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Historical Foundations of Green Developmental Policies: Divergent Trajectories in United States and France 绿色发展政策的历史基础:美国和法国的不同轨迹
IF 3 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1111/rego.12639
Ritwick Ghosh, Stephanie Barral, Fanny Guillet
In recent years, many countries have adopted biodiversity offset policies to internalize the ecological impacts of land developments. Although national policies share the general principle of equalizing ecological harm with gain, there is substantial variation across programs regarding the institutional forms governing offsetting. In this paper, we compare biodiversity governance in the United States and France to reflect more broadly on the factors shaping divergent trajectories of green developmental policies. Both countries have some form of biodiversity offsetting in place, but the major fault line of difference is the more extensive use of market‐based instruments (MBI) in the United States. Using a historical lens, we argue that one important reason for this variation lies in the different legal‐institutional definitions of biodiversity. A narrower definition in the United States focused on individual species, versus a broader definition in France focused on ecosystems, has facilitated a more standardized biodiversity governance arrangement in the United States. Leveraging this standardization, biodiversity markets have expanded in the United States while similar efforts to institutionalize market mechanisms have struggled in France. The comparison allows us to draw insights into the challenges in greening economic development, particularly in showing how historical scientific, legal, and institutional structures condition policy outcomes.
近年来,许多国家都采取了生物多样性补偿政策,将土地开发对生态的影响内部化。虽然各国的政策都遵循生态损害与收益相平衡的一般原则,但在管理抵消的制度形式方面,各计划之间存在很大差异。在本文中,我们对美国和法国的生物多样性治理进行了比较,以更广泛地反映形成绿色发展政策不同轨迹的因素。这两个国家都实施了某种形式的生物多样性补偿,但主要的差异在于美国更广泛地使用基于市场的工具(MBI)。我们从历史的角度出发,认为造成这种差异的一个重要原因在于生物多样性的法律-制度定义不同。美国的定义范围较窄,侧重于单个物种,而法国的定义范围较广,侧重于生态系统,这促进了美国更标准化的生物多样性治理安排。利用这种标准化,生物多样性市场在美国得到了扩展,而类似的市场机制制度化努力在法国却举步维艰。通过比较,我们可以深入了解绿色经济发展所面临的挑战,特别是在展示历史上的科学、法律和制度结构如何制约政策结果方面。
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引用次数: 0
Core funding and the performance of international organizations: Evidence from UNDP projects 核心资金与国际组织的绩效:开发计划署项目的证据
IF 3 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1111/rego.12632
Mirko Heinzel, Bernhard Reinsberg, Giuseppe Zaccaria
Scholarship on the administration of international organizations (IOs) has extensively discussed how autonomy influences their performance. While some argue that autonomy increases performance through greater adaptability, others warn that it may increase the risk of agency slack. Authors typically distinguish between three types of performance: output, outcome, and impact performance. We focus on core funding as a key source of IO autonomy and argue that projects with more core funding show decreased output performance but an increased outcome and impact performance. Our empirical analysis relies on results from data on up to 3590 development projects run by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 128 recipient countries between 2004 and 2020. Subsequently, we test the impact of more core funding on project volumes (output performance), objectives achieved in individual projects (outcome performance), and their effects on sub-national human development in project regions (impact performance). Our findings suggest that, although reliance on core resources is associated with lower output performance (less funding), it may result in stronger outcome and impact performance, as reflected by more objectives achieved and a higher sub-national HDI where UNDP projects are implemented. Our findings have important implications for debates on the effectiveness of global governance.
