Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1057
Paiman, Zulkaisi Nurul Amar, Ikhsan Firmansyah, Hageng Rahmatulloh Priyo Pambudi, Anggunila, C. T. Kusumastuti, Ardiyanta
Weed management is crucial for successful rice cultivation. Bioherbicides derived from cogon grass extract offer a promising solution for weed control. Additionally, optimizing plant spacing has been recognized as an effective method to suppress weed growth. Thus, this study aims to investigate the impact of cogon grass extract application timing and plant spacing on weed growth in rice cultivation. The study was conducted from October 2022 to February 2023 in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The study was 3 × 2 factorial and arranged in a randomized completely block design (RCBD). The first factor was the bioherbicide application timing: control (no application), three days before planting, and at the time of planting. The second factor was plant spacing: 15 × 15 and 25 × 25 cm. In total, there were six treatment combinations and three replications (replications as blocks). The research results indicated the application timing of bioherbicide did not significant effect on the growth of weed and rice, as well as the grain dry weight. Fimbristylis miliacea was obtained as the dominant weed species. Bioherbicide application at the time of planting could alter the composition of weed species compared to the control in plant spacing of 15 × 15 cm. Furthermore, the plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm resulted in higher grain and weed dry weight (19.40 g/clump and 45.00 g/0.25 m2) compared to 15 × 15 cm (12.92 g/clump and 23.04 g/0.25 m2). On the contrary, the grain dry weight per hectare was higher in 15 × 15 cm (5.74 t/ha) than in 25 × 25 cm (3.10 t/ha). The research findings indicate that closer plant spacing can suppress weed growth and increase the grain dry weight per hectare compared to wider plant spacing. We recommend that the use of cogon grass extract dosage needs to be increased above 50 L/ha.
{"title":"Optimizing bioherbicide application timing and plant spacing to manage weed growth in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation ","authors":"Paiman, Zulkaisi Nurul Amar, Ikhsan Firmansyah, Hageng Rahmatulloh Priyo Pambudi, Anggunila, C. T. Kusumastuti, Ardiyanta","doi":"10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1057","url":null,"abstract":"Weed management is crucial for successful rice cultivation. Bioherbicides derived from cogon grass extract offer a promising solution for weed control. Additionally, optimizing plant spacing has been recognized as an effective method to suppress weed growth. Thus, this study aims to investigate the impact of cogon grass extract application timing and plant spacing on weed growth in rice cultivation. The study was conducted from October 2022 to February 2023 in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The study was 3 × 2 factorial and arranged in a randomized completely block design (RCBD). The first factor was the bioherbicide application timing: control (no application), three days before planting, and at the time of planting. The second factor was plant spacing: 15 × 15 and 25 × 25 cm. In total, there were six treatment combinations and three replications (replications as blocks). The research results indicated the application timing of bioherbicide did not significant effect on the growth of weed and rice, as well as the grain dry weight. Fimbristylis miliacea was obtained as the dominant weed species. Bioherbicide application at the time of planting could alter the composition of weed species compared to the control in plant spacing of 15 × 15 cm. Furthermore, the plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm resulted in higher grain and weed dry weight (19.40 g/clump and 45.00 g/0.25 m2) compared to 15 × 15 cm (12.92 g/clump and 23.04 g/0.25 m2). On the contrary, the grain dry weight per hectare was higher in 15 × 15 cm (5.74 t/ha) than in 25 × 25 cm (3.10 t/ha). The research findings indicate that closer plant spacing can suppress weed growth and increase the grain dry weight per hectare compared to wider plant spacing. We recommend that the use of cogon grass extract dosage needs to be increased above 50 L/ha.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21022,"journal":{"name":"Research on Crops","volume":"67 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141110080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1060
T. D. H. Truong, T. D. TRAN, Q. C. Nguyen, T. T. Nguyen, T. Hoang
Biochar from crop residues plays an important role in reclamation of degraded rice soil due to imbalance fertilizer application and soil carbon sequestration. The objective of this study aimed to evaluate the best type and rate of biochar application for rice dry matter and soil organic carbon improvement. Therefore, pot experiments were carried out in two seasons of spring and summer 2023 at the University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University. Twelve treatments including 2 types of biochar (rice husk and peanut shell) and 6 application rates (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5%) were used and arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Research results showed that the shoot dry matter was higher 9.5 – 27.0% (spring season) and 19.1 – 26.9% (summer season) at a rate of 5% application in both types of biochar than control. Rice husk biochar application had higher shoot dry matter than peanut shell biochar application in the same application rate from 0.30 – 0.46 g/plant in both seasons. Similarly, organic carbon was found the highest content (2.15 - 2.21%) when the application of biochar from crop residues at a rate of 5%. Biochar from crop residues is considered as a good amendment for increasing crop dry matter and soil organic carbon.
