Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology最新文献

Background: The present study aimed to find the electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to examine if these EEG indices are associated with insomnia in adult ADHD.

Methods: Twenty-six participants were included in the adult ADHD group, and 26 sex-, age-, and education-matched participants formed the control group. Between-group differences in the resting-state EEG indices and the score of insomnia scale were assessed. Correlational analysis between these EEG indices and the score of insomnia scale was conducted.

Results: The adult ADHD group had more insomnia problems and showed increased power over 4 frequency bands at electrodes frontal area, Cz, and Pz, except for alpha band at electrode frontal area. Furthermore, some EEG indices, especially over fast frequency bands, are associated with the score of insomnia scale.

Conclusion: The findings of this study reveal that adult ADHD shows a distinct EEG pattern during the resting state. The correlation between the EEG indices over fast frequency bands in adult ADHD and the score of the insomnia scale may explain the high prevalence of insomnia in adult ADHD.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental disorder that is common worldwide and is associated with somatic symptoms. Cognitive and behavioral problems caused by depression can negatively affect problem-solving skills, and somatic symptoms related to depression can intensify this effect. Although the relationship between depression and problem-solving skills has been investigated in the literature, the mediating role of somatic symptoms in this relationship has not been sufficiently examined. This study aims to investigate the effect of somatic symptoms on problem-solving skills in patients with depression. Methods: This study included 200 patients diagnosed with MDD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria who applied to the psychiatry outpatient clinic of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Training and Research Hospital between March 2021 and March 2022. The sociodemographic data form, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders Clinician Version, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Problem Solving Inventory, and Somatosensory Amplification Scale were administered to the participants. The obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS v26.0 program. Results: Around 111 (55.5%) of the participants had somatic symptoms, and depression levels were found to be higher in this group. Somatic symptoms were more common in women and older individuals. Participants with somatic symptoms exhibited more hasty and avoidant approaches to problem-solving skills and used thoughtful, evaluative, planned, and self-confident approaches less. In addition, it was observed that problem-solving skills improved with increasing education levels. It was determined that somatic symptoms had a mediating role in the effect of depression on problem-solving skills. Conclusion: This study is the first in the literature to evaluate the relationship between somatic symptoms and problem-solving skills in patients with depression. This study shows that somatic symptoms have a negative effect on problem-solving skills in depressed individuals. The presence of somatic symptoms leads to the use of less effective strategies in the problem-solving process, which can exacerbate the cognitive symptoms of depression. Approaches aimed at reducing somatic symptoms in treatment processes can strengthen the problem-solving skills of depressed individuals and improve treatment outcomes.

Background: This research is focused on evaluating the influence of administering cinepazide maleate and edaravone together on cerebral blood flow and neurofunctional markers in individuals who have recently suffered from an acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Methods: Included in this retrospective investigation were 100 patients diagnosed with AIS and treated at our medical center between the period of December 2022 and December 2023. These individuals were subsequently segregated into 2 cohorts according to the different treatments they received, consisting of 50 patients each, referred to as the control group and the observation group. Upon admission, standard treatment was initiated for all patients, alongside additional edaravone therapy for the control group, and concurrent administration of cinepazide maleate and edaravone for the observation group, for a consecutive period of 14 days. The study involved the assessment of cerebral blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA), in addition to the evaluation of neurofunctional markers, serum inflammatory factors, activities of daily living (ADL) scores, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores. Adverse reactions were closely monitored to determine the treatment's efficacy.

Results: Subsequent to the treatment, augmented blood flow velocities were observed in both the MCA and ACA for both groups, particularly evident in the observation group. The observation group also demonstrated raised levels of nerve growth factor and lower levels of neuron-specific enolase and S100-β, with more notable differences when contrasted with the control group. Additionally, the observation group displayed reduced levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and elevated levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), with more substantial variations as opposed to the control group. Furthermore, the observation group indicated enhanced ADL scores and diminished NIHSS scores, with more notable differences compared to the control group. The overall treatment effectiveness reached 94.00% in the observation group, markedly surpassing the 74.00% achieved in the control group.

Conclusion: The concurrent application of cinepazide maleate and edaravone yields notable effects on cerebral blood flow and contributes to the improvement of neurofunctional capabilities in individuals dealing with AIS.

