Hongyan Zhang, Huayu Lu, Yao Gu, Pengyu Lin, Jiangfeng Shi, Shiyuan Shi, Chenghong Liang, Xianyan Wang, Wenling An, Tao Ma, Steven W Leavitt
In 2018, an Ionplus 200 kV MIni-CArbon DAting System (MICADAS) accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) was installed at the Laboratory of AMS Dating and the Environment, Nanjing University (NJU-AMS Laboratory), China. The NJU-AMS Laboratory is largely devoted to research on radiocarbon dating and 14C analysis in fields of earth, environmental and archaeological sciences. The laboratory has successfully employed various pretreatment methods, including routine pretreatment of tree rings, buried wood and subfossil wood, seeds, charcoal, pollen concentrates, organic matter, and shells. In this study, operational status of the NJU-AMS is presented, and results of radiocarbon measurements made on different sample types are reported. Measurements on international standards, references of known age, and blank samples demonstrate that the NJU-AMS runs stably and has good reproducibility on measurement of single samples. The facility is capable of measuring 14C in samples with the precision and accuracy that meet the requirements for investigating annual 14C changes, history-prehistory age dating, and Late Quaternary stratigraphic chronology research.
{"title":"Testing and assessment of high-precision and high-accuracy AMS-radiocarbon measurements at Nanjing University, China","authors":"Hongyan Zhang, Huayu Lu, Yao Gu, Pengyu Lin, Jiangfeng Shi, Shiyuan Shi, Chenghong Liang, Xianyan Wang, Wenling An, Tao Ma, Steven W Leavitt","doi":"10.1017/rdc.2024.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2024.70","url":null,"abstract":"In 2018, an Ionplus 200 kV MIni-CArbon DAting System (MICADAS) accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) was installed at the Laboratory of AMS Dating and the Environment, Nanjing University (NJU-AMS Laboratory), China. The NJU-AMS Laboratory is largely devoted to research on radiocarbon dating and <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C analysis in fields of earth, environmental and archaeological sciences. The laboratory has successfully employed various pretreatment methods, including routine pretreatment of tree rings, buried wood and subfossil wood, seeds, charcoal, pollen concentrates, organic matter, and shells. In this study, operational status of the NJU-AMS is presented, and results of radiocarbon measurements made on different sample types are reported. Measurements on international standards, references of known age, and blank samples demonstrate that the NJU-AMS runs stably and has good reproducibility on measurement of single samples. The facility is capable of measuring <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C in samples with the precision and accuracy that meet the requirements for investigating annual <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C changes, history-prehistory age dating, and Late Quaternary stratigraphic chronology research.","PeriodicalId":21020,"journal":{"name":"Radiocarbon","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N N Seregin, S V Svyatko, G Barrett, S S Matrenin, P J Reimer
This paper presents a detailed chronological study of the previously undisturbed burial ground of Choburak-I of the Bulan-Koby Culture in the Northern Altai using a program of comprehensive dating, including AMS 14C dating of human and animal remains (26 14C dates from 12 kurgans in total), and archaeological dating of the associated artifacts. This completely excavated cemetery contained numerous grave goods and various organic remains (anthropological and archaeozoological) critical for understanding the social and chronological dynamics of this culture during the Rouran period in Altai (second half of the 4th–first half of the 6th century CE). The results of archaeological dating, supported by the largest set of AMS 14C dates for the Bulan-Koby Culture, and further aided by Bayesian analysis, demonstrate the likely continuous existence of the necropolis within the period of 310–400 cal CE, which broadly corresponds to the beginning of the Rouran period in the history of Altai, with a maximum duration of 66 years. The presented results make it possible to consider the necropolis of Choburak-I as a chronologically defining monument of the Rouran period of Northern Altai and permit a new level of relative and absolute chronological reconstructions for archaeological sites of this region and adjacent territories at the turn of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages.