{"title":"Enhancing the efficacy of biochar derived from crop residues on rice (Oryza sativa L.) dry matter, yield accumulation and soil organic carbon in Central Vietnam ","authors":"T. D. H. Truong, T. D. TRAN, Q. C. Nguyen, T. T. Nguyen, T. Hoang","doi":"10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1060","url":null,"abstract":"Biochar from crop residues plays an important role in reclamation of degraded rice soil due to imbalance fertilizer application and soil carbon sequestration. The objective of this study aimed to evaluate the best type and rate of biochar application for rice dry matter and soil organic carbon improvement. Therefore, pot experiments were carried out in two seasons of spring and summer 2023 at the University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University. Twelve treatments including 2 types of biochar (rice husk and peanut shell) and 6 application rates (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5%) were used and arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Research results showed that the shoot dry matter was higher 9.5 – 27.0% (spring season) and 19.1 – 26.9% (summer season) at a rate of 5% application in both types of biochar than control. Rice husk biochar application had higher shoot dry matter than peanut shell biochar application in the same application rate from 0.30 – 0.46 g/plant in both seasons. Similarly, organic carbon was found the highest content (2.15 - 2.21%) when the application of biochar from crop residues at a rate of 5%. Biochar from crop residues is considered as a good amendment for increasing crop dry matter and soil organic carbon.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21022,"journal":{"name":"Research on Crops","volume":"57 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141108518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1083
Victoria Vladimirovna Ustinova, Alexey Dmitrievich Timoshkin
The article presents the results of environmental monitoring of the rice massif between the Kuban-Protoka rivers. The analysis of the dynamics of the yield of rice crops grown in the zone of risky agriculture, namely in the territory subject to secondary salinization, is carried out. Based on the results of chemical analyses of water and soil, methods of increasing fertility on degraded lands are proposed. In the summer and autumn of 2023, field visits were made to the territory of the Petrovsko-Anastasievskaya, Chernoerkovskaya, Azov and Temryuk irrigation systems in order to visually inspect them and take samples of water and soil for subsequent laboratory chemical analysis. Field visits were carried out during the beginning of the growing season and during the formation of the final drainage and discharge runoff, in order to track the dynamics of changes in the quality indicators of irrigation, waste water and soil. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the quality of irrigation waters in the studied irrigation systems does not comply with irrigation standards. Chemical analysis of the soil from rice checks showed an excess of maximum permissible concentration (MPC) values of Cl-, SO42-, Na+ и NH4+ ions in the studied irrigation systems. Such results are facilitated by the spread of secondary salinization, since the Kuban River Delta is a modern accumulation of salts from the entire river basin. Soil salinization has a negative impact on agricultural production. Thus, with the help of timely monitoring of saline lands, it is possible to prevent degradation processes using effective melioration and reclamation methods.
