal gatekeeping is associated with DLD and overprotection. These findings underscore the importance of evaluating motherhood practices and fostering independency supportive attitudes in the care for children with DLD.

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL) is a rare genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It progresses with the presence of cranial and visceral organ tumors. Psychiatric symptoms may be accompanied by tumor location and hormonal changes. However, it is rare for the disease to first appear with psychiatric symptoms, which may delay the diagnosis of the disease. In this article, a case of VHL, first presenting with major depression, is discussed. The diagnosis and treatment of major depression may obscure the diagnosis of VHL due to the similar mean age at diagnosis and the confounding effect of neurovegetative symptoms accompanying depression.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant psychiatric disorder among children and adolescents. It is important that the relationship with depression is analyzed in adolescents in which cognitive and metacognitive processes are different from adult individuals.

Methods: Forty-five patients and 44 healthy controls were included in our study. Participants were administered Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Barratt Impulsivity Scale, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), and Stroop test.

Results: When the DERS total scores were evaluated, a statistically significant difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of DERS scores. In the healthy controls, the emotion regulation skills were significantly higher compared with the MDD group. In the Stroop test, particularly in the fifth section, the control group displayed a statistically significant better performance in both total duration and the number of mistakes made compared with the study group. In the BRIEF test a statistically significant difference was found between the control group and the study group in all 3 areas. In order to determine the efficient factors related to the statistical difference between the BRIEF scores, the multiple linear regression analysis was used.

Conclusion: It was found that depression scores and Stroop performance influence executive functions. Given that Stoop performance can overlap with executive functions, this outcome was expected. However, the impact of depression scores affecting executive functions is also anticipated, considering that these scores particularly affect attention among the cognitive and maladaptive cognitive processes, such as rumination.

Background: The relationship between depression and severity of social media addiction is likely to be bidirectional. Nevertheless, current studies have addressed the depression score utilizing a scale in the general population instead of assessing this relationship in patients with major depressive disorder. Despite the fact that the negative relationship of social media addiction with emotional intelligence is acknowledged, the existence of this relationship in major depressive disorder has not been investigated yet. Hence, the objective of our study is to evaluate severity of social media addiction and emotional intelligence in major depressive disorder.

Methods: This research was performed with 158 participants between the ages of 18 and 56 in Kars Harakani State Hospital Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic. Sociodemographic data form involving the age, gender, marital status, education level and employment status of the participants, Beck Depression Inventory, Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory, and Social Media Addiction Scale were implemented to the participants.

Results: Creating the group to be none-less addicted and medium-highly addicted with regard to the social media addiction scale score, it was observed that the emotional intelligence of the medium-highly addicted group was significantly lower, and the depression score was higher (P < .001). Furthermore, the severity of social media addiction had a positive relationship with the depression score and a negative relationship with the emotional intelligence score (r = 0.353, P < .001; r = -0.376, P < .001).

Conclusion: Emotional intelligence in major depressive disorder is associated with both depression level and severity of social media addiction. Interventions, i.e., emotional intelligence skill training, might be practical for the aforementioned patients.

Background: Approximately 30% of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases exhibit developmental regression after a period of typical development, leading to what is known as regressive autism. Our understanding of the factors underlying regression, including precise mechanisms, clinical features, and risk factors, remains limited. This study aims to compare children with ASD with language regression (ASD-LR) to those without developmental regression (ASD-NR) in terms of clinical and demographic characteristics and to identify potential predictors.

Methods: In this cross-sectional retrospective study, children aged 2-6 diagnosed with ASD-LR were matched for age and gender with children diagnosed with ASD-NR between January 2023 and January 2024. The groups were compared in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics.

Results: The mean age of the ASD-LR group (n = 32) was 52.16 ± 14.56 months, and the ASD-NR group (n = 50) had a mean age of 48.76 ± 13.41 months. Univariate analyses revealed no significant differences in autism severity between groups in clinician (P = .367) and parent evaluations (P = .541). However, in the ASD-LR group, a significant relationship was found between regression, a history of febrile seizures (P = .012), a father's psychiatric background (P = .002), and a family history of psychiatric disorders (P < .001). Family history of psychiatric disorders (OR 7.54, 95% CI 1.10-51.64, P = .040) and cesarean delivery (odds ratio 3.90, 95% CI 1.05-14.47, P = .042) were identified as independent predictors of language regression.

Conclusion: The results indicate that regression may be associated with both genetic and environmental factors, including a family history of psychiatric disorders, cesarean delivery, and febrile seizure. Future research should focus on explaining these factors and identifying potential preventive measures.