Pub Date : 2020-12-20DOI: 10.13725/J.CNKI.PIP.2020.06.002
Wang Yao-Lai, Zhao Di-Fan, Tang Qian-Yuan
{"title":"A Method for Calculating the Time Required for DNA Looping","authors":"Wang Yao-Lai, Zhao Di-Fan, Tang Qian-Yuan","doi":"10.13725/J.CNKI.PIP.2020.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13725/J.CNKI.PIP.2020.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"136 1","pages":"188"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79662719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-17DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac60ac
Shehu S. Abdussalam, F. Agocs, B. Allanach, P. Athron, Csaba Bal'azs, E. Bagnaschi, P. Bechtle, O. Buchmueller, A. Beniwal, J. Bhom, Sanjay Bloor, T. Bringmann, Andy Buckley, A. Butter, J. E. Camargo-Molina, M. Chrzaszcz, Janice Conrad, Jonathan M. Cornell, M. Danninger, J. Blas, A. Roeck, K. Desch, M. Dolan, H. Dreiner, O. Eberhardt, J. Ellis, Ben Farmer, M. Fedele, H. Flacher, A. Fowlie, T. Gonzalo, Philip Grace, M. Hamer, Will Handley, J. Harz, S. Heinemeyer, S. Hoof, Selim Hotinli, Paul Jackson, F. Kahlhoefer, K. Kowalska, M. Kramer, A. Kvellestad, Miriam Lucio Martínez, F. Mahmoudi, D. M. Santos, G. Martinez, S. Mishima, K. Olive, A. Paul, M. Prim, W. Porod, A. Raklev, Janina J. Renk, C. Rogan, L. Roszkowski, R. R. Austri, Kazuki Sakurai, A. Scaffidi, P. Scott, E. M. Sessolo, T. Stefaniak, Patrick Stöcker, W. Su, S. Trojanowski, R. Trotta, Y. S. Tsai, J. V. D. Abeele, M. Valli, A. Vincent, G. Weiglein, Martin White, P. Wienemann, L. Wu, Yang Zhang
Physical theories that depend on many parameters or are tested against data from many different experiments pose unique challenges to statistical inference. Many models in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology fall into one or both of these categories. These issues are often sidestepped with statistically unsound ad hoc methods, involving intersection of parameter intervals estimated by multiple experiments, and random or grid sampling of model parameters. Whilst these methods are easy to apply, they exhibit pathologies even in low-dimensional parameter spaces, and quickly become problematic to use and interpret in higher dimensions. In this article we give clear guidance for going beyond these procedures, suggesting where possible simple methods for performing statistically sound inference, and recommendations of readily-available software tools and standards that can assist in doing so. Our aim is to provide any physicists lacking comprehensive statistical training with recommendations for reaching correct scientific conclusions, with only a modest increase in analysis burden. Our examples can be reproduced with the code publicly available at Zenodo.
{"title":"Simple and statistically sound recommendations for analysing physical theories","authors":"Shehu S. Abdussalam, F. Agocs, B. Allanach, P. Athron, Csaba Bal'azs, E. Bagnaschi, P. Bechtle, O. Buchmueller, A. Beniwal, J. Bhom, Sanjay Bloor, T. Bringmann, Andy Buckley, A. Butter, J. E. Camargo-Molina, M. Chrzaszcz, Janice Conrad, Jonathan M. Cornell, M. Danninger, J. Blas, A. Roeck, K. Desch, M. Dolan, H. Dreiner, O. Eberhardt, J. Ellis, Ben Farmer, M. Fedele, H. Flacher, A. Fowlie, T. Gonzalo, Philip Grace, M. Hamer, Will Handley, J. Harz, S. Heinemeyer, S. Hoof, Selim Hotinli, Paul Jackson, F. Kahlhoefer, K. Kowalska, M. Kramer, A. Kvellestad, Miriam Lucio Martínez, F. Mahmoudi, D. M. Santos, G. Martinez, S. Mishima, K. Olive, A. Paul, M. Prim, W. Porod, A. Raklev, Janina J. Renk, C. Rogan, L. Roszkowski, R. R. Austri, Kazuki Sakurai, A. Scaffidi, P. Scott, E. M. Sessolo, T. Stefaniak, Patrick Stöcker, W. Su, S. Trojanowski, R. Trotta, Y. S. Tsai, J. V. D. Abeele, M. Valli, A. Vincent, G. Weiglein, Martin White, P. Wienemann, L. Wu, Yang Zhang","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ac60ac","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ac60ac","url":null,"abstract":"Physical theories that depend on many parameters or are tested against data from many different experiments pose unique challenges to statistical inference. Many models in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology fall into one or both of these categories. These issues are often sidestepped with statistically unsound ad hoc methods, involving intersection of parameter intervals estimated by multiple experiments, and random or grid sampling of model parameters. Whilst these methods are easy to apply, they exhibit pathologies even in low-dimensional parameter spaces, and quickly become problematic to use and interpret in higher dimensions. In this article we give clear guidance for going beyond these procedures, suggesting where possible simple methods for performing statistically sound inference, and recommendations of readily-available software tools and standards that can assist in doing so. Our aim is to provide any physicists lacking comprehensive statistical training with recommendations for reaching correct scientific conclusions, with only a modest increase in analysis burden. Our examples can be reproduced with the code publicly available at Zenodo.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90316035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-18DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/1/1/306
R. Schlögl, Y. Joseph
