The importance of studying the advantages of international competitiveness for investment in light of the ways of privatizing infrastructure in the manner of partnership, especially with regard to projects in the services and ports sector. There was a need to transfer expertise and technical and managerial competence, and to bridge the savings financing gap by analyzing the investment environment from a strategic point of view. The possibility of determining the methods of partnership with the private activity in accordance with the applicable investment laws through the guarantees and facilities it provides. The research found that there is a close correlation between the country's ranking or degree in this indicator and the size of the foreign investment that it attracts, especially in the field of investment in building the port of Faw. Expectations indicate that it will be one of the largest ports in the Middle East. One of the most important conclusions that the research came out with is the method of partnership with the private sector, according to economic feasibility studies.
{"title":"International competitiveness in partnership style under the investment laws in Iraq & Faw port case study","authors":"Sabah Nema Ali, Dalia Omar Nazmi, Y. Abdullah","doi":"10.25115/eea.v40i3.6520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40i3.6520","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of studying the advantages of international competitiveness for investment in light of the ways of privatizing infrastructure in the manner of partnership, especially with regard to projects in the services and ports sector. There was a need to transfer expertise and technical and managerial competence, and to bridge the savings financing gap by analyzing the investment environment from a strategic point of view. The possibility of determining the methods of partnership with the private activity in accordance with the applicable investment laws through the guarantees and facilities it provides. The research found that there is a close correlation between the country's ranking or degree in this indicator and the size of the foreign investment that it attracts, especially in the field of investment in building the port of Faw. Expectations indicate that it will be one of the largest ports in the Middle East. One of the most important conclusions that the research came out with is the method of partnership with the private sector, according to economic feasibility studies.","PeriodicalId":210068,"journal":{"name":"Studies of Applied Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130081765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valentina Cueva López, José Rodríguez Avi, M. J. Olmo Jiménez, Julia Rodríguez Reinoso
An almazara (oil mill) is an essential piece in the production of olive oil since it is the place where the olive is milled and the olive oil is obtained. They are usually linked to producer cooperatives. They are structures that require specialized machinery and that on multiple occasions are underutilised, given the presence of several of them at very close distances. In addition, they characterise the mainly olive grove municipalities and their study provides a valuable information of economic interest. From a statistical point of view, the “number of oil mills per municipality” is a count data variable that exhibits overdispersion. In this study, we focus on the oil mills found in municipalities of Andalusia. First, we make a descriptive study of the variable. Second, we model this data according to the most suitable probabilistic model. Finally, several generalized linear regression models based on different geographic and socioeconomic variables are proposed and the best one (using the Akaike information criterion) is selected.
{"title":"modelling of the number of almazaras by municipality in Andalusia","authors":"Valentina Cueva López, José Rodríguez Avi, M. J. Olmo Jiménez, Julia Rodríguez Reinoso","doi":"10.25115/eea.v40i3.6927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40i3.6927","url":null,"abstract":"An almazara (oil mill) is an essential piece in the production of olive oil since it is the place where the olive is milled and the olive oil is obtained. They are usually linked to producer cooperatives. They are structures that require specialized machinery and that on multiple occasions are underutilised, given the presence of several of them at very close distances. In addition, they characterise the mainly olive grove municipalities and their study provides a valuable information of economic interest. \u0000From a statistical point of view, the “number of oil mills per municipality” is a count data variable that exhibits overdispersion. In this study, we focus on the oil mills found in municipalities of Andalusia. First, we make a descriptive study of the variable. Second, we model this data according to the most suitable probabilistic model. Finally, several generalized linear regression models based on different geographic and socioeconomic variables are proposed and the best one (using the Akaike information criterion) is selected.","PeriodicalId":210068,"journal":{"name":"Studies of Applied Economics","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124594743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most developing countries are making frantic efforts to curtail illicit outflows of investible funds. Unfortunately, these efforts seem not to have produced the expected results. Meanwhile, existing empirical investigations have failed to explain emphatically, the channels through which this economic sabotage is being perpetuated. In this context, this study scrutinizes whether geopolitical risk factors (GPR) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) stimulate the outflows of illicit capital from South Africa over 1985 – 2018 while controlling for the influence of national income, trade openness, foreign direct investments (FDI) and population. Preliminary investigations confirmed co-integration among the series. Furthermore, it is established that capital flight is a systemic problem considering its significant short-run autoregressive effect. Further evidence from the ARDL model indicates that GPR and EPU exert significant positive impacts on capital flight only within the short-run, whereas FDI produces a positive and significant influence on capital outflows at all times. The influence of FDI on illicit capital outflow is also consistent when the Kernel Regularised Least Squares (KRLS) model was applied, such that its positive and significant influence was also observed both on the average and across all quantiles of the distributions of capital migrations. Therefore, to curtail capital flight, policymakers must keep an eye on the inflows and outflows of FDI. Meanwhile, GPR and EPU are not long-term predictors of capital migrations from South Africa. The findings of this investigation could be equally beneficial to other countries battling with capital flight.