{"title":"Combined AMS 14C and archaeological dating of the Rouran period cemetery of Choburak-I (Northern Altai)","authors":"N N Seregin, S V Svyatko, G Barrett, S S Matrenin, P J Reimer","doi":"10.1017/rdc.2024.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2024.72","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a detailed chronological study of the previously undisturbed burial ground of Choburak-I of the Bulan-Koby Culture in the Northern Altai using a program of comprehensive dating, including AMS <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C dating of human and animal remains (26 <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C dates from 12 kurgans in total), and archaeological dating of the associated artifacts. This completely excavated cemetery contained numerous grave goods and various organic remains (anthropological and archaeozoological) critical for understanding the social and chronological dynamics of this culture during the Rouran period in Altai (second half of the 4th–first half of the 6th century CE). The results of archaeological dating, supported by the largest set of AMS <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C dates for the Bulan-Koby Culture, and further aided by Bayesian analysis, demonstrate the likely continuous existence of the necropolis within the period of 310–400 cal CE, which broadly corresponds to the beginning of the Rouran period in the history of Altai, with a maximum duration of 66 years. The presented results make it possible to consider the necropolis of Choburak-I as a chronologically defining monument of the Rouran period of Northern Altai and permit a new level of relative and absolute chronological reconstructions for archaeological sites of this region and adjacent territories at the turn of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages.","PeriodicalId":21020,"journal":{"name":"Radiocarbon","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dietary habits of Neanderthals are considered an issue of great interest in the literature and have opened an important number of fruitful debates. Indeed, understanding diets can provide important information regarding issues of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and subsistence strategies. In this respect, dental remains can play a vital role in the conducted efforts to reconstruct the palaeoecological niches securely and accurately since dental microwear analyses have precisely detected dietary patterns of the populations in the past. In this context, the Iberian Peninsula forms an interesting model for examining Neanderthal populations, their subsistence strategies, and adaptive skills. This study aims the examination of already published data in order to provide a holistic approach regarding the dietary habits of H. neanderthalensis populations in the Iberian Peninsula, along with the importance of the utilization of dental microwear analysis in the archaeological record.
{"title":"Correlation between dental microwear analysis and dietary habits of Neanderthal populations in the Iberian Peninsula","authors":"Aristeidis Strimenopoulos, Marina Lozano","doi":"10.1017/rdc.2024.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2024.53","url":null,"abstract":"The dietary habits of Neanderthals are considered an issue of great interest in the literature and have opened an important number of fruitful debates. Indeed, understanding diets can provide important information regarding issues of palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and subsistence strategies. In this respect, dental remains can play a vital role in the conducted efforts to reconstruct the palaeoecological niches securely and accurately since dental microwear analyses have precisely detected dietary patterns of the populations in the past. In this context, the Iberian Peninsula forms an interesting model for examining Neanderthal populations, their subsistence strategies, and adaptive skills. This study aims the examination of already published data in order to provide a holistic approach regarding the dietary habits of <jats:italic>H. neanderthalensis</jats:italic> populations in the Iberian Peninsula, along with the importance of the utilization of dental microwear analysis in the archaeological record.","PeriodicalId":21020,"journal":{"name":"Radiocarbon","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Scifo, T Abi Nassif, M Conti, A Bayliss, P Doeve, M W Dee
Over the last decade, the field of radiocarbon analysis has been revolutionized by the discovery of single-year anomalies, because they can be used as markers of space weather events and as time anchors for exact dating. Brehm et al. (2021) recently analyzed two new anomalies, in the years 1052 CE and 1279 CE. These candidates show consecutive year Δ14C increases of 5.9‰ and 6.5‰, respectively. In this study, we measured and analyzed dendrochronologically dated oak wood samples from northern Europe spanning both these years. Our results, although statistically consistent with those presented in the original publication, show effectively no increase in Δ14C (1 and 2.5 times the measurement error, respectively). Nonetheless, we proceed to analyze our datasets with the aid of the open-source Python package ticktack. Our modeled outputs confirm that radiocarbon production barely rose above background levels across these two periods, and no event of clearly resolvable start date or duration could be detected. Additionally, we conduct the same analyses on a new sample spanning the years 531–550 CE. Here, once again, only weak evidence was obtained for any increase in radiocarbon production, and no significant annual rise was evident. The gradual increases exhibited by all three of these samples, and the ubiquity of these patterns across the calibration curve, call into question any likely cosmic event in these cases, and illustrate how challenging it will be to distinguish lower magnitude events in the radiocarbon record.