文章介绍了对库班-普罗托卡河之间水稻丘陵的环境监测结果。文章分析了在风险农业区（即次生盐碱化地区）种植的水稻作物的产量动态。根据水和土壤的化学分析结果，提出了提高退化土地肥力的方法。2023 年夏季和秋季，对 Petrovsko-Anastasievskaya、Chernoerkovskaya、Azov 和 Temryuk 灌溉系统进行了实地考察，以便对其进行目视检查，并采集水样和土样用于随后的实验室化学分析。为了跟踪灌溉水、废水和土壤质量指标的动态变化，在生长季节开始时以及最终排水和排放径流形成期间进行了实地考察。研究结果表明，所研究灌溉系统的灌溉水质不符合灌溉标准。对水稻检查土壤的化学分析显示，所研究灌溉系统中的 Cl-、SO42-、Na+ и NH4+ 离子超过了最大允许浓度（MPC）值。由于库班河三角洲是整个流域盐分的现代积聚地，次生盐碱化的蔓延促进了上述结果的出现。土壤盐碱化对农业生产有负面影响。因此，在对盐碱地进行及时监测的帮助下，可以利用有效的改良和复垦方法来防止退化过程。
{"title":"Environmental surveillance of the rice massif in the Kuban-Protoka river region ","authors":"Victoria Vladimirovna Ustinova, Alexey Dmitrievich Timoshkin","doi":"10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1083","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of environmental monitoring of the rice massif between the Kuban-Protoka rivers. The analysis of the dynamics of the yield of rice crops grown in the zone of risky agriculture, namely in the territory subject to secondary salinization, is carried out. Based on the results of chemical analyses of water and soil, methods of increasing fertility on degraded lands are proposed. In the summer and autumn of 2023, field visits were made to the territory of the Petrovsko-Anastasievskaya, Chernoerkovskaya, Azov and Temryuk irrigation systems in order to visually inspect them and take samples of water and soil for subsequent laboratory chemical analysis. Field visits were carried out during the beginning of the growing season and during the formation of the final drainage and discharge runoff, in order to track the dynamics of changes in the quality indicators of irrigation, waste water and soil. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the quality of irrigation waters in the studied irrigation systems does not comply with irrigation standards. Chemical analysis of the soil from rice checks showed an excess of maximum permissible concentration (MPC) values of Cl-, SO42-, Na+ и NH4+ ions in the studied irrigation systems. Such results are facilitated by the spread of secondary salinization, since the Kuban River Delta is a modern accumulation of salts from the entire river basin. Soil salinization has a negative impact on agricultural production. Thus, with the help of timely monitoring of saline lands, it is possible to prevent degradation processes using effective melioration and reclamation methods.","PeriodicalId":21022,"journal":{"name":"Research on Crops","volume":"43 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141108844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1074
M. Jayaraj, R. D. Singh, T. Ragavan, S. A. H. Hussainy, P. Subramanian, B. Saliha, B. Sivasankari
Rice is a crucial staple crop cultivated extensively in command areas worldwide. In the command areas, the release of water varies due to the inadequate amount of rainfall in the source area and its proper supply. To combat such situations, direct seeding (DS) methods can be opted for; however, lacunae like excess seeds per drop, scattering of seeds, and intercultural operations like thinning, gap filling, and excess weed growth need a clear refinement to enhance the profitability of rice cultivation. Therefore, a research trial was conducted during 2022-24 at Central Farm, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, to evolve a suitable direct seeding method. The present investigation was laid out under a split-plot design comprising four main plot treatments and four subplot treatments replicated thrice. The main plot treatments comprised different seeding methods (S) and the subplot treatments comprised different seed coating techniques (P). Based on the experimental results, paper roll seeding and DS + Seed coating @ 2% KNO3 fb Bacillus sp. and Azospirillum (PR + P-KN) combination performed better on establishment with grain (6150 kg/ha) and straw yield (7824 kg/ha) respectively. Regarding the B:C ratio, OS-GP + P-KN resulted in higher with 2.64, closely followed by PR + P-KN with 2.61. The least effect was recorded in the combination of round slots in rice drum seeder and dry seeding (RS + DS). Investigating different techniques of direct seeding and seed coating is essential across various regions, particularly in regulated areas where water discharge remains unpredictable.
