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Rational design of vaccine targets and strategies for HIV: a crossroad of statistical physics, biology, and medicine 艾滋病毒疫苗目标和策略的合理设计:统计物理学、生物学和医学的十字路口
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2017-02-13 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa574a
Vaccination has saved more lives than any other medical procedure. Pathogens have now evolved that have not succumbed to vaccination using the empirical paradigms pioneered by Pasteur and Jenner. Vaccine design strategies that are based on a mechanistic understanding of the pertinent immunology and virology are required to confront and eliminate these scourges. In this perspective, we describe just a few examples of work aimed to achieve this goal by bringing together approaches from statistical physics with biology and clinical research.
接种疫苗挽救的生命比任何其他医疗程序都要多。病原体现在已经进化到不屈服于使用巴斯德和詹纳开创的经验范例的疫苗接种。需要基于对相关免疫学和病毒学的机制理解的疫苗设计策略来面对和消除这些祸害。从这个角度来看,我们只描述了几个工作的例子,这些工作旨在通过将统计物理学与生物学和临床研究相结合的方法来实现这一目标。
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引用次数: 20
Strongly correlated electron systems—reports on the progress of the field 强相关电子系统——本领域进展报告
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2017-02-10 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa5b0c
L. Greene, J. Thompson, J. Schmalian
The Editorial Board for Reports on Progress in Physics (ROPP) is delighted to announce the publication of a special, focused, issue on ‘strongly correlated electron systems’ or ‘SCES’ containing mini review articles or ‘Report on Progress’ aimed at collectively surveying the status of the field. Strongly correlated electron matter is seen in over 40 classes of materials (including the cuprate and Fe-based high temperature superconductors, organic superconductors, heavy fermions, transition-metal di-chalcogenides, and general quantum critical materials) as pseudogap, electronic stripe, electronic nematic, heavy electron, temperature dependent or novel charge density wave behavior, or any non-Fermi liquid behavior. The understanding of the origin of these emergent collective behaviors represents perhaps the greatest unsolved problem in physics today. It is also widely accepted that finding the solutions to these problems is essential if definitive progress is to be made in the predictive design of functional SCES, such as high-temperature superconductors. This special issue examines the foundations, present status, and future prospects of the field of SCES at over 60 years old. In light of the recent remarkable progress of this field in materials growth, measurement, theory, computation, and our general understanding, this is an opportune time to bring the world’s experts together to remind us of the foundations, elucidate where we are now, and make bold and specific recommendations for the future to aid our progress in solving this complex and important question. We have collected a significant number manuscripts by many of the leading researchers in this area, in the hope that this special issue will provide a timely and valuable resource for the many researches now working in this field, and hope to entice more scientists into this intriguing area of research. L H Greene et al
《物理学进展报告》(ROPP)编辑委员会很高兴地宣布出版一份特别的,集中的,关于“强相关电子系统”或“SCES”的问题,其中包含小型评论文章或“进展报告”,旨在集体调查该领域的现状。在40多种材料(包括铜基和铁基高温超导体、有机超导体、重费米子、过渡金属双硫属化合物和一般量子临界材料)中可以看到强相关电子物质,如赝隙、电子条纹、电子向列、重电子、温度依赖性或新型电荷密度波行为,或任何非费米液体行为。对这些突现的集体行为起源的理解可能是当今物理学中最大的未解决问题。人们也普遍认为,如果要在功能性sce(如高温超导体)的预测设计方面取得决定性进展,找到这些问题的解决方案是必不可少的。本期特刊探讨了60多年来经济社会科学领域的基础、现状和未来前景。鉴于该领域最近在材料生长、测量、理论、计算和我们的一般理解方面取得的显著进展,这是一个将世界上的专家聚集在一起的时机,提醒我们的基础,阐明我们现在所处的位置,并为未来提出大胆而具体的建议,以帮助我们在解决这个复杂而重要的问题方面取得进展。我们收集了该领域许多主要研究人员的大量手稿,希望这一期特刊能为目前在该领域工作的许多研究人员提供及时而有价值的资源,并希望吸引更多的科学家进入这一有趣的研究领域。L H Greene等人
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引用次数: 11
Metamaterial, plasmonic and nanophotonic devices 超材料、等离子体和纳米光子器件
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2017-02-06 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa518f
F. Monticone, A. Alú
The field of metamaterials has opened landscapes of possibilities in basic science, and a paradigm shift in the way we think about and design emergent material properties. In many scenarios, metamaterial concepts have helped overcome long-held scientific challenges, such as the absence of optical magnetism and the limits imposed by diffraction in optical imaging. As the potential of metamaterials, as well as their limitations, become clearer, these advances in basic science have started to make an impact on several applications in different areas, with far-reaching implications for many scientific and engineering fields. At optical frequencies, the alliance of metamaterials with the fields of plasmonics and nanophotonics can further advance the possibility of controlling light propagation, radiation, localization and scattering in unprecedented ways. In this review article, we discuss the recent progress in the field of metamaterials, with particular focus on how fundamental advances in this field are enabling a new generation of metamaterial, plasmonic and nanophotonic devices. Relevant examples include optical nanocircuits and nanoantennas, invisibility cloaks, superscatterers and superabsorbers, metasurfaces for wavefront shaping and wave-based analog computing, as well as active, nonreciprocal and topological devices. Throughout the paper, we highlight the fundamental limitations and practical challenges associated with the realization of advanced functionalities, and we suggest potential directions to go beyond these limits. Over the next few years, as new scientific breakthroughs are translated into technological advances, the fields of metamaterials, plasmonics and nanophotonics are expected to have a broad impact on a variety of applications in areas of scientific, industrial and societal significance.