We introduce the notion, and develop the theory of local-noise spectroscopy (LNS) - a tool to study the properties of systems far from equilibrium by means of flux density correlations. As a test bed, we apply it to biased molecular junctions. This tool naturally extends those based on local fluxes, while providing complementary information on the system. As examples of the rich phenomenology that one can study with this approach, we show that LNS can be used to yield information on microscopic properties of bias-induced light emission in junctions, provide local resolution of intra-system interactions, and employed as a nano-thermometry tool. Although LNS may, at the moment, be difficult to realize experimentally, it can nonetheless be used as a powerful theoretical tool to infer a wide range of physical properties on a variety of systems of present interest.
{"title":"Spectroscopy","authors":"R. Schlögl, Y. Joseph","doi":"10.1088/0034-4885/1/1/306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/1/1/306","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce the notion, and develop the theory of local-noise spectroscopy (LNS) - a tool to study the properties of systems far from equilibrium by means of flux density correlations. As a test bed, we apply it to biased molecular junctions. This tool naturally extends those based on local fluxes, while providing complementary information on the system. As examples of the rich phenomenology that one can study with this approach, we show that LNS can be used to yield information on microscopic properties of bias-induced light emission in junctions, provide local resolution of intra-system interactions, and employed as a nano-thermometry tool. Although LNS may, at the moment, be difficult to realize experimentally, it can nonetheless be used as a powerful theoretical tool to infer a wide range of physical properties on a variety of systems of present interest.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"17 1","pages":"102 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90812964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-02DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/41/4/001
David H. Brainard
The basic laws of colour matching are reviewed and the 1931 CIE recommendations summarised. A more detailed review is given of progress during the last 15 years, including the development of the CIE 1964 Observer (10 degrees colour-matching functions), the change from magnesium oxide to the perfect diffuser as the absolute standard of reflectance factor, the evaluation of colour differences and the CIE 1976 formulae, D illuminants and D sources, studies of metamerism, computer-aided colorant formulation, and the analysis of fluorescent colouring materials.
{"title":"Colorimetry","authors":"David H. Brainard","doi":"10.1088/0034-4885/41/4/001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/41/4/001","url":null,"abstract":"The basic laws of colour matching are reviewed and the 1931 CIE recommendations summarised. A more detailed review is given of progress during the last 15 years, including the development of the CIE 1964 Observer (10 degrees colour-matching functions), the change from magnesium oxide to the perfect diffuser as the absolute standard of reflectance factor, the evaluation of colour differences and the CIE 1976 formulae, D illuminants and D sources, studies of metamerism, computer-aided colorant formulation, and the analysis of fluorescent colouring materials.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"39 1","pages":"469 - 510"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2020-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88199121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-07DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab49d6
M. Park, C. Hwang
Ferroelectricity in fluorite-structure oxides like hafnia and zirconia have attracted increasing interest since 2011. Two spontaneous polarizations of the fluorite-structure ferroelectrics are considered highly promising for nonvolatile memory applications, with their superior scalability and Si compatibility compared to the conventional perovskite-structure ferroelectrics. Besides, antiferroelectricity originating from a field-induced phase transition between the paraelectric and ferroelectric phases in fluorite-structure oxides is another highly interesting matter. It was suggested that the field-induced phase transition could be utilized for energy conversions between thermal and electrical energy, as well as for energy storage. The important energy-related applications of antiferroelectric fluorite-structure oxides, however, have not been systematically reviewed to date. Thus, in this work, the fluorite-structure antiferroelectrics are reviewed from their fundamentals to their applications based on pyroelectricity as well as antiferroelectricity. Another important application field of the fluorite-structure antiferroelectrics is the semiconductor memory devices. The fluorite-structure antiferroelectrics can be utilized for antiferroelectric random-access-memories, negative capacitance field-effect-transistors, and flash memories. Moreover, the recently reported morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between the ferroelectric and antiferroelectric phases in this material system marks another significant progress in this material system, and thus, the fundamentals and applications of the MPB phase are also reviewed.