{"title":"Influence of establishment methods and seed coating techniques on the performance of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Periyar Vaigai command area of Tamil Nadu","authors":"M. Jayaraj, R. D. Singh, T. Ragavan, S. A. H. Hussainy, P. Subramanian, B. Saliha, B. Sivasankari","doi":"10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1074","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is a crucial staple crop cultivated extensively in command areas worldwide. In the command areas, the release of water varies due to the inadequate amount of rainfall in the source area and its proper supply. To combat such situations, direct seeding (DS) methods can be opted for; however, lacunae like excess seeds per drop, scattering of seeds, and intercultural operations like thinning, gap filling, and excess weed growth need a clear refinement to enhance the profitability of rice cultivation. Therefore, a research trial was conducted during 2022-24 at Central Farm, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, to evolve a suitable direct seeding method. The present investigation was laid out under a split-plot design comprising four main plot treatments and four subplot treatments replicated thrice. The main plot treatments comprised different seeding methods (S) and the subplot treatments comprised different seed coating techniques (P). Based on the experimental results, paper roll seeding and DS + Seed coating @ 2% KNO3 fb Bacillus sp. and Azospirillum (PR + P-KN) combination performed better on establishment with grain (6150 kg/ha) and straw yield (7824 kg/ha) respectively. Regarding the B:C ratio, OS-GP + P-KN resulted in higher with 2.64, closely followed by PR + P-KN with 2.61. The least effect was recorded in the combination of round slots in rice drum seeder and dry seeding (RS + DS). Investigating different techniques of direct seeding and seed coating is essential across various regions, particularly in regulated areas where water discharge remains unpredictable.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21022,"journal":{"name":"Research on Crops","volume":"54 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141113335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1076
S. Meher, Sanjoy Saha, Nitish Tiwari, A. Mahapatra, Jagadish Jena, Minu Mohan
Wet direct seeded rice (DSR) attributing floristically diverse weed flora which emerges as main constraints for its successful cultivation. Broad spectrum herbicide mixtures can be acted as weapon for mitigating this issue by nullifying the challenges like weed shift, herbicide resistance etc. Consequently, an experiment was conducted at the Institute Research Farm of ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, situated in the east coast plain region of India specifically in mid-central table land agro-climatic zone of Odisha during the Kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021 to assess the effectiveness of different herbicide mixtures in managing weeds successfully. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design encompassing 12 treatments, viz., nine post-emergence herbicide mixtures (experimental combinations for testing), one post-emergence herbicide check, one weed-free (T11) (weed-free plots were maintained by hand weeding) and one weedy check (T12), replicated thrice. The net plot size was 5.8 × 3.8 m (22.04 m2). The test variety CR Dhan 203 was sown in 20 cm rows apart. Weed-free treatment (T11) was at par with fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) , penoxsulam 21.7% SC+ cyhalofop-butyl 12% EC (w/v) (25+100) g/ha (T3) , azimsulfuron 50% DF+ bispyribac sodium 10% SC (22+25) g/ha (T1), flucetosulfuron 10% WDG (w/w) + bispyribac sodium 10% SC (25+25) g/ha (T2) , bispyribac sodium 10% SC + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (25+15) g/ha (T5) for high performance in terms of grain yield. Also showed lowest weed flora dynamics and relative weed density as well. Among the herbicide treatments, fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) registered the highest weed control efficiency (86.49%) and lowest weed index (6.69%), hence demonstrating as most viable and adoptable combinations for agricultural crop production.
