Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology最新文献

Background: Earlier differential diagnosis of dementia remains a major challenge. Although amyloid deposition by positron emission tomography is an emerging standard for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, it is too expensive for routine use in clinical settings. We conducted a pilot study on the potential usefulness of single-photon emission computed tomography and the Mini-Mental State Examination to predict amyloid positron emission tomography positivity in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: Eighteen subjects, including 11 with mild cognitive impairment and 7 with subjective cognitive decline, underwent ¹⁸F-florbetapir positron emission tomography, ^99mTc-ethylcysteinate dimer cerebral perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography, and the Mini-Mental State Examination. For the assessment of amyloid deposition, visual judgment as a qualitative method and a semiautomatic software analysis as a quantitative method were used.

Results: Six subjects were judged as amyloid positive, including 4 mild cognitive impairment and 2 subjective cognitive decline subjects. Compared to the amyloid positron emission tomography-negative group, this group showed a statistically significant difference in the Mini-Mental State Examination recall score [2 (1 : 3) vs. 3 (2 : 3), P = .041] and single-photon emission computed tomography findings from the amyloid-negative group. In the mild cognitive impairment subgroup, correlations were found between amyloid deposition and single-photon emission computed tomography indicators, while in the subjective cognitive decline subgroup, only the Mini-Mental State Examination recall score correlated with amyloid deposition.

Conclusion: The Mini-Mental State Examination recall score and single-photon emission computed tomography indicators may be worthwhile for further evaluation as predictors of amyloid deposition in the preclinical stage.

Background: This study aimed to analyze and compare the association of depression levels with quality of life among older people in primary health care in Brazil and Portugal.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with older people in primary health care. The Medical Outcomes Short-Form Health Quality of Life (SF-36) instrument was used to measure the quality of life, and the Beck Depression Inventory was used to evaluate depression. We grouped the depression level variables into "absent/mild" and "moderate/severe" and tested their association with the categorical variables of quality of life ("better quality of life" and "worse quality of life").

Results: The total sample was 150 participants (Brazil n = 100 and Portugal n = 50). Each group results in the subcategory of absent/mild depression (n = 129) indicated better quality of life in Portugal in physical role functioning (P = .027/odds ratio = 2.768), physical functioning (P < .001/odds ratio = 5.864), and the physical health dimension (P = .002/odds ratio = 3.752). The binary logistic regression analysis highlighted the domains physical role functioning (odds ratio = 1.01/CI for 95% = 1.00-1.03), physical functioning (odds ratio = 1.02/CI for 95% = 1.01-1.03), and the physical health dimension (odds ratio = 1.09/CI for 95% = 1.04-1.13).

Conclusion: There was an association between better assessments of the physical and functional aspects of quality of life and lower levels of depression, in which we could highlight those aspects related to physical health and functionality. Among the groups studied, Portugal had better quality of life evaluations than Brazil. However, none of the groups overlapped the other in levels of depression.

Priapism is a painful and prolonged erection of the penis without sexual stimulation. Priapism can be seen due to both typical and atypical antipsychotic drug use. A 51-year-old male who was followed up with a diagnosis of schizophrenia for 30 years and was switched from oral aripiprazole to paliperidone palmitate due to psychotic exacerbation was reported in this study. About 1 month after starting the drug, the patient presented to the emergency department with a painful and prolonged penile erection lasting 3-4 hours. Following the diagnosis of priapism by urology, the patient was relieved by intracavernous adrenaline injection and corpus cavernosum drainage and was referred to psychiatric consultation. Since the patient's examination, history, and laboratory tests could not detect a condition that could cause priapism, it was thought that priapism might be due to antipsychotic medication. One week after stopping paliperidone palmitate injection, the patient had another attack of priapism. Ten days after the second priapism, the patient was started on olanzapine, 10 mg/day, which was increased to 20 mg/day in the follow-up. The patient has been using olanzapine 20 mg/day for the past year. He is still psychiatrically stable and has no signs of priapism. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of recurrent priapism associated with paliperidone palmitate use.

Background: Behavioral inhibition has been proposed as a temperamental risk factor for the development of childhood anxiety disorders universally; however, there is no validated instrument for, especially, its evaluation in Turkish children. This study aimed to examine reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire parent form for children aged 3-7 years.

Methods: Around 250 mothers or fathers of 3-7 years old children were recruited from non-clinical population to collect responses to the questionnaires. The sample was created by reaching 3 schools at preschool or elementary grade for the purpose of providing the questionnaires filled about the student and/or his/her little sisters and brothers by their parents; questionnaires were sent out to parents and then gathered. Parents were asked to fill sociodemographic data form, Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire parent form, Children Behavior Questionnaire, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionaire parent form in order to perform convergent and divergent validity analyses.