{"title":"Fluorite-structure antiferroelectrics","authors":"M. Park, C. Hwang","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ab49d6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab49d6","url":null,"abstract":"Ferroelectricity in fluorite-structure oxides like hafnia and zirconia have attracted increasing interest since 2011. Two spontaneous polarizations of the fluorite-structure ferroelectrics are considered highly promising for nonvolatile memory applications, with their superior scalability and Si compatibility compared to the conventional perovskite-structure ferroelectrics. Besides, antiferroelectricity originating from a field-induced phase transition between the paraelectric and ferroelectric phases in fluorite-structure oxides is another highly interesting matter. It was suggested that the field-induced phase transition could be utilized for energy conversions between thermal and electrical energy, as well as for energy storage. The important energy-related applications of antiferroelectric fluorite-structure oxides, however, have not been systematically reviewed to date. Thus, in this work, the fluorite-structure antiferroelectrics are reviewed from their fundamentals to their applications based on pyroelectricity as well as antiferroelectricity. Another important application field of the fluorite-structure antiferroelectrics is the semiconductor memory devices. The fluorite-structure antiferroelectrics can be utilized for antiferroelectric random-access-memories, negative capacitance field-effect-transistors, and flash memories. Moreover, the recently reported morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) between the ferroelectric and antiferroelectric phases in this material system marks another significant progress in this material system, and thus, the fundamentals and applications of the MPB phase are also reviewed.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75218694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-06DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab5516
M. Piancastelli, T. Marchenko, R. Guillemin, L. Journel, O. Travnikova, I. Ismail, M. Simon
We present here a review of the most significant recent achievements in the field of HAXPES (hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) on isolated atoms and molecules, and related spectroscopies. The possibility of conducting hard x-ray photoexcitation and photoionization experiments under state-of-the art conditions in terms of photon and electron kinetic energy resolution has become available only in the last few years. HAXPES has then produced structural and dynamical information at the level of detail already reached in the VUV and soft-x-ray ranges. The much improved experimental conditions have allowed extending to the hard x-ray range some methods well established in soft x-ray spectroscopies. Investigations of electron and nuclear dynamics in the femtosecond (fs, 10−15 s) and even attosecond (as, 10−18 s) regime have become feasible. Complex relaxation phenomena following deep-core ionization can now be enlightened in great detail. Other phenomena like e.g. recoil-induced effects are much more important in fast photoelectron emission, which can be induced by hard x-rays. Furthermore, a new kind of ionic states with double core holes can be observed by x-ray single-photon absorption. Future perspectives are also discussed.