{"title":"Efficacy of broad-spectrum herbicide mixtures on weed flora in wet direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the east coast plain region of India","authors":"S. Meher, Sanjoy Saha, Nitish Tiwari, A. Mahapatra, Jagadish Jena, Minu Mohan","doi":"10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1076","url":null,"abstract":"Wet direct seeded rice (DSR) attributing floristically diverse weed flora which emerges as main constraints for its successful cultivation. Broad spectrum herbicide mixtures can be acted as weapon for mitigating this issue by nullifying the challenges like weed shift, herbicide resistance etc. Consequently, an experiment was conducted at the Institute Research Farm of ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, situated in the east coast plain region of India specifically in mid-central table land agro-climatic zone of Odisha during the Kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021 to assess the effectiveness of different herbicide mixtures in managing weeds successfully. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design encompassing 12 treatments, viz., nine post-emergence herbicide mixtures (experimental combinations for testing), one post-emergence herbicide check, one weed-free (T11) (weed-free plots were maintained by hand weeding) and one weedy check (T12), replicated thrice. The net plot size was 5.8 × 3.8 m (22.04 m2). The test variety CR Dhan 203 was sown in 20 cm rows apart. Weed-free treatment (T11) was at par with fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) , penoxsulam 21.7% SC+ cyhalofop-butyl 12% EC (w/v) (25+100) g/ha (T3) , azimsulfuron 50% DF+ bispyribac sodium 10% SC (22+25) g/ha (T1), flucetosulfuron 10% WDG (w/w) + bispyribac sodium 10% SC (25+25) g/ha (T2) , bispyribac sodium 10% SC + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (25+15) g/ha (T5) for high performance in terms of grain yield. Also showed lowest weed flora dynamics and relative weed density as well. Among the herbicide treatments, fenoxaprop-p ethyl 6.7% EC (w/w) + ethoxysulfuron 15% WDG (w/w) (50+15) g/ha (T4) registered the highest weed control efficiency (86.49%) and lowest weed index (6.69%), hence demonstrating as most viable and adoptable combinations for agricultural crop production.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21022,"journal":{"name":"Research on Crops","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141111550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1061
H. Baqir, N. H. Zeboon
As a result of the excessive use of mineral fertilizers, it has led to an increase in the accumulation of pollutants in the soil and an imbalance in the elements present in it , leading to a decrease in crop productivity and quality, in addition to serious health problems for humans and animals, Therefore, attention in recent research has focused on the use of safe and environmentally friendly materials, including stearic acid, Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at Experiments Station affiliated to the Department of field crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad during the winter season of 2022-2023, aiming to study the effect of foliar spraying with stearic acid on some traits of yield and its components of wheat. Randomized complete block design within split-plot arrangement with three replications was used. The study included two factors, the first (the main plots) represented two varieties of wheat (Buhooth 22 and Adina), while the second factor in the sub-plot represented spraying with stearic acid at three concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 mg/L, in addition to the control treatment (without spraying). The experiment results showed the superiority of the variety Buhooth 22 to Adina in most yield traits, as the highest average grain yield was recorded at 5.38 t/ha. Regarding the concentrations of the sprayed stearic acid, the results showed the superiority of the concentration 300 mg/L in number of spikes, weight of 1000 grain, grain yield, and harvest index. The concentration 300 mg/L didn’t differ significantly with the concentration mg/L in most traits, especially the total grain yield, which amounted to 5.88 t/ha. We conclude that Buhooth 22 cultivar and stearic acid with 200 mg/L concentration recorded the best results.