关于国际组织行政管理的学术研究广泛讨论了自主权如何影响国际组织的绩效。一些人认为,自主权可以通过提高适应性来提高绩效,而另一些人则警告说,自主权可能会增加机构松懈的风险。作者通常将绩效分为三种类型:产出、结果和影响绩效。我们将重点放在核心资金上,将其视为机构自主权的关键来源,并认为获得更多核心资金的项目会降低产出绩效,但会提高成果和影响绩效。我们的实证分析依赖于联合国开发计划署(UNDP)2004 年至 2020 年间在 128 个受援国开展的多达 3590 个发展项目的数据结果。随后,我们检验了更多核心资金对项目数量(产出绩效)、单个项目实现的目标(成果绩效)及其对项目地区国家以下各级人类发展的影响(影响绩效)的影响。我们的研究结果表明,虽然依赖核心资源与较低的产出绩效(较少的资金)有关,但它可能会带来更强的成果和影响绩效,这体现在开发署项目实施地实现了更多的目标和更高的国家以下各级人类发展指数。我们的研究结果对有关全球治理有效性的辩论具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Integrating ecosocial policies through polycentric governance: A study of the green transformation of Danish vocational education and training 通过多中心治理整合生态社会政策:丹麦职业教育与培训的绿色转型研究
IF 3 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1111/rego.12633
Martin B. Carstensen, Christian Lyhne Ibsen, Ida Marie Nyland Jensen
How can polycentric governance promote the development of ecosocial policies within existing policy systems? Through a study of green reforms of Danish vocational education, the paper argues that polycentric governance institutions are particularly useful at engaging constituent actors in innovation and constructive collaboration over reforming education programs to integrate ecological goals into vocational education. Combining significant autonomy for governance units and their nesting in a larger governance structure, polycentric governance helps address three key governance challenges: developing agreement among actors with clashing material interests about what green transformation entails; identifying how joint gains can be reached within a common vision of the development of the economy; and setting up an institutional structure that supports continuous adjustment to respond to technological advances and shifting social demands. Polycentric governance is, however, not a panacea. The state thus plays an important role in supporting autonomous governance units to develop ecosocial policies.
多中心治理如何在现有政策体系内促进生态社会政策的发展?通过对丹麦职业教育绿色改革的研究,本文论证了多中心治理机构特别有助于让组成行动者参与创新和建设性合作,改革教育项目,将生态目标纳入职业教育。多中心治理将治理单位的高度自治与它们在更大治理结构中的嵌套结合起来,有助于应对三大治理挑战:在物质利益相互冲突的参与者之间就绿色转型的内涵达成一致;确定如何在经济发展的共同愿景下实现共同收益;以及建立一个支持不断调整的制度结构,以应对技术进步和不断变化的社会需求。然而,多中心治理并非灵丹妙药。因此,国家在支持自治治理单位制定生态社会政策方面发挥着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Trust in context: The impact of regulation on blockchain and DeFi 背景下的信任:监管对区块链和 DeFi 的影响
IF 3 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1111/rego.12637
Balazs Bodo, Primavera de Filippi
Trust is a key resource in financial transactions. Traditional financial institutions, and novel blockchain-based decentralized financial (DeFi) services rely on fundamentally different sources of trust and confidence. The former relies on heavy regulation, trusted intermediaries, clear rules (and restrictions) on market competition, and long-standing informal expectations on what banks and other financial intermediaries are supposed to do or not to do. The latter rely on blockchain technology to provide confidence in the outcome of rules encoded in protocols and smart contracts. Their main promise is to create confidence in the way the blockchain architecture enforces rules, rather than to trust banks, regulators, and markets. In this article, we compare the trust architectures surrounding these two financial systems. We provide a deeper analysis of how proposed regulation in the blockchain space affects the code- and confidence-based architectures which so far have underwrote DeFi. We argue that despite the solid safeguards and guarantees which code can offer, the confidence in DeFi is still very much dependent on more traditional trust-enhancing mechanisms, such as code governance, and antifraud regulation to address some of the issues which currently plague this domain, and which have no immediate, purely software-based solutions. What is more, given the risks of bugs or scams in the DeFi space, regulation and trusted intermediaries may need to play a more active role, in order for DeFi to gain the trust of the next generation of users.
信任是金融交易的关键资源。传统金融机构和基于区块链的新型去中心化金融(DeFi)服务依赖于根本不同的信任和信心来源。前者依赖于严格的监管、可信的中介机构、明确的市场竞争规则(和限制),以及对银行和其他金融中介机构应该做什么或不应该做什么的长期非正式预期。后者则依靠区块链技术,让人们对协议和智能合约中编码的规则结果有信心。它们的主要承诺是让人们对区块链架构执行规则的方式产生信心,而不是信任银行、监管机构和市场。在本文中,我们将比较围绕这两种金融体系的信任架构。我们深入分析了区块链领域的监管建议如何影响代码架构和基于信任的架构,迄今为止,这两种架构一直支撑着 DeFi。我们认为,尽管代码可以提供坚实的保障和保证,但对 DeFi 的信心仍然在很大程度上依赖于更传统的信任增强机制,如代码治理和反欺诈监管,以解决目前困扰该领域的一些问题,而这些问题并没有直接的、纯粹基于软件的解决方案。更重要的是,鉴于 DeFi 领域存在漏洞或欺诈的风险,监管和可信的中介机构可能需要发挥更积极的作用,以使 DeFi 获得下一代用户的信任。
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引用次数: 0
Informal governance and transnational access in world politics 世界政治中的非正式治理和跨国准入
IF 3 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1111/rego.12636
Theresa Squatrito, Thomas Sommerer
The governance turn in political research has led to increased attention to informal institutions. For scholars of international relations this has contributed to recent scholarship that reveals a notable growth in the number of informal intergovernmental organizations (IIGOs). Many aspects of IIGOs remain unknown, including whether they involve transnational actors (TNAs). Yet, whether IIGOs are open to TNAs or not may affect their performance and legitimacy. Given the importance of TNA access to IIGOs, this article explores IIGOs openness to TNAs. We illustrate that IIGOs vary whether they are open or not and that arrangements for TNA access differ. Theoretically, we build on existing literature to posit that the political costs of involvement, TNA resources, and the institutional environment affect whether IIGO are open or closed to TNAs. Empirically, we present new data on TNA access to 94 IIGOs and examine the variation in IIGO openness to explore the validity of our theoretical expectations. We find that no single account can be offered to understand access across IIGOs, and our explanatory factors show variegated effects across different subgroups of the sample. Our findings have implications for debates on the rise of informal global governance and the openness of global governance.