{"title":"Hard x-ray spectroscopy and dynamics of isolated atoms and molecules: a review","authors":"M. Piancastelli, T. Marchenko, R. Guillemin, L. Journel, O. Travnikova, I. Ismail, M. Simon","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ab5516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab5516","url":null,"abstract":"We present here a review of the most significant recent achievements in the field of HAXPES (hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) on isolated atoms and molecules, and related spectroscopies. The possibility of conducting hard x-ray photoexcitation and photoionization experiments under state-of-the art conditions in terms of photon and electron kinetic energy resolution has become available only in the last few years. HAXPES has then produced structural and dynamical information at the level of detail already reached in the VUV and soft-x-ray ranges. The much improved experimental conditions have allowed extending to the hard x-ray range some methods well established in soft x-ray spectroscopies. Investigations of electron and nuclear dynamics in the femtosecond (fs, 10−15 s) and even attosecond (as, 10−18 s) regime have become feasible. Complex relaxation phenomena following deep-core ionization can now be enlightened in great detail. Other phenomena like e.g. recoil-induced effects are much more important in fast photoelectron emission, which can be induced by hard x-rays. Furthermore, a new kind of ionic states with double core holes can be observed by x-ray single-photon absorption. Future perspectives are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74325607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-22DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab5005
O. Magaña-Loaiza, R. Boyd
The maturity of fields such as optical physics and quantum optics has brought with it a new era where the photon represents a promising information resource. In the past few years, scientists and engineers have exploited multiple degrees of freedom of the photon to perform information processing for a wide variety of applications. Of particular importance, the transverse spatial degree of freedom has offered a flexible platform to test complex quantum information protocols in a relatively simple fashion. In this regard, novel imaging techniques that exploit the quantum properties of light have also been investigated. In this review article, we define the fundamental parameters that describe the spatial wavefunction of the photon and establish their importance for applications in quantum information processing. More specifically, we describe the underlying physics behind remarkable protocols in which information is processed through high-dimensional spatial states of photons with sub-shot-noise levels or where quantum images with unique resolution features are formed. We also discuss the fundamental role that certain imaging techniques have played in the development of novel methods for quantum information processing and vice versa.
{"title":"Quantum imaging and information","authors":"O. Magaña-Loaiza, R. Boyd","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ab5005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab5005","url":null,"abstract":"The maturity of fields such as optical physics and quantum optics has brought with it a new era where the photon represents a promising information resource. In the past few years, scientists and engineers have exploited multiple degrees of freedom of the photon to perform information processing for a wide variety of applications. Of particular importance, the transverse spatial degree of freedom has offered a flexible platform to test complex quantum information protocols in a relatively simple fashion. In this regard, novel imaging techniques that exploit the quantum properties of light have also been investigated. In this review article, we define the fundamental parameters that describe the spatial wavefunction of the photon and establish their importance for applications in quantum information processing. More specifically, we describe the underlying physics behind remarkable protocols in which information is processed through high-dimensional spatial states of photons with sub-shot-noise levels or where quantum images with unique resolution features are formed. We also discuss the fundamental role that certain imaging techniques have played in the development of novel methods for quantum information processing and vice versa.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81468701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/17/1/302
C. J. Bouwkamp, N. V. Philips 'gloeilampenfabrieken
A critical review is presented of recent progress in classical diffraction theory. Both scalar and electromagnetic problems are discussed. The report may serve as an introduction to general diffraction theory although the main emphasis is on diffraction by plane obstacles. Various modifications of the Kirchhoff and Kottler theories are presented. Diffraction by obstacles small compared with the wavelength is discussed in some detail. Other topics included are: variational formulation of diffraction problems, the Wiener-Hopf technique of solving integral equations of diffraction theory, the rigorous formulation of Babinet's principle, the nature of field singularities at sharp edges, the application of Mathieu functions and spheroidal wave functions to diffraction theory. Reference is made to more than 500 papers published since 1940.
{"title":"Diffraction Theory","authors":"C. J. Bouwkamp, N. V. Philips 'gloeilampenfabrieken","doi":"10.1088/0034-4885/17/1/302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/17/1/302","url":null,"abstract":"A critical review is presented of recent progress in classical diffraction theory. Both scalar and electromagnetic problems are discussed. The report may serve as an introduction to general diffraction theory although the main emphasis is on diffraction by plane obstacles. Various modifications of the Kirchhoff and Kottler theories are presented. Diffraction by obstacles small compared with the wavelength is discussed in some detail. Other topics included are: variational formulation of diffraction problems, the Wiener-Hopf technique of solving integral equations of diffraction theory, the rigorous formulation of Babinet's principle, the nature of field singularities at sharp edges, the application of Mathieu functions and spheroidal wave functions to diffraction theory. Reference is made to more than 500 papers published since 1940.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"58 1","pages":"35 - 100"},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75108240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-24DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab3def
T. Enoto, S. Kisaka, S. Shibata
Young and rotation-powered neutron stars (NSs) are commonly observed as rapidly-spinning pulsars. They dissipate their rotational energy by emitting pulsar wind with electromagnetic radiation and spin down at a steady rate, according to the simple steadily-rotating magnetic dipole model. In reality, however, multiwavelength observations of radiation from the NS surface and magnetosphere have revealed that the evolution and properties of NSs are highly diverse, often dubbed as ‘NS zoo’. In particular, many of young and highly magnetized NSs show a high degree of activities, such as sporadic electromagnetic outbursts and irregular changes in pulse arrival times. Importantly, their magnetic field, which are the strongest in the universe, makes them ideal laboratories for fundamental physics. A class of highly-magnetized isolated NSs is empirically divided into several subclasses. In a broad classification, they are, in the order of the magnetic field strength (B) from the highest, ‘magnetars’ (historically recognized as soft gamma-ray repeaters and/or anomalous x-ray pulsars), ‘high-B pulsars’, and (nearby) x-ray isolated NSs. This article presents an introductory review for non-astrophysicists about the observational properties of highly-magnetized NSs, and their implications. The observed dynamic nature of NSs must be interpreted in conjunction with transient magnetic activities triggered during magnetic-energy dissipation process. In particular, we focus on how the five fundamental quantities of NSs, i.e. mass, radius, spin period, surface temperature, and magnetic fields, as observed with modern instruments, change with evolution of, and vary depending on the class of, the NSs. They are the foundation for a future unified theory of NSs.