Results: As a result of reliability analysis, total Cronbach alpha coefficient for Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire was determined as 0.92 with strong reliability. The internal consistency coefficients for Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire subscales also showed strong reliability with alphas ranging between 0.81 and 0.87 except for the performance (α = 0.69) and physical challenges (α = 0.19) subscales of which some items were excluded due to item-total correlations and confirmatory factor analysis results. In the validity assessment analyses, confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire has a construct validity with 5 factors loaded on the 2-second order main factors and one third-order final factor (root mean square error = 0.032, root mean square residual = 0.153, Comparative Fit Index = 0.978, Goodness of Fit İndex = 0.915, and Turker-Lewis Index = 0.970). While the strongest correlations with the overall Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire score were found for 2 main subscales, inhibition to social novelties (r = 0.926, P < .001) and situational novelties (r = 0.928, P < .001), similarly peers (r = 0.848, P < .001) and new situations (r = 0.898, P < .001) subscales, had strong correlations with the overall Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire score. The weakest correlation with overall Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire score was observed for physical challenges subscale even though this subscale displayed moderate association (r = 0.454, P < .001). A good convergent validity was determined accompanied by significant moderate positive correlations with Children Behavior Questionnaire shyness and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire internalizing scales. An adequate divergent validity was al

Background: Subjective cognitive decline is presently considered to be the earliest clinical stage of neurodegeneration. By its current definition, subjective cognitive decline conceptually implies that the sufferer presents no psychometrically measurable cognitive impairment despite numerous articles stating the presence of discrete objective impairments. Our purpose was to evaluate differences in objective cognitive performance in subjective cognitive decline patients compared to healthy controls.

Methods: A total of 101 cognitively unimpaired participants were divided into a subjective cognitive decline group (n = 67) and healthy control group (n = 34). We conducted a thorough cognitive evaluation and collected social, demographic, and clinical data as well as data on personality traits, sleep quality, and physical activity. Both groups were matched for sex, age, education, and Mini-Mental State Examination score.

Results: The subjective cognitive decline group had a lower verbal learning capacity as shown by the worse performance on Rey auditory verbal learning test trial 1 (P = .021) and Rey auditory verbal learning test total scores (P = .023). The subjective cognitive decline group was significantly more impaired in executive functioning compared to controls, as shown by trail making test A (P = .012) evaluation.

Conclusion: Persons with subjective cognitive decline have subtle, objective cognitive impairments which may be undetected with widely used, brief cognitive evaluations, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination. Yet, these impairments are not severe enough to warrant the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Current subjective cognitive decline criteria could be expanded in order to increase the diagnostic precision of subjective cognitive decline.

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate whether providing psychological support to healthcare professionals who are actively involved in the pandemic process will reduce the psychological risk factors created by the pandemic on healthcare professionals.

Methods: A total of 440 healthcare professionals working in different positions in 2 state hospitals, which are considered pandemic hospitals, were included in the study. Sociodemographic Data Form, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Inventory, and Psychological Resilience Scale were used in the study, which was carried out with the experimental design pre-test-post-test model before the experiment. Participants were made to watch 4 videos prepared by expert psychologists on anxiety, depression, and psychological resilience.

Results: The data obtained from the sample before and after watching the videos were analyzed with the paired sample t-test. Accordingly, there was a significant difference between the groups of health workers who participated in the survey before and after watching the psychological support videos (P < .001). After watching the psychological support videos, the anxiety scores of the health workers decreased. In addition, anxiety scores created a significant difference in demographic variables (gender, age, marital status, not having a child, having a high education level, smoking and alcohol use, having a physiological disease, and working year). Depression scores decreased in those who use alcohol and those who have 1-3 shifts per month.

Conclusions: In disasters such as epidemics that bring psychosocial difficulties, psychotherapeutic support to those who fight in the first place is important in protecting their mental health.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Mahony Psychological Assessment for Bariatric Surgery which can be easily administered and used as a guide by health professionals who will be included in the treatment of patients who are potential candidates for bariatric surgery.

Methods: A total of 310 patients who were admitted to health institutions for bariatric surgery in 3 different provinces of Turkey answered these questions in the Turkish translation of Mahony Psychological Assessment for Bariatric Surgery. Eating disorder examination questionnaire was also administered to the patients in addition to Mahony Psychological Assessment for Bariatric Surgery.