政治研究中的治理转向使人们越来越关注非正式机构。对于国际关系学者来说,这有助于最近的学术研究,这些研究揭示了非正式政府间组织(IGOs)数量的显著增长。非正式政府间组织的许多方面仍然不为人知,包括它们是否涉及跨国行动者(TNAs)。然而,政府间非政府组织是否向 TNAs 开放,可能会影响其绩效和合法性。鉴于跨国行动者进入政府间组织的重要性,本文探讨了政府间组织对跨国行动者的开放程度。我们说明,政府间组织开放与否各不相同,对技术需要评估准入的安排也各不相同。从理论上讲,我们以现有文献为基础,认为参与的政治成本、技术需要评估资源和制度环境会影响政府间组织对技术需要评估开放与否。在实证研究方面,我们提供了关于技术需要评估进入 94 个政府间组织的新数据,并研究了政府间组织开放程度的变化,以探讨我们理论预期的有效性。我们发现,没有一种单一的解释可以理解国际政府间组织的准入情况,我们的解释因素在样本的不同分组中显示出不同的效果。我们的研究结果对有关非正式全球治理的兴起和全球治理的开放性的讨论具有启示意义。
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引用次数: 0
Decarbonization under geoeconomic distress? Energy shocks, carbon lock-ins, and Germany's pathway toward net zero 地缘经济困境下的去碳化?能源冲击、碳锁定和德国实现净零排放的途径
IF 3 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1111/rego.12634
Milan Babić, Daniel Mertens
How can decarbonization governance endure under increasing geoeconomic distress? Global tensions threaten to divert financial and political resources from the green transition toward national security issues. However, we lack the analytical tools to assess decarbonization governance in this age of global rivalries. To address this gap, we develop an analytical framework to study the effects of geoeconomic shocks through investment, operational, and political channels. Using macro- and company-level data and document analysis, we empirically test our framework using Germany's decarbonization governance following the cutoff of its Russian gas supply in 2022 as a case study. We find that this shock had negative short-term effects on decarbonization via the operational channel, mixed effects via the political channel, and positive long-term effects via the investment channel. Our framework and findings contribute to establishing climate change and energy politics as core issues for future political economy research.
在日益严重的地缘经济困境下,去碳化治理如何才能持久?全球紧张局势有可能将财政和政治资源从绿色转型转移到国家安全问题上。然而,在这个全球竞争的时代,我们缺乏评估去碳化治理的分析工具。为了弥补这一不足,我们建立了一个分析框架,通过投资、运营和政治渠道研究地缘经济冲击的影响。利用宏观和公司层面的数据及文献分析,我们以德国在 2022 年俄罗斯天然气供应被切断后的去碳化治理为案例,对我们的框架进行了实证检验。我们发现,这一冲击通过运营渠道对去碳化产生了短期负面影响,通过政治渠道产生了混合影响,通过投资渠道产生了长期正面影响。我们的框架和研究结果有助于将气候变化和能源政治确立为未来政治经济学研究的核心问题。
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引用次数: 0
Norms, institutions, and digital veils of uncertainty—Do network protocols need trust anyway? 规范、制度和不确定性的数字面纱--网络协议到底需不需要信任?