Background: Childhood traumas (CTs) affect the etiology of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and the interpersonal relationship dimensions (IRDs) in these individuals. Traumatic experiences are related to anger control problems and interpersonal relationships (IRs) in these individuals. In this study, individuals diagnosed with GAD and healthy controls (HC) were compared in terms of CTs, IRDs, and anger ruminations (ARs), and the mediating role of ARs in the relationship between CTs and IRDs in individuals with GAD was tried to be determined.

Methods: Patients who applied to the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic of Sultan II. Abdulhamid Han Education and Research Hospital and were diagnosed with GAD according to DSM-V diagnostic criteria (n = 378) and the HC group (n = 195) was evaluated in terms of demographic variables, CTs, IRDs, and ARs.

Findings: CTs, IRDs, and ARs levels were higher in those diagnosed with GAD than in the HC group. There was a significant relationship between the mean age and ARs levels (P =-.184, P < .001) and between CTs and IRDs levels (r = 0.241, P < .001) in the patient group. ARs were found to have a mediating role in the relationship between CTs and IRDs.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that CTs are associated with ARs in individuals diagnosed with GAD and therefore increase the tendency to have problems with IRs. Evaluating ARs at the beginning of the treatment process in GAD individuals is important both in terms of contributing to the treatment process of the disease and determining the risk factors or supradiagnostic factors that maintain the disease.

Background: Attention deficit/Hyperactivity d isorder (ADHD) affects the quality of life not only of children but also of their caregivers, particularly parents. This study investigates the effects of ADHD treatment on the burden, anxiety, and depression experienced by the parents of children with ADHD.

Methods: This study involved 92 children diagnosed with ADHD, aged 6-17 years and their primary caregivers. Both children and caregivers participated in a structured psychiatric interview based on the DSM-V criteria. At the start of treatment and again 3 months later, the children's behavioral problems were assessed using the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form (CPRS-R:S). Caregiver outcomes were evaluated using the Burden Assessment Scale (BAS), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS).

Results: A statistically significant reduction in caregiver burden was observed in the BAS scores from the time of ADHD treatment initiation to 3 months later (P < .001, r ^a = 0.56). The highest BAS scores were consistently associated with hyperactivity, while the lowest scores were noted in caregivers of children with attention-deficit-dominant ADHD, both before and 3 months after treatment (P < .001, η² = 0.312; P < .001, η² = 0.314, respectively). The caregivers' HARS and HDRS scores decreased after 3 months of treatment, although this change was not statistically significant (P = .47 and P = .36, respectively).

Conclusion: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment significantly reduced the caregiver burden within 3 months, highlighting the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment of ADHD for improving children's symptoms and relieving the caregiver burden of their parents.

Background: This study aimed to determine the magnitude of perceived stress among cancer patients in the first year of diagnosis and to reveal the effects of stress levels and emotion regulation skills on attachment styles.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 200 patients enrolled in a medical oncology outpatient clinic in the first year of cancer diagnosis. Attachment styles were determined using the Adult Attachment Style Scale. Stress levels and emotion regulation skills were assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ). The participants were questioned about their cohabitant status and caregiver preferences.

Results: The analyses revealed that almost half of the participants (n = 99) had high stress levels (P = .001), and most (69%) had a secure attachment style. The results indicate that secure attachment styles had a weak negative correlation with PSS scores (r = -0.191; P = .007) and a weak positive, statistically significant correlation with ERSQ scores (r = 0.297; P < .001). The study found that perceived stress during the first year after diagnosis had a significant effect on the development of insecure attachment styles (Exp(B): 1.051; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.009-1.095; P < .05). Emotion regulation skills affect insecure attachment styles, as indicated by the statistical analysis (Exp(B): 0.982; 95% CI, 0.965-0.999; P < .05).

Conclusion: Our findings support the idea that stress levels and emotion regulation affect attachment styles. Awareness of attachment theory and the effects of different forms of insecure attachment on patients is essential to improving their ability to better understand and meet their support needs.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neuropsychiatric condition with a multifactorial etiology, involving both genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Valproic acid (VPA), a commonly used antiepileptic drug, has been shown to induce ASD-like behaviors in rodent models, making it a valuable tool for studying the pathophysiology of ASD. This study aims to explore the effects of VPA on behavior and the microbiota in a mouse model of ASD.

Methods: C57BL/6 mice were used in this study, with pregnant females receiving a single intraperitoneal injection of VPA (450 mg/kg) or a saline solution on gestational day E12.5. Behavioral assessments, including the Three-Chamber Social Test, Elevated Plus Maze, Marble Burying Test, Open Field Test, and Light-Dark Box Test, were conducted on 8-week-old mice. Oral and fecal samples were collected for microbiota analysis, and gene expression profiling was performed on brain samples.