Results: Early life problems due to weight scores of women were significantly higher than men (P = .001). Among the age groups, both the early life problems due to weight scores (P = .008) and dysphoric feelings about weight scores (P < .001) of the 18-44 age group were significantly higher than the participants who are over the age of 45. There is a weak-to-medium and positive correlation between the total Mahony Psychological Assessment for Bariatric Surgery total scores and all the subscale and total scores of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (P < .05 for all). These correlation results support the co-validity of Mahony Psychological Assessment for Bariatric Surgery and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. Internal consistency of the Mahony Psychological Assessment for Bariatric Surgery was at a high level except for the subscale of positive treatment attitude and supportive environment. Cronbach's ɑ values were calculated to be 0.902 for the subscale of emotional and binge eating, 0.820 for the early life problems due to weight, 0.856 for the dysphoric feelings about weight, 0.539 for the positive treatment attitude and supportive environment, and 0.919 for the whole scale.

Conclusion: The analyses have shown that the Turkish version of Mahony Psychological Assessment for Bariatric Surgery may be used in clinical interviews and psychiatric evaluation of bariatric surgery patients in Turkey.

The neural correlates for the effect of emotional distraction on working memory (WM) function in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have not been clearly identified. This study utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the effect of emotional distraction during WM maintenance in OCD patients and to determine if the frontoparietal region was involved during the task. Patients with OCD tried to maintain WM during the task-irrelevant anxiety-provoking distractions, which induced interruption and needed attention. Compared with healthy controls, the patients with OCD showed significantly increased activities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) supplementary motor area during the delayed-response WM task with anxiety-provoking distractors. An increase in the activity of the DLPFC and SMA reflects compensatory efforts of neural circuits to perform cognitive tasks by controlling emotions and inhibiting the interference of anxiety provoking distractors during WM tasks. In addition, the brain areas showed significantly decreased activities during the delayed-response WM task with neutral distractors were superior parietal gyrus and fusiform gyrus. The parietal cortex, along with the DLPFC is the main structure for frontoparietal network and is involved in cognitive control. Therefore, parietal dysfunction in OCD patients prevents them from paying appropriate attention to visual processing for picture distractors during the WM task. Our findings might be helpful for further understanding of the neural correlates that are associated with the effects of emotional distraction on cognitive function in OCD.

Background: There are several hypotheses on what causes schizophrenia, some of which include inflammatory responses. Additionally, it might be challenging to control and treat cognitive abnormalities, which represent the primary symptoms, and may be related to inflammation. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between C-reactive protein levels and cognitive abilities by assessing neuropsychological tests of drug-free patients with schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis.

Methods: The patient group consisted of 36 patients with schizophrenia or "first-episode psychosis," while the control group comprised 31 healthy people. The control group consisted of healthy participants without any medical or psychiatric diseases. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 axis I disorders was applied for diagnosis, while Wisconsin card sorting test, Stroop color and word test, trail making tests, Rey auditory verbal learning test, and digit span test were applied for cognitive assessment of both groups. Clinical characteristics of patients were evaluated by using the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia. The patient group and healthy control group were evaluated in terms of inflammation levels. The C-reactive protein levels were measured, and their relationship with cognitive status was examined. The serum samples were analyzed by the immunoturbidimetric method in C-reactive protein C8000 Architect (Abbott, Ill, USA) to measure the C-reactive protein levels.

Results: C-reactive protein levels were found to be higher in the patient group (P = .003), while the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms scores were found to be positively correlated with C-reactive protein levels. Cognitive functions in the patient group were significantly lower compared to the healthy group. There was a statistically weak correlation between C-reactive protein and the number of word color reading errors in the Stroop test, which was associated with complex and frontal attention; however, no correlation was found with digit span test, Rey auditory verbal learning test, or Wisconsin card sorting test points.

Conclusion: Elevated peripheral levels of C-reactive protein are associated with poorer cognitive function in patients with first-episode psychosis and schizophrenia, particularly, complex attention associated with the Stroop test. Inflammation may have an impact on cognitive impairment in psychosis.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused changes in individuals' daily lives, including drinking habits. This study attempted to identify factors of Korean adolescents' current alcohol drinking due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: The study used secondary data from the 17th Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey that included 54 848 individuals. In this study, current alcohol drinking was defined as consuming at least 1 alcoholic drink per day for the past month. Changes in physical activity, mealtimes, smoking, and depressive symptoms were recorded.

Results: The multiple logistic regression results show that the risk for current alcohol drinking due to the COVID-19 pandemic was 1.14 times higher in increased physical activity (95% CI: 1.04-1.25, P = .007); 1.18 times higher in increased skipping breakfast (95% CI: 1.07-1.30, P = .001); 1.22 times higher in decrease skipping breakfast (95% CI: 1.10-1.36, P < .001); and 15.69 times higher in increase smoking (95% CI: 12.53-19.64, P < .001).

Conclusion: It is necessary to improve social support systems and related policies for adolescents who experienced a change in daily habits due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results may contribute to preparing strategies and support measures to reduce drinking by developing personalized healthcare in the future.