超材料领域为基础科学开辟了广阔的前景,也为我们思考和设计新兴材料特性的方式带来了范式转变。在许多情况下,超材料概念有助于克服长期存在的科学挑战,例如光磁性的缺乏和光学成像中衍射所施加的限制。随着超材料的潜力及其局限性变得越来越清晰,这些基础科学的进步已经开始对不同领域的几个应用产生影响,对许多科学和工程领域产生深远的影响。在光学频率上,超材料与等离子体场和纳米光子学的结合可以以前所未有的方式进一步推进控制光传播、辐射、局部化和散射的可能性。在这篇综述文章中,我们讨论了近年来在超材料领域的进展,特别侧重于该领域的基本进展如何使新一代的超材料、等离子体和纳米光子器件成为可能。相关的例子包括光学纳米电路和纳米天线、隐形斗篷、超散射体和超吸收体、用于波前整形和基于波的模拟计算的超表面,以及有源、非互易和拓扑器件。在整篇论文中,我们强调了与实现高级功能相关的基本限制和实际挑战,并提出了超越这些限制的潜在方向。在接下来的几年里,随着新的科学突破转化为技术进步,超材料、等离子体和纳米光子学领域有望对科学、工业和社会意义领域的各种应用产生广泛的影响。
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引用次数: 145
Stochastic tools hidden behind the empirical dielectric relaxation laws 隐藏在经验介电松弛定律背后的随机工具
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2017-02-03 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa5283
A. Stanislavsky, K. Weron
The paper is devoted to recent advances in stochastic modeling of anomalous kinetic processes observed in dielectric materials which are prominent examples of disordered (complex) systems. Theoretical studies of dynamical properties of ‘structures with variations’ (Goldenfield and Kadanoff 1999 Science 284 87–9) require application of such mathematical tools—by means of which their random nature can be analyzed and, independently of the details distinguishing various systems (dipolar materials, glasses, semiconductors, liquid crystals, polymers, etc), the empirical universal kinetic patterns can be derived. We begin with a brief survey of the historical background of the dielectric relaxation study. After a short outline of the theoretical ideas providing the random tools applicable to modeling of relaxation phenomena, we present probabilistic implications for the study of the relaxation-rate distribution models. In the framework of the probability distribution of relaxation rates we consider description of complex systems, in which relaxing entities form random clusters interacting with each other and single entities. Then we focus on stochastic mechanisms of the relaxation phenomenon. We discuss the diffusion approach and its usefulness for understanding of anomalous dynamics of relaxing systems. We also discuss extensions of the diffusive approach to systems under tempered random processes. Useful relationships among different stochastic approaches to the anomalous dynamics of complex systems allow us to get a fresh look at this subject. The paper closes with a final discussion on achievements of stochastic tools describing the anomalous time evolution of complex systems.
本文介绍了在无序(复杂)系统的突出例子介电材料中观测到的异常动力学过程的随机建模方面的最新进展。对“变化结构”动力学特性的理论研究(goldfield和Kadanoff 1999 Science 284 87-9)需要应用这样的数学工具,通过这些工具可以分析它们的随机性,并且可以独立于区分各种系统(偶极材料、玻璃、半导体、液晶、聚合物等)的细节,推导出经验普遍的动力学模式。我们首先简要介绍介电弛豫研究的历史背景。在简要概述了提供适用于松弛现象建模的随机工具的理论思想之后,我们提出了松弛率分布模型研究的概率含义。在松弛率概率分布的框架下,我们考虑了复杂系统的描述,其中松弛实体形成相互作用的随机簇和单个实体。然后重点讨论了弛豫现象的随机机制。我们讨论了扩散方法及其在理解弛豫系统异常动力学中的作用。我们还讨论了扩散方法在缓化随机过程下的扩展。复杂系统异常动力学的不同随机方法之间的有用关系使我们对这一主题有了新的认识。本文最后讨论了描述复杂系统异常时间演化的随机工具的成果。
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引用次数: 23
A review of dynamical resonances in A  +  BC chemical reactions A + BC化学反应动力学共振研究进展
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2017-02-01 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/2/026401
Zefeng Ren, Zhigang Sun, Donghui Zhang, Xueming Yang
The concept of the transition state has played an important role in the field of chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics. Reactive resonances in the transition-state region can dramatically enhance the reaction probability; thus investigation of the reactive resonances has attracted great attention from chemical physicists for many decades. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent progress made in probing the elusive resonance phenomenon in the simple A  +  BC reaction and understanding its nature, especially in the benchmark F/Cl  +  H2 and their isotopic variants. The signatures of reactive resonances in the integral cross section, differential cross section (DCS), forward- and backward-scattered DCS, and anion photodetachment spectroscopy are comprehensively presented in individual prototype reactions. The dynamical origins of reactive resonances are also discussed in this review, based on information on the wave function in the transition-state region obtained by time-dependent quantum wave-packet calculations.
过渡态的概念在化学动力学和反应动力学领域起着重要的作用。过渡态区的反应共振能显著提高反应概率;因此,几十年来,化学物理学家对反应共振的研究引起了极大的关注。本文主要介绍了在简单的A + BC反应中难以捉摸的共振现象及其性质的探索,特别是在基准的F/Cl + H2及其同位素变体方面的研究进展。在单个原型反应中,对积分截面、微分截面(DCS)、正向散射和反向散射DCS以及阴离子光剥离谱的反应共振特征进行了全面的描述。根据时变量子波包计算获得的过渡态区域波函数信息,本文还讨论了反应性共振的动力学起源。
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引用次数: 11
Milestones of general relativity 