Results: VPA-treated mice exhibited significant deficits in social interaction, anxiety-like behaviors, and repetitive actions. Microbiota analysis revealed significant shifts in the composition of both oral and fecal microbial communities in VPA-treated mice, with reductions in alpha diversity and changes in the relative abundance of specific taxa. Gene set variation analysis of mice harboring VPA-induced microbiota identified notable discrepancies in metabolic pathways, suggesting that the dysbiosis may modulate the expression of genes involved in critical metabolic processes.

Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that VPA exposure during early development can induce ASD-like behaviors in mice, along with significant changes in the composition of the microbiota. These findings underscore the complex interplay between environmental factors, such as VPA, and the microbiota in the pathophysiology of ASD. The study lays the groundwork for future research aimed at developing targeted interventions to mitigate the symptoms of ASD and other neuropsychiatric disorders, potentially through modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the awareness and attitude toward hospice and palliative care among healthcare professionals in a tertiary hospital in China.

Methods: A convenience sampling method was utilized to collect data from healthcare professionals in a tertiary hospital in Shanghai, China. A self-designed questionnaire was employed with reference to existing tools. The survey collected participants' demographic information, previous training experience, as well as assessed their knowledge and attitudes toward hospice and palliative care.

Results: Two hundred ninteen participants were recruited. One hundred seventy-two individuals (78.5%) demonstrated awareness of hospice and palliative care. Compared to staff in other sections, healthcare professionals in the geriatrics department exhibited significantly higher levels of awareness (P = .011). Only 47 individuals (21.5%) reported having received prior training in hospice and palliative care. Two hundred nine participants (95.4%) expressed demands for further training in the related field. Further analysis revealed significant differences in the overall scores of hospice and palliative care attitudes among healthcare professionals with different educational backgrounds (P = .036). Professionals with master's and doctoral degrees scored significantly higher than those with bachelor's degrees. Healthcare professionals between the ages of 36 and 45 demonstrated higher scores than their younger counterparts, particularly in domains related to the perception and usage of hospice and palliative care (P = .020). Physicians in the geriatrics department exhibited significantly higher scores than nurses regarding attitudes toward illness and individuals with end-stage diseases.

Conclusion: Healthcare professionals in tertiary hospitals possess a certain level of awareness and recognition of hospice and palliative care. This will provide an important basis for the promotion of hospice and palliative care in tertiary hospitals. Tertiary hospitals should establish hospice and palliative training centers, organize multidisciplinary cooperation teams, and carry out life and death education starting with healthcare professionals.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests in early childhood and often affects children's daily life and academic performance, impairing their psychological development and potentially influencing their personality. The concurrent yearly increase in the incidence of allergic diseases and ADHD among children has prompted researchers to explore the association between these 2 health issues. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common allergic diseases and is characterized by chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa. The prevalence of AR increases from infancy through adolescence and then decreases with further aging. The relationship between ADHD and AR has garnered significant attention from researchers recently, although it remains a topic of debate. Numerous studies have suggested a correlation, while some have reported conflicting results. Furthermore, the precise mechanisms underlying their coexistence have not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes the literature on ADHD and AR both domestically and internationally. It highlights their interrelationship and potential comorbid mechanisms, thereby providing new perspectives on the pathogenesis of ADHD and informing long-term treatment and management strategies.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the nursing effect of individualized health education combined with cognitive training on clopidogrel treatment in elderly stroke patients.

Methods: One hundred and twelve elderly stroke patients treated in our neurology department from January to June 2019 were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The control group received clopidogrel therapy, conventional nursing, rehabilitation exercises, and conventional health education. The experimental group received the same treatment plus individualized health education and cognitive training. The intervention effect was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Health Education Questionnaire, the activity of daily living scale (ADL), and the Nurse Job Satisfaction Questionnaire before intervention, at 4 weeks and at 12 weeks.

Results: After 4 and 12 weeks of intervention, patients in both groups showed improvements in MoCA scores, health education awareness rate, ADL scores, and nurses' job satisfaction compared to baseline. Moreover, the experimental group exhibited higher scores than the control group (P < .05), with statistically significant differences (P < .05).

Conclusion: Individualized health education combined with cognitive training effectively enhances cognitive function, stroke awareness, health education adherence, and self-care ability in elderly stroke patients receiving clopidogrel treatment, thereby improving their overall quality of life.