{"title":"New data fails to replicate the small-scale radiocarbon anomalies in the early second millennium CE","authors":"A Scifo, T Abi Nassif, M Conti, A Bayliss, P Doeve, M W Dee","doi":"10.1017/rdc.2024.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2024.52","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decade, the field of radiocarbon analysis has been revolutionized by the discovery of single-year anomalies, because they can be used as markers of space weather events and as time anchors for exact dating. Brehm et al. (2021) recently analyzed two new anomalies, in the years 1052 CE and 1279 CE. These candidates show consecutive year Δ<jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C increases of 5.9‰ and 6.5‰, respectively. In this study, we measured and analyzed dendrochronologically dated oak wood samples from northern Europe spanning both these years. Our results, although statistically consistent with those presented in the original publication, show effectively no increase in Δ<jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C (1 and 2.5 times the measurement error, respectively). Nonetheless, we proceed to analyze our datasets with the aid of the open-source Python package <jats:monospace>ticktack</jats:monospace>. Our modeled outputs confirm that radiocarbon production barely rose above background levels across these two periods, and no event of clearly resolvable start date or duration could be detected. Additionally, we conduct the same analyses on a new sample spanning the years 531–550 CE. Here, once again, only weak evidence was obtained for any increase in radiocarbon production, and no significant annual rise was evident. The gradual increases exhibited by all three of these samples, and the ubiquity of these patterns across the calibration curve, call into question any likely cosmic event in these cases, and illustrate how challenging it will be to distinguish lower magnitude events in the radiocarbon record.","PeriodicalId":21020,"journal":{"name":"Radiocarbon","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The newly designed HVE gas interface enables the AMS measurement of carbon samples in CO2 form. The CO2, e.g. resulting from the sample combustion in an elemental analyzer, is adsorbed in a zeolite trap and subsequently transferred to a motor-driven syringe. Once diluted with He, the gas mixture is transferred into the ion source of the AMS system. A carbon ion beam is formed in the ion source and mass-analyzed by the AMS system, resulting in 13C/12C and 14C/12C isotopic ratios. The HVE gas interface features two traps and two syringes to maximize the sample throughput, which results in more than 10 samples per hour. The first performance results of CO2 gas sample AMS measurements that were performed with the HVE gas interface in combination with the HVE 210 kV AMS system are presented in this paper. The measurements show that the gas interface contribution to the 14C/12C background is in the 10–15 level and to the precision is at or below 1%.
{"title":"14C AMS measurement of CO2 samples with the high throughput HVE gas interface system","authors":"G Scognamiglio, M Klein, A Stolz, R Walet, D Mous","doi":"10.1017/rdc.2024.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2024.60","url":null,"abstract":"The newly designed HVE gas interface enables the AMS measurement of carbon samples in CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> form. The CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, e.g. resulting from the sample combustion in an elemental analyzer, is adsorbed in a zeolite trap and subsequently transferred to a motor-driven syringe. Once diluted with He, the gas mixture is transferred into the ion source of the AMS system. A carbon ion beam is formed in the ion source and mass-analyzed by the AMS system, resulting in <jats:sup>13</jats:sup>C/<jats:sup>12</jats:sup>C and <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C/<jats:sup>12</jats:sup>C isotopic ratios. The HVE gas interface features two traps and two syringes to maximize the sample throughput, which results in more than 10 samples per hour. The first performance results of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> gas sample AMS measurements that were performed with the HVE gas interface in combination with the HVE 210 kV AMS system are presented in this paper. The measurements show that the gas interface contribution to the <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C/<jats:sup>12</jats:sup>C background is in the 10<jats:sup>–15</jats:sup> level and to the precision is at or below 1%.","PeriodicalId":21020,"journal":{"name":"Radiocarbon","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongtao Shen, Linjie Qi, He Ouyang, Xinyi Han, Guofeng Zhang, Dingxiong Chen, Kaiyong Wu, Junsen Tang, Li Wang, Ning Wang, Xiaojun Sun, Ming He, Kimikazu Sasa, Jiang Shan
A new vacuum line to extract CO2 from carbonate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water was established at Guangxi Normal University. The vacuum line consisted of two main components: a CO2 bubble circulation region and a CO2 purification collection region, both of which were made of quartz glass and metal pipelines. To validate its reliability, a series of carbonate samples were prepared using this system. The total recovery rate of CO2 extraction and graphitization exceeded 80%. Furthermore, the carbon content in calcium carbonate exhibited a linear relationship with the CO2 pressure within the system, demonstrating its stability and reliability. The system was also employed to prepare and analyze various samples, including calcium carbonate blanks, foraminiferal, shell, groundwater, and subsurface oil-water samples. The accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) results indicated that the average beam current for 12C- in the samples exceeded 40 μA. Additionally, the contamination introduced during the liquid sample preparation process was approximately (1.77 ± 0.57) × 10−14. Overall, the graphitized preparation system for carbonate and DIC in water exhibited high efficiency and recovery, meeting the requirements for samples dating back to approximately 30,000 years.