IF 3 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/rego.12628
Eric Alston
In large and complex human groups, social rules reduce individuals' uncertainty about their own choice set, including through these rules' simultaneous influence on the choice set of other individuals. But uncertainty varies as to the extent to which it is knowable and quantifiable ex ante. Therefore, different classes of social rules deal with the future uncertainty of individuals' conduct in structurally distinct ways, with institutions and norms being the hallmark example of this distinction. Institutions, through their costly definition and enforcement by a known organization, require specific delineation of behavior and penalties ex ante, meaning they of necessity confront “known unknowns” (risk), or the conduct of members of an organization that can be predicted ex ante. Norms, in contrast, are only effective in shaping behavior if sufficiently shared within a community, which means their application is automatic in expectation to an individual ordering their conduct considering potential norms. This makes norms apply to ex ante known and unknown situations alike, relative to the precision that the articulation of institutions requires with respect to human behavior. Although digital governance carries the benefits (and costs) of considerable institutional “completeness,” governance by protocol is nonetheless incomplete in the face of the complex set of exogenous shocks and human actions that a given digital networked organization will experience. This means digital institutions need to mimic the adaptability of institutions more generally, through the institutional mechanisms of flexibility detailed in this analysis. More generally, though, the fact that norms can serve as a complementary gap-filler in contexts where institutions do not reach suggest that digital organization designers cannot avoid simultaneous consideration of the human community of network users that will define the norms that become crucial in periods of true uncertainty for any organization.
在复杂的大型人类群体中,社会规则减少了个体对自身选择集的不确定性,包括通过这些规则同时影响其他个体的选择集。但不确定性在事前可知和可量化的程度上各不相同。因此,不同类别的社会规则以结构上不同的方式处理个人行为的未来不确定性,制度和规范就是这种区别的典型例子。制度通过已知组织的高成本定义和执行,要求事先对行为和惩罚做出具体规定,这意味着制度必须面对 "已知未知"(风险),或者说组织成员的行为可以事先预测。与此相反,规范只有在社区内得到充分共享的情况下才能有效地塑造行为,这就意味着规范的应用是自动的,个人可以根据潜在的规范来安排自己的行为。这就使得规范既适用于事前已知的情况,也适用于事前未知的情况,相对于制度的表述对人类行为所要求的精确性而言。尽管数字治理带来了相当大的制度 "完整性 "的好处(和代价),但面对特定数字网络组织将经历的一系列复杂的外生冲击和人类行为,协议治理仍然是不完整的。这就意味着,数字机构需要通过本分析中详述的灵活机构机制,模仿一般机构的适应性。不过,从更广泛的意义上讲,规范可以在制度无法触及的情况下起到补充作用,这表明数字组织的设计者不能不同时考虑网络用户这一人类群体,他们将制定规范,而这些规范在任何组织真正面临不确定性的时期都是至关重要的。
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引用次数: 0
Governing the European Union's recovery and resilience facility: National ownership and performance-based financing in theory and practice 管理欧洲联盟的恢复和复原机制:国家自主权和基于绩效的理论与实践筹资
IF 3 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/rego.12619
Jonathan Zeitlin, David Bokhorst, Edgars Eihmanis
The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) adopted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic marks an important departure in European Union (EU) governance, as it introduces an innovative “demand-driven, performance-based” model aimed at overcoming the limitations of past policies seeking to promote national reforms. In this study, we set out the theoretical assumptions underlying the RRF governance model, and assess its practical effectiveness and legitimacy by analyzing the drafting, implementation, and monitoring of National Recovery and Resilience Plans in eight member states. The study concludes by assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the RRF's governance model, relating them to theoretical expectations derived from previous international experience with similar approaches elsewhere, and considers the implications for future EU policy. Our core argument is that while the RRF's governance design has reinforced national ownership and commitment to reform and investment objectives, its performance-based financing system leads to a mechanical focus on formal verification of predetermined milestones and targets, with negative consequences for both effectiveness and legitimacy. Addressing these problems would require a redesign of the RRF's complete contracting approach, giving member states greater flexibility on the means for achieving agreed commitments, as well as for revising them, not only in response to unanticipated changes in objective circumstances, but also to lessons learned during the implementation process.