{"title":"Observational diversity of magnetized neutron stars","authors":"T. Enoto, S. Kisaka, S. Shibata","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ab3def","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab3def","url":null,"abstract":"Young and rotation-powered neutron stars (NSs) are commonly observed as rapidly-spinning pulsars. They dissipate their rotational energy by emitting pulsar wind with electromagnetic radiation and spin down at a steady rate, according to the simple steadily-rotating magnetic dipole model. In reality, however, multiwavelength observations of radiation from the NS surface and magnetosphere have revealed that the evolution and properties of NSs are highly diverse, often dubbed as ‘NS zoo’. In particular, many of young and highly magnetized NSs show a high degree of activities, such as sporadic electromagnetic outbursts and irregular changes in pulse arrival times. Importantly, their magnetic field, which are the strongest in the universe, makes them ideal laboratories for fundamental physics. A class of highly-magnetized isolated NSs is empirically divided into several subclasses. In a broad classification, they are, in the order of the magnetic field strength (B) from the highest, ‘magnetars’ (historically recognized as soft gamma-ray repeaters and/or anomalous x-ray pulsars), ‘high-B pulsars’, and (nearby) x-ray isolated NSs. This article presents an introductory review for non-astrophysicists about the observational properties of highly-magnetized NSs, and their implications. The observed dynamic nature of NSs must be interpreted in conjunction with transient magnetic activities triggered during magnetic-energy dissipation process. In particular, we focus on how the five fundamental quantities of NSs, i.e. mass, radius, spin period, surface temperature, and magnetic fields, as observed with modern instruments, change with evolution of, and vary depending on the class of, the NSs. They are the foundation for a future unified theory of NSs.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2019-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87893924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-06DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab4239
M. Parzefall, L. Novotný
Analogous to radio- and microwave antennas, optical nanoantennas are devices that receive and emit radiation at optical frequencies. Until recently, the realization of electrically driven optical antennas was an outstanding challenge in nanophotonics. In this review we discuss and analyze recent reports in which quantum tunneling—specifically inelastic electron tunneling—is harnessed as a means to convert electrical energy into photons, mediated by optical antennas. To aid this analysis we introduce the fundamentals of optical antennas and inelastic electron tunneling. Our discussion is focused on recent progress in the field and on future directions and opportunities.
{"title":"Optical antennas driven by quantum tunneling: a key issues review","authors":"M. Parzefall, L. Novotný","doi":"10.1088/1361-6633/ab4239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab4239","url":null,"abstract":"Analogous to radio- and microwave antennas, optical nanoantennas are devices that receive and emit radiation at optical frequencies. Until recently, the realization of electrically driven optical antennas was an outstanding challenge in nanophotonics. In this review we discuss and analyze recent reports in which quantum tunneling—specifically inelastic electron tunneling—is harnessed as a means to convert electrical energy into photons, mediated by optical antennas. To aid this analysis we introduce the fundamentals of optical antennas and inelastic electron tunneling. Our discussion is focused on recent progress in the field and on future directions and opportunities.","PeriodicalId":21110,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Progress in Physics","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.1,"publicationDate":"2019-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72611450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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