{"title":"SAMPLE PREPARATION SYSTEM FOR CARBONATE AND DIC IN WATER AT THE GXNU-AMS LABORATORY","authors":"Hongtao Shen, Linjie Qi, He Ouyang, Xinyi Han, Guofeng Zhang, Dingxiong Chen, Kaiyong Wu, Junsen Tang, Li Wang, Ning Wang, Xiaojun Sun, Ming He, Kimikazu Sasa, Jiang Shan","doi":"10.1017/rdc.2024.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2024.65","url":null,"abstract":"A new vacuum line to extract CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> from carbonate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water was established at Guangxi Normal University. The vacuum line consisted of two main components: a CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> bubble circulation region and a CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> purification collection region, both of which were made of quartz glass and metal pipelines. To validate its reliability, a series of carbonate samples were prepared using this system. The total recovery rate of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> extraction and graphitization exceeded 80%. Furthermore, the carbon content in calcium carbonate exhibited a linear relationship with the CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> pressure within the system, demonstrating its stability and reliability. The system was also employed to prepare and analyze various samples, including calcium carbonate blanks, foraminiferal, shell, groundwater, and subsurface oil-water samples. The accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) results indicated that the average beam current for <jats:sup>12</jats:sup>C- in the samples exceeded 40 μA. Additionally, the contamination introduced during the liquid sample preparation process was approximately (1.77 ± 0.57) × 10<jats:sup>−14</jats:sup>. Overall, the graphitized preparation system for carbonate and DIC in water exhibited high efficiency and recovery, meeting the requirements for samples dating back to approximately 30,000 years.","PeriodicalId":21020,"journal":{"name":"Radiocarbon","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piero Gilento, Giovanni Pesce, Apolline Vernet, Cecilia Pesce
This paper discusses the approach used to identify the most relevant chronological information on the historic development of the abandoned site of AlUla Old Town, in the northwest of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Western Asia). The approach is based on the use of the radiocarbon method to date earth mortars samples and soil layers used to create the constructive sequence of some buildings and, in turn, the chronological evolution of the site. Eleven samples of organic material (i.e., charcoal and vegetable fibers) were carefully removed from mortar samples and soil levels from six buildings and structures in the northern and southern areas of the town. Buildings and soil layers were chosen for their stratigraphic relevance and conservation conditions, based on an initial archaeological analysis of both, buildings and underground structures. Laboratory-based mortar analysis led to the characterization of the mortar’s inorganic fraction, and to the isolation of the organic material for the radiocarbon dating. Results from the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) laboratory provides evidence of a Late Mamluk/Early Ottoman constructive phase (i.e., 15th–17th c. AD) of the Old Town that was only partially known until very recently. Furthermore, the results allowed the identification of an Ottoman phase (i.e., 17th–19th c. AD) during which most of the buildings and structures were rebuilt, and of a Late Ottoman phase (i.e., 19th–20th c. AD) representing the most recent interventions before the end of the Ottoman occupation of the area.