为应对 COVID-19 大流行而采用的恢复和复原力基金(RRF)标志着欧盟(EU)治理模式的重要转变,因为它引入了一种创新的 "需求驱动、基于绩效 "的模式,旨在克服以往旨在促进国家改革的政策的局限性。在本研究中,我们阐述了 RRF 治理模式所依据的理论假设,并通过分析八个成员国的国家恢复和复原计划的起草、实施和监督情况来评估其实际有效性和合法性。本研究最后评估了恢复与重建基金治理模式的优缺点,将其与其他地方类似方法的以往国际经验所产生的理论预期联系起来,并考虑了对未来欧盟政策的影响。我们的核心论点是,虽然农村重建基金的治理设计加强了国家对改革和投资目标的自主权和承诺,但其基于绩效的融资系统导致机械地将重点放在对预定里程碑和目标的正式核查上,对有效性和合法性都产生了负面影响。要解决这些问题,就必须重新设计重建和恢复基金的完整合同方法,使成员国在实现商定承诺的手段方面以及在修订承诺方面有更大的灵活性,这不仅是为了应对客观情况的意外变化,也是为了吸取实施过程中的经验教训。
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引用次数: 0
Tackling toxins: Case studies of industrial pollutants and implications for climate policy 解决毒素问题:工业污染物案例研究及对气候政策的影响
IF 3 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1111/rego.12626
Tim Bartley, Malcolm Fairbrother
As scholars race to address the climate crisis, they have often treated the problem as sui generis and have only rarely sought to learn from prior efforts to make industrial operations greener. In this paper, we consider what can be learned from other shifts away from polluting substances. Drawing on literatures on corporate regulatory strategies and evolving regulatory interactions, we argue for a focus on configurations of regulatory scrutiny and industrial reform, which we then consider through case studies of several major industrial pollutants. We consider the phaseout of ozone-depleting substances, which has often been cited as a model for mitigating climate change, plus three other cases: per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), leaded fuel, and mercury. We highlight four configurations of regulatory scrutiny and industrial reform: (1) progressive substitution (of ozone-depleting substances); (2) regrettable substitution (in the first waves of PFAS regulation); (3) knock-on substitution (in the phaseout of leaded fuel); and (4) narrow substitution (in the case of mercury). These configurations, and the processes that generated them, provide novel lenses for understanding climate mitigation and confronting obstructionism. They point to the diversity of positions that corporate actors may take in the face of potential or actual public regulation, and the possibility of notable divides across and within given industries, which can facilitate meaningful reforms.
在学者们争先恐后地应对气候危机的过程中,他们往往把这一问题当作自成一类的问题来处理,而很少试图从以往的努力中汲取经验,使工业运营更加绿色环保。在本文中,我们将探讨可以从其他摒弃污染物质的做法中学到什么。借鉴有关企业监管战略和不断演变的监管互动的文献,我们主张重点关注监管审查和工业改革的配置,然后通过对几种主要工业污染物的案例研究进行探讨。我们考虑了臭氧消耗物质的逐步淘汰问题(该问题经常被作为减缓气候变化的典范),以及其他三个案例:全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)、含铅燃料和汞。我们强调了监管审查和工业改革的四种配置:(1) 渐进替代(臭氧消耗物质);(2) 遗憾替代(PFAS 监管的第一波);(3) 连带替代(含铅燃料的逐步淘汰);(4) 狭义替代(汞)。这些配置以及产生这些配置的过程为理解气候减缓和对抗阻挠主义提供了新的视角。它们指出了企业行为者在面对潜在或实际的公共监管时可能采取的各种立场,以及在特定行业之间和行业内部存在显著分歧的可能性,这有助于进行有意义的改革。
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引用次数: 0
Procedural constraints and regulatory ossification in the US states 美国各州的程序限制和监管僵化
IF 3 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1111/rego.12627
Jason Webb Yackee, Susan Webb Yackee
Scholars of the US regulatory process routinely assert that rulemaking is “ossified”—that it has become so encumbered with procedural constraints that it is difficult for agencies to issue socially desirable regulations. Yet, this claim has rarely been subject to empirical testing, and this is particularly true at the sub‐federal (i.e., US state) level. But the same factors that allegedly cause ossification in federal agencies also exist in the states. Using original survey data from 1460 agency leaders from across all 50 states, we present evidence suggesting that state agencies issue numerous rules and appear to do so quickly. We then focus on the procedural constraints that supposedly drive ossification and present some of the first evidence questioning the argument at the state level. We conclude that fears about the supposed tendency of procedural oversight mechanisms on the ability to regulate may be exaggerated.
研究美国监管程序的学者通常会断言,规则制定已经 "僵化"--它已被程序性限制所束缚,以至于监管机构很难发布对社会有益的法规。然而,这种说法很少经过实证检验,在次联邦(即美国各州)层面尤其如此。但据称导致联邦机构僵化的因素在各州同样存在。我们利用来自全美 50 个州的 1460 名机构领导的原始调查数据,提出证据表明,州级机构发布了大量规则,而且似乎很快就会发布。然后,我们将重点放在了所谓导致僵化的程序限制上,并首次提出了一些在州一级质疑这一论点的证据。我们的结论是,对程序性监督机制对监管能力的所谓影响的担忧可能被夸大了。
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引用次数: 0
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