{"title":"Response of yield and its components of two wheat varieties to foliar spraying with stearic acid","authors":"H. Baqir, N. H. Zeboon","doi":"10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-1061","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the excessive use of mineral fertilizers, it has led to an increase in the accumulation of pollutants in the soil and an imbalance in the elements present in it , leading to a decrease in crop productivity and quality, in addition to serious health problems for humans and animals, Therefore, attention in recent research has focused on the use of safe and environmentally friendly materials, including stearic acid, Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at Experiments Station affiliated to the Department of field crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad during the winter season of 2022-2023, aiming to study the effect of foliar spraying with stearic acid on some traits of yield and its components of wheat. Randomized complete block design within split-plot arrangement with three replications was used. The study included two factors, the first (the main plots) represented two varieties of wheat (Buhooth 22 and Adina), while the second factor in the sub-plot represented spraying with stearic acid at three concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 mg/L, in addition to the control treatment (without spraying). The experiment results showed the superiority of the variety Buhooth 22 to Adina in most yield traits, as the highest average grain yield was recorded at 5.38 t/ha. Regarding the concentrations of the sprayed stearic acid, the results showed the superiority of the concentration 300 mg/L in number of spikes, weight of 1000 grain, grain yield, and harvest index. The concentration 300 mg/L didn’t differ significantly with the concentration mg/L in most traits, especially the total grain yield, which amounted to 5.88 t/ha. We conclude that Buhooth 22 cultivar and stearic acid with 200 mg/L concentration recorded the best results.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21022,"journal":{"name":"Research on Crops","volume":"59 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141112591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-972sc
Gavin Geldenhuys
Tomato is one of the premier vegetables in the world and is widely cultivated for higher yield and economic importance; thus, the area under cultivation is increasing. Pandoraea species can be a risky pathogenic bacterium to tomato plants, impacting the yield. They are gram-negative, motile, and rod-shaped. In 2022, the University of Limpopo conducted a study to identify and name the Pandoraea bacterium found in a tomato field located in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Molecular methods were employed, and the Chelex approach was utilized to extract the 16S rDNA marker, enabling the identification of bacteria present in the soil of tomato fields in South Africa. After conducting tests using specific primers to amplify the 16S rDNA, we have identified the bacterium as Pandoraea. Our analysis indicates that the strain of Pandoraea found in South Africa shares a 90% similarity with a population from Belgium (LR536859). Furthermore, maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis indicates that this species is grouped with other Pandoraea species, with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. While the 16S rDNA method successfully identified this species, we recommend utilizing other DNA markers for a more comprehensive understanding of the Pandoraea phylogeny.
{"title":"Molecular characters of Pandoraea, a bacterium associated with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using 16S rDNA from Limpopo Province, South Africa","authors":"Gavin Geldenhuys","doi":"10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-972sc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-972sc","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato is one of the premier vegetables in the world and is widely cultivated for higher yield and economic importance; thus, the area under cultivation is increasing. Pandoraea species can be a risky pathogenic bacterium to tomato plants, impacting the yield. They are gram-negative, motile, and rod-shaped. In 2022, the University of Limpopo conducted a study to identify and name the Pandoraea bacterium found in a tomato field located in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Molecular methods were employed, and the Chelex approach was utilized to extract the 16S rDNA marker, enabling the identification of bacteria present in the soil of tomato fields in South Africa. After conducting tests using specific primers to amplify the 16S rDNA, we have identified the bacterium as Pandoraea. Our analysis indicates that the strain of Pandoraea found in South Africa shares a 90% similarity with a population from Belgium (LR536859). Furthermore, maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis indicates that this species is grouped with other Pandoraea species, with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. While the 16S rDNA method successfully identified this species, we recommend utilizing other DNA markers for a more comprehensive understanding of the Pandoraea phylogeny.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21022,"journal":{"name":"Research on Crops","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140232733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-980sc
Gavin Geldenhuys
Maize the most important grain crop in South Africa produced under diverse environments is prone to dangerous pathogenic bacteria which needs better control and management. One of the bacteria that can affect maize yield is Serratia a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile bacterium. Colonies on (aerobic) nutrient agar plates are circular and have a dark red to pink colour. This study isolated and identified Serratia bacterium from maize fields in Limpopo, South Africa. The molecular study was done in 2022 at the Aquaculture Research Unit, University of Limpopo. To identify the bacterium associated with maize, for extraction DNA Chelex method was used then 16S rDNA marker was used. The bacterium was identified as S. marcescens. The Nblast analysis showed South African S. marcescens had 97% similarity with a population from Brazil (MH127785), and South Korea (MN082049). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as S. marcescens in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, using other DNA markers to understand S. marcescens phylogeny better is recommended.