{"title":"Development of an Interdisciplinary Approach to the Radiocarbon Dating of Earth Mortars from Alula Old Town (Saudi Arabia). Integration of Building Archaeology, Mortar Analysis and Radiocarbon Dating","authors":"Piero Gilento, Giovanni Pesce, Apolline Vernet, Cecilia Pesce","doi":"10.1017/rdc.2024.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2024.59","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the approach used to identify the most relevant chronological information on the historic development of the abandoned site of AlUla Old Town, in the northwest of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Western Asia). The approach is based on the use of the radiocarbon method to date earth mortars samples and soil layers used to create the constructive sequence of some buildings and, in turn, the chronological evolution of the site. Eleven samples of organic material (i.e., charcoal and vegetable fibers) were carefully removed from mortar samples and soil levels from six buildings and structures in the northern and southern areas of the town. Buildings and soil layers were chosen for their stratigraphic relevance and conservation conditions, based on an initial archaeological analysis of both, buildings and underground structures. Laboratory-based mortar analysis led to the characterization of the mortar’s inorganic fraction, and to the isolation of the organic material for the radiocarbon dating. Results from the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) laboratory provides evidence of a Late Mamluk/Early Ottoman constructive phase (i.e., 15th–17th c. AD) of the Old Town that was only partially known until very recently. Furthermore, the results allowed the identification of an Ottoman phase (i.e., 17th–19th c. AD) during which most of the buildings and structures were rebuilt, and of a Late Ottoman phase (i.e., 19th–20th c. AD) representing the most recent interventions before the end of the Ottoman occupation of the area.","PeriodicalId":21020,"journal":{"name":"Radiocarbon","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bernd Kromer, Lukas Wacker, Michael Friedrich, Susanne Lindauer, Ronny Friedrich, Julia Bitterli, Kerstin Treydte, Patrick Fonti, Elisabet Martínez-Sancho, Daniel Nievergelt
Cellulose of tree rings is often assumed to be predominantly formed by direct assimilation of CO2 by photosynthesis and consequently can be used to reconstruct past atmospheric 14C concentrations at annual resolution. Yet little is known about the extent and the age of stored carbon from previous years used in addition to the direct assimilation in tree rings. Here, we studied 14C in earlywood and latewood cellulose of four different species (oak, pine, larch and spruce), which are commonly used for radiocarbon calibration and dating. These trees were still growing during the radiocarbon bomb peak period (1958–1972). We compared cellulose 14C measured in tree-ring subdivisions with the atmospheric 14C corresponding to the time of ring formation. We observed that cellulose 14C carried up to about 50% of the atmospheric 14C signal from the previous 1–2 years only in the earlywood of oak, whereas in conifers it was up to 20% in the earlywood and in the case of spruce also in the latewood. The bias in using the full ring of trees growing in a temperate oceanic climate to estimate atmospheric 14C concentration might be minimal considering that earlywood has a low mass contribution and that the variability in atmospheric 14C over a few years is usually less than 3‰.
{"title":"ORIGIN AND AGE OF CARBON IN THE CELLULOSE OF MID-LATITUDE TREE RINGS","authors":"Bernd Kromer, Lukas Wacker, Michael Friedrich, Susanne Lindauer, Ronny Friedrich, Julia Bitterli, Kerstin Treydte, Patrick Fonti, Elisabet Martínez-Sancho, Daniel Nievergelt","doi":"10.1017/rdc.2024.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2024.38","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulose of tree rings is often assumed to be predominantly formed by direct assimilation of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> by photosynthesis and consequently can be used to reconstruct past atmospheric <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C concentrations at annual resolution. Yet little is known about the extent and the age of stored carbon from previous years used in addition to the direct assimilation in tree rings. Here, we studied <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C in earlywood and latewood cellulose of four different species (oak, pine, larch and spruce), which are commonly used for radiocarbon calibration and dating. These trees were still growing during the radiocarbon bomb peak period (1958–1972). We compared cellulose <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C measured in tree-ring subdivisions with the atmospheric <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C corresponding to the time of ring formation. We observed that cellulose <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C carried up to about 50% of the atmospheric <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C signal from the previous 1–2 years only in the earlywood of oak, whereas in conifers it was up to 20% in the earlywood and in the case of spruce also in the latewood. The bias in using the full ring of trees growing in a temperate oceanic climate to estimate atmospheric <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C concentration might be minimal considering that earlywood has a low mass contribution and that the variability in atmospheric <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C over a few years is usually less than 3‰.","PeriodicalId":21020,"journal":{"name":"Radiocarbon","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yorgos Facorellis, Christina Marangou, Maria Ntinou, Rena Veropoulidou
The Kastro peninsula constitutes the extension towards the West of Myrina, the Lemnos capital, on the western coast of the island, in the North Aegean Sea. The ongoing research project on rock-cut features and rock-art of this complex site included a five-year (2002–2007) subsurface investigation, during which, among other mobile finds, charcoal and seashell samples were also collected, associated in situ to rock-cut features. Subsequently, in an attempt to bring about information on the dating of the rock-cut site, an investigation based on 14C has also been undertaken. Therefore, the purpose of the present paper is the AMS dating of the unearthed anthropogenic deposits and the calculation of the regional marine reservoir effect during the end of the Late Bronze Age. Our results show that the age of the deposits is spanning from the 13th century BC till the 6th century AD. Moreover, the 14C ages of two pairs of charcoal-seashell samples showed that the mean marine reservoir age R(t) in this region from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC is 175 ± 59 14C yrs and the mean local sea surface reservoir deviation ΔR is found to be –288 ± 108 14C yrs (within 1σ).