{"title":"Do Geopolitical Risk Factors and Economic Policy Uncertainties Stimulate Capital Outflows? An Updated Evidence.","authors":"E. Uche, N. Nwaeze, Rowland Tochukwu Obiakor","doi":"10.25115/eea.v40i3.6971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40i3.6971","url":null,"abstract":"Most developing countries are making frantic efforts to curtail illicit outflows of investible funds. Unfortunately, these efforts seem not to have produced the expected results. Meanwhile, existing empirical investigations have failed to explain emphatically, the channels through which this economic sabotage is being perpetuated. In this context, this study scrutinizes whether geopolitical risk factors (GPR) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) stimulate the outflows of illicit capital from South Africa over 1985 – 2018 while controlling for the influence of national income, trade openness, foreign direct investments (FDI) and population. Preliminary investigations confirmed co-integration among the series. Furthermore, it is established that capital flight is a systemic problem considering its significant short-run autoregressive effect. Further evidence from the ARDL model indicates that GPR and EPU exert significant positive impacts on capital flight only within the short-run, whereas FDI produces a positive and significant influence on capital outflows at all times. The influence of FDI on illicit capital outflow is also consistent when the Kernel Regularised Least Squares (KRLS) model was applied, such that its positive and significant influence was also observed both on the average and across all quantiles of the distributions of capital migrations. Therefore, to curtail capital flight, policymakers must keep an eye on the inflows and outflows of FDI. Meanwhile, GPR and EPU are not long-term predictors of capital migrations from South Africa. The findings of this investigation could be equally beneficial to other countries battling with capital flight. ","PeriodicalId":210068,"journal":{"name":"Studies of Applied Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130712853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Internal audit is one of the essential responsibilities in the economic unit on which senior management and various departments and individuals rely as a source of high-quality data and information. As one of the parties responsible for internal control, the research aims to determine the importance of the internal auditor's involvement in establishing the internal control system through its supervisory and monitoring responsibilities. Also, developing more methods to reduce the risks and issues associated with the internal control system's failure. This study aims to demonstrate the role of internal audit in developing the internal control system in the economic unit by clarifying the relationship between internal audit and the internal control system, highlighting how internal audit can activate the internal control system and what the internal auditor's responsibilities are, and working on the periodic evaluation of the internal control system.
{"title":"The role of internal auditor's in the development of an internal Control system: An applied study at Al-Nahrain University","authors":"Israa Mohanad Abdulmelek, Sadam Gatea Hashim","doi":"10.25115/eea.v40i3.7009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40i3.7009","url":null,"abstract":"Internal audit is one of the essential responsibilities in the economic unit on which senior management and various departments and individuals rely as a source of high-quality data and information. As one of the parties responsible for internal control, the research aims to determine the importance of the internal auditor's involvement in establishing the internal control system through its supervisory and monitoring responsibilities. Also, developing more methods to reduce the risks and issues associated with the internal control system's failure. This study aims to demonstrate the role of internal audit in developing the internal control system in the economic unit by clarifying the relationship between internal audit and the internal control system, highlighting how internal audit can activate the internal control system and what the internal auditor's responsibilities are, and working on the periodic evaluation of the internal control system.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":210068,"journal":{"name":"Studies of Applied Economics","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116459529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines green finance's role in sustainable economic and environmental development in the selected 26 OECD countries from 2000 to 2018. Due to the peculiarity of the macroeconomic data, we opted for autoregressive with a fixed-effect model to enable us to account for the autocorrelation and unbalance data settings. The regression analysis shows that green finance promotes sustainable economic and environmental development. Therefore, we recommend promoting green finance by facilitating a solid green financial market, green financial system, and speedy development of the green financial system in underdeveloped areas. This policies may serve as reference for achieving SDGs by 2030.
{"title":"The role of green finance in promoting sustainable economic and environmental development","authors":"A. Zakari","doi":"10.25115/eea.v40i3.5398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40i3.5398","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines green finance's role in sustainable economic and environmental development in the selected 26 OECD countries from 2000 to 2018. Due to the peculiarity of the macroeconomic data, we opted for autoregressive with a fixed-effect model to enable us to account for the autocorrelation and unbalance data settings. The regression analysis shows that green finance promotes sustainable economic and environmental development. Therefore, we recommend promoting green finance by facilitating a solid green financial market, green financial system, and speedy development of the green financial system in underdeveloped areas. This policies may serve as reference for achieving SDGs by 2030.","PeriodicalId":210068,"journal":{"name":"Studies of Applied Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128120240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an efficiency analysis of the collection of municipal solid waste in Italian provinces between 2010 and 2019. Particularly, the waste service efficiency of the 110 provinces was measured by implementing non-parametric Slack Based Measure Data Envelopment Analysis (SBM-DEA). A dynamic distributional analysis of efficiencies from 2010 to 2019 was also performed to investigate the behavior of the provinces efficiency in the analysed period specifically considering their size as a discriminant factor influencing it. To this aim a kernel-based method was used. Results show that the efficiency of the MSW collection service in the Italian provinces has increased steadily. The average efficiency grew from 44.7% to 53.0% during the period from 2010 to 2019, following the improvement in the sorted waste collection rate. Furthermore, smaller provinces performed better than larger ones.