玉米是南非最重要的粮食作物，在多种环境下生产，容易感染危险的病原菌，需要更好的控制和管理。Serratia 是一种革兰氏阴性、兼性厌氧、运动性细菌，是影响玉米产量的细菌之一。在（需氧）营养琼脂平板上的菌落呈圆形，颜色为暗红色至粉红色。这项研究从南非林波波省的玉米田中分离并鉴定了沙雷氏菌。分子研究于 2022 年在林波波大学水产养殖研究室完成。为了鉴定与玉米有关的细菌，采用了 DNA Chelex 提取法，然后使用 16S rDNA 标记。经鉴定，该细菌为 S. marcescens。Nblast 分析显示，南非的 S. marcescens 与巴西（MH127785）和韩国（MN082049）的种群有 97% 的相似性。利用最大似然法进行的系统进化分析将该物种与分子鉴定为 S. marcescens 的物种归入同一支系，并获得高度支持（100）引导值。总之，使用 16S rDNA 可以正确识别该物种。不过，建议使用其他 DNA 标记来更好地了解 S. marcescens 的系统发育。
{"title":"Molecular study of Serratia marcescens, a bacterium associated with roots of maize (Zea mays L.), using 16S rDNA in Limpopo Province, South Africa","authors":"Gavin Geldenhuys","doi":"10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-980sc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-980sc","url":null,"abstract":"Maize the most important grain crop in South Africa produced under diverse environments is prone to dangerous pathogenic bacteria which needs better control and management. One of the bacteria that can affect maize yield is Serratia a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile bacterium. Colonies on (aerobic) nutrient agar plates are circular and have a dark red to pink colour. This study isolated and identified Serratia bacterium from maize fields in Limpopo, South Africa. The molecular study was done in 2022 at the Aquaculture Research Unit, University of Limpopo. To identify the bacterium associated with maize, for extraction DNA Chelex method was used then 16S rDNA marker was used. The bacterium was identified as S. marcescens. The Nblast analysis showed South African S. marcescens had 97% similarity with a population from Brazil (MH127785), and South Korea (MN082049). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as S. marcescens in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, using other DNA markers to understand S. marcescens phylogeny better is recommended.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21022,"journal":{"name":"Research on Crops","volume":"41 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140231525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-981sc
Gavin Geldenhuys
One of the most significant grain crops in South Africa, white maize, is grown all throughout the country in a wide variety of climates and soil types due to its high economic value. White maize cultivation is expanding at a staggering rate, for which accurate identification of root-associated bacteria is necessary. Among the various bacterium affecting maize, Enterobacter species a gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacteria are dangerous pathogenic bacteria causing drastic reduction in yield if not properly identified and managed. Therefore, this study was conducted to isolate and identify Enterobacter from maize fields in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The molecular study was done in 2022 at the Aquaculture Research Unit, University of Limpopo. To identify the bacterium associated with maize, for extraction DNA, the Chelex method was used then 16S rDNA marker was used. The bacterium was identified as Enterobacter. The Nblast analysis showed South African Enterobacter has 97% similarity with a population from Korea (KC355340). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Enterobacter in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, other DNA markers are recommended to better understand Enterobacter phylogeny.