{"title":"Radiocarbon dating of samples connected to rock-cut features at Myrina Kastro (Lemnos Island, Greece) and calculation of the regional marine reservoir effect in the Late Bronze Age in the Aegean Sea","authors":"Yorgos Facorellis, Christina Marangou, Maria Ntinou, Rena Veropoulidou","doi":"10.1017/rdc.2024.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2024.69","url":null,"abstract":"The Kastro peninsula constitutes the extension towards the West of Myrina, the Lemnos capital, on the western coast of the island, in the North Aegean Sea. The ongoing research project on rock-cut features and rock-art of this complex site included a five-year (2002–2007) subsurface investigation, during which, among other mobile finds, charcoal and seashell samples were also collected, associated <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> to rock-cut features. Subsequently, in an attempt to bring about information on the dating of the rock-cut site, an investigation based on <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C has also been undertaken. Therefore, the purpose of the present paper is the AMS dating of the unearthed anthropogenic deposits and the calculation of the regional marine reservoir effect during the end of the Late Bronze Age. Our results show that the age of the deposits is spanning from the 13th century BC till the 6th century AD. Moreover, the <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C ages of two pairs of charcoal-seashell samples showed that the mean marine reservoir age R(t) in this region from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC is 175 ± 59 <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C yrs and the mean local sea surface reservoir deviation ΔR is found to be –288 ± 108 <jats:sup>14</jats:sup>C yrs (within 1σ).","PeriodicalId":21020,"journal":{"name":"Radiocarbon","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ramiro Barberena, Lorena Becerra-Valdivia, Daniela Guevara, Paula Novellino
While recent genomic and isotopic information show that migration has been pervasive along human history, southern Andean archaeology has largely overlooked its importance in shaping human trajectories of sociocultural change. Building on previous isotopic research that identified the presence of migrant farmers in the Uspallata Valley (Mendoza, Argentina), we present chronological and bioarchaeological results that help to characterize the timing and mode of human migrations in the southern Andes. The burials with migrants show the representation of the different age classes, including a high abundance of children, as well as both men and women, suggesting that family groups were likely involved. The Bayesian modeling of 16 direct dates for migrants indicates that these migrations started between 1210–1275 CE (median 1255 CE) and finished at 1320–1425 CE (median 1360 CE), indicating that there is nearly no overlap between the commencement of this migration phase and the southwards expansion of the Inka Empire. The model defines a diachronic process that lasted between 55 and 195 years, implying that migration to Uspallata was a multi-generational process that involved between two and eight generations (median of four generations). Our contextual, bioarchaeological and chronological evidence indicates that the conditions fostering migration to Uspallata were sustained through time, inviting to explore persisting push-pull dynamics acting during this period. 87Sr/86Sr results show that migration occurred across the daily territories of these groups and may have involved movement across social or ethnic frontiers.
{"title":"The timing and mode of southern Andean human migrations","authors":"Ramiro Barberena, Lorena Becerra-Valdivia, Daniela Guevara, Paula Novellino","doi":"10.1017/rdc.2024.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2024.50","url":null,"abstract":"While recent genomic and isotopic information show that migration has been pervasive along human history, southern Andean archaeology has largely overlooked its importance in shaping human trajectories of sociocultural change. Building on previous isotopic research that identified the presence of migrant farmers in the Uspallata Valley (Mendoza, Argentina), we present chronological and bioarchaeological results that help to characterize the timing and mode of human migrations in the southern Andes. The burials with migrants show the representation of the different age classes, including a high abundance of children, as well as both men and women, suggesting that family groups were likely involved. The Bayesian modeling of 16 direct dates for migrants indicates that these migrations started between 1210–1275 CE (median 1255 CE) and finished at 1320–1425 CE (median 1360 CE), indicating that there is nearly no overlap between the commencement of this migration phase and the southwards expansion of the Inka Empire. The model defines a diachronic process that lasted between 55 and 195 years, implying that migration to Uspallata was a multi-generational process that involved between two and eight generations (median of four generations). Our contextual, bioarchaeological and chronological evidence indicates that the conditions fostering migration to Uspallata were sustained through time, inviting to explore persisting push-pull dynamics acting during this period. <jats:sup>87</jats:sup>Sr/<jats:sup>86</jats:sup>Sr results show that migration occurred across the daily territories of these groups and may have involved movement across social or ethnic frontiers.","PeriodicalId":21020,"journal":{"name":"Radiocarbon","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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