{"title":"An efficiency analysis of municipal solid waste collection in Italy between 2010 and 2019","authors":"C. lo Storto","doi":"10.25115/eea.v40i3.5184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40i3.5184","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an efficiency analysis of the collection of municipal solid waste in Italian provinces between 2010 and 2019. Particularly, the waste service efficiency of the 110 provinces was measured by implementing non-parametric Slack Based Measure Data Envelopment Analysis (SBM-DEA). A dynamic distributional analysis of efficiencies from 2010 to 2019 was also performed to investigate the behavior of the provinces efficiency in the analysed period specifically considering their size as a discriminant factor influencing it. To this aim a kernel-based method was used. Results show that the efficiency of the MSW collection service in the Italian provinces has increased steadily. The average efficiency grew from 44.7% to 53.0% during the period from 2010 to 2019, following the improvement in the sorted waste collection rate. Furthermore, smaller provinces performed better than larger ones.","PeriodicalId":210068,"journal":{"name":"Studies of Applied Economics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133954519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper addresses and delves into the importance of green finance in achieving the sustainable development goal (SDGs) in this decade of action. This paper focuses on the concerns of green finance post Covid-19 and the challenges which India faces in accomplishing its 2030 agenda. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have already highlighted the importance of green finance in realizing SDGs. Research has recognised the role of finance in achieving the SDGs is indisputable, but few studies analyse the role of green finance in addressing this issue. This paper is an attempt to fill the research gap by examining the link between the green finance and SDGs considering the impact of the pandemic. The paper examines the initiatives in green finance in India and also the challenges faced. The paper identifies the role of both public and private sector in the advancement of green finance. This paper holds a great deal of practical implications and policy recommendations to public and private sector, banks, government, green investors and policy makers
{"title":"Green Finance and Sustainable Development Goals in post covid era – With special reference to India.","authors":"D. Mishra","doi":"10.25115/eea.v40i3.6218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40i3.6218","url":null,"abstract":"The paper addresses and delves into the importance of green finance in achieving the sustainable development goal (SDGs) in this decade of action. This paper focuses on the concerns of green finance post Covid-19 and the challenges which India faces in accomplishing its 2030 agenda. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have already highlighted the importance of green finance in realizing SDGs. Research has recognised the role of finance in achieving the SDGs is indisputable, but few studies analyse the role of green finance in addressing this issue. This paper is an attempt to fill the research gap by examining the link between the green finance and SDGs considering the impact of the pandemic. The paper examines the initiatives in green finance in India and also the challenges faced. The paper identifies the role of both public and private sector in the advancement of green finance. This paper holds a great deal of practical implications and policy recommendations to public and private sector, banks, government, green investors and policy makers","PeriodicalId":210068,"journal":{"name":"Studies of Applied Economics","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133390631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Research aimed to study the role of INTOSAI Standard 11 in the independence of the Federal Audit Bureau in the Republic of Iraq. The field study was conducted through personal interviews and a survey list on a sample of (22) experts, general managers and auditors in the Federal Audit Bureau, and the results of the study reached the extent of commitment The Federal Office of Financial Supervision in INTOSAI Standard 11, and the study concluded with some recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity of clarifying the legislation and guarantees necessary to achieve the independence of the heads of the Federal Office of Financial Supervision from various organizational, administrative, functional and financial aspects in a way that prevents it from being subjected to any pressures or dictates to allow sufficient freedom in the performance of its tasks And disseminate his reports to the public without restrictions or obstacles.