{"title":"Molecular study of Enterobacter associated with roots of maize (Zea mays L.) using 16S rDNA in Limpopo Province, South Africa ","authors":"Gavin Geldenhuys","doi":"10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-981sc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-981sc","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most significant grain crops in South Africa, white maize, is grown all throughout the country in a wide variety of climates and soil types due to its high economic value. White maize cultivation is expanding at a staggering rate, for which accurate identification of root-associated bacteria is necessary. Among the various bacterium affecting maize, Enterobacter species a gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacteria are dangerous pathogenic bacteria causing drastic reduction in yield if not properly identified and managed. Therefore, this study was conducted to isolate and identify Enterobacter from maize fields in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The molecular study was done in 2022 at the Aquaculture Research Unit, University of Limpopo. To identify the bacterium associated with maize, for extraction DNA, the Chelex method was used then 16S rDNA marker was used. The bacterium was identified as Enterobacter. The Nblast analysis showed South African Enterobacter has 97% similarity with a population from Korea (KC355340). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as Enterobacter in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. In conclusion, this species is identified using 16S rDNA properly. However, other DNA markers are recommended to better understand Enterobacter phylogeny.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21022,"journal":{"name":"Research on Crops","volume":"305 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140233214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-18DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-956
Mehrnoush Aminisarteshnizi
Pseudomonas is a genus of Gram-negative, Gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae. Pseudomonas cichorii is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is pathogenic to plants. It has a wide host range and can have an important economic impact on lettuce, celery, and chrysanthemum crops. Pseudomonas cichorii can be a risky pathogenic bactererium in vegetables, including spinach, and therefore have an effect on the fresh production of spinach. This study was conducted to isolate and identify P. cichorii from a spinach field in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The molecular study was conducted in 2023 at Limpopo University to identify the bacterium from South Africa's soils using 16S rDNA marker. The DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. The bacterium was identified as P. cichorii. The Nblast analysis showed South African P. cichorii had 99% similarity with a population from South Africa (FJ477103). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as P. cichorii in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. The species was identified using 16S rDNA however, the use of other DNA markers can be evaluated for a better understanding of P. cichorii phylogeny.
假单胞菌（Pseudomonas）是属于假单胞菌科假单胞菌属的革兰氏阴性、甘露聚糖杆菌（Gammaproteobacteria）。Cichorii 假单胞菌是一种革兰氏阴性土壤细菌，对植物具有致病性。它的寄主范围很广，会对莴苣、芹菜和菊花作物产生重要的经济影响。Cichorii 假单胞菌可能是包括菠菜在内的蔬菜中的一种危险致病菌，因此会对菠菜的新鲜生产造成影响。本研究旨在从南非林波波省的菠菜田中分离和鉴定 P. cichorii。分子研究于 2023 年在林波波大学进行，目的是利用 16S rDNA 标记鉴定南非土壤中的这种细菌。DNA 采用 Chelex 方法提取。经鉴定，该细菌为 P. cichorii。Nblast 分析显示，南非的 P. cichorii 与南非的一个种群（FJ477103）有 99% 的相似性。利用最大似然法进行的系统进化分析将该物种与分子鉴定为 P. cichorii 的物种归入同一支系，并获得高度支持（100）引导值。该物种是通过 16S rDNA 鉴定的，但为了更好地了解 P. cichorii 的系统发育，还可以评估其他 DNA 标记的使用情况。
{"title":"Molecular characters of Pseudomonas cichorii using 16S rDNA isolated from spinach, Limpopo Province, South Africa ","authors":"Mehrnoush Aminisarteshnizi","doi":"10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2024.roc-956","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas is a genus of Gram-negative, Gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Pseudomonadaceae. Pseudomonas cichorii is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is pathogenic to plants. It has a wide host range and can have an important economic impact on lettuce, celery, and chrysanthemum crops. Pseudomonas cichorii can be a risky pathogenic bactererium in vegetables, including spinach, and therefore have an effect on the fresh production of spinach. This study was conducted to isolate and identify P. cichorii from a spinach field in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The molecular study was conducted in 2023 at Limpopo University to identify the bacterium from South Africa's soils using 16S rDNA marker. The DNA was extracted using the Chelex method. The bacterium was identified as P. cichorii. The Nblast analysis showed South African P. cichorii had 99% similarity with a population from South Africa (FJ477103). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood placed this species with those molecularly identified as P. cichorii in the same clade with highly supported (100) bootstrap values. The species was identified using 16S rDNA however, the use of other DNA markers can be evaluated for a better understanding of P. cichorii phylogeny.\u0000","PeriodicalId":21022,"journal":{"name":"Research on Crops","volume":"289 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140233325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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