{"title":"The Role of the INTOSAI Standard (ISSAI11) In the Independence of Federal Board of Supreme Audit Republic: Evidence from Iraq","authors":"Kawthar Mohsen Sadkhan, Suaad Adnan Noaman Al-Shammari","doi":"10.25115/eea.v40i3.6363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40i3.6363","url":null,"abstract":"The Research aimed to study the role of INTOSAI Standard 11 in the independence of the Federal Audit Bureau in the Republic of Iraq. The field study was conducted through personal interviews and a survey list on a sample of (22) experts, general managers and auditors in the Federal Audit Bureau, and the results of the study reached the extent of commitment The Federal Office of Financial Supervision in INTOSAI Standard 11, and the study concluded with some recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity of clarifying the legislation and guarantees necessary to achieve the independence of the heads of the Federal Office of Financial Supervision from various organizational, administrative, functional and financial aspects in a way that prevents it from being subjected to any pressures or dictates to allow sufficient freedom in the performance of its tasks And disseminate his reports to the public without restrictions or obstacles.","PeriodicalId":210068,"journal":{"name":"Studies of Applied Economics","volume":"64 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114096016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aims to know the role in the application and commitment of some international indicators of institutional governance and mechanisms issued by the Central Bank of Iraq to enhance and increase disclosure in the report of management comments issued by economic units. To achieve the purpose of the study, a number of Iraqi banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange were selected (Al Ahli Bank of Iraq, Iraqi Trade Bank, Gulf Commercial Bank, Middle East Investment Bank, Mosul Bank for Development and Investment, Al-Mansour Bank for Investment, Baghdad's Al-Ahli Bank, Sumer Commercial Bank, Trans Iraq Investment Bank) as a research sample. The study relied on the analytical descriptive approach and designed a checklist to collect data. The data was obtained from the annual reports of the banks and for the period from (2016) to (2019), which are available in the Iraqi Stock Exchange and the official websites of the banks of the study sample. It also relied on the Corporate Governance Guide issued by the Central Bank of Iraq for the year 2018, in addition to the (GMI) index issued by the American company (Governance Metrics International), in addition to its reliance on the Administrative Comments Index (Ma.Co.I) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) year 2020. The study reached a number of conclusions, including the existence of a discrepancy in the commitment of the study sample banks to the mechanisms of quality governance. In addition to the discrepancy in the disclosure of the information included in the reports of the management comments by the banks of the research sample.
{"title":"The role of the quality of banking governance on the disclosure of the management comments report in accordance with international and local requirements","authors":"Raghad Hameed Rasheed, Ebtehaj E. Yaguob","doi":"10.25115/eea.v40i3.5946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40i3.5946","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to know the role in the application and commitment of some international indicators of institutional governance and mechanisms issued by the Central Bank of Iraq to enhance and increase disclosure in the report of management comments issued by economic units. To achieve the purpose of the study, a number of Iraqi banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange were selected (Al Ahli Bank of Iraq, Iraqi Trade Bank, Gulf Commercial Bank, Middle East Investment Bank, Mosul Bank for Development and Investment, Al-Mansour Bank for Investment, Baghdad's Al-Ahli Bank, Sumer Commercial Bank, Trans Iraq Investment Bank) as a research sample. The study relied on the analytical descriptive approach and designed a checklist to collect data. The data was obtained from the annual reports of the banks and for the period from (2016) to (2019), which are available in the Iraqi Stock Exchange and the official websites of the banks of the study sample. It also relied on the Corporate Governance Guide issued by the Central Bank of Iraq for the year 2018, in addition to the (GMI) index issued by the American company (Governance Metrics International), in addition to its reliance on the Administrative Comments Index (Ma.Co.I) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) year 2020. The study reached a number of conclusions, including the existence of a discrepancy in the commitment of the study sample banks to the mechanisms of quality governance. In addition to the discrepancy in the disclosure of the information included in the reports of the management comments by the banks of the research sample.","PeriodicalId":210068,"journal":{"name":"Studies of Applied Economics","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122014225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economic stability is the state or position in which the full employment of the available economic resources or what is known as the gross domestic product possible is achieved and the occurrence of unemployment is avoided, up to the natural rate of unemployment and the avoidance of large changes in the general level of prices which it mean keeping inflation rates at controlled levels in light of Maintaining an appropriate real growth rate in real output. Therefore, economic policy and economic decision-makers in all developed and developing countries have attached great importance to this, and they have solid convictions of adopting macroeconomic policies to influence the specific variables that affect it to restore the economy to a state of balance and stability away from economic fluctuations.
{"title":"Analyzing the causal relationship between the variables of economic stability in Iraq using Granger's causality","authors":"Prof. Dr. Ghufran Hatem Alwan","doi":"10.25115/eea.v40i3.7023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v40i3.7023","url":null,"abstract":"Economic stability is the state or position in which the full employment of the available economic resources or what is known as the gross domestic product possible is achieved and the occurrence of unemployment is avoided, up to the natural rate of unemployment and the avoidance of large changes in the general level of prices which it mean keeping inflation rates at controlled levels in light of Maintaining an appropriate real growth rate in real output. Therefore, economic policy and economic decision-makers in all developed and developing countries have attached great importance to this, and they have solid convictions of adopting macroeconomic policies to influence the specific variables that affect it to restore the economy to a state of balance and stability away from economic fluctuations.","PeriodicalId":210068,"journal":{"name":"Studies of Applied Economics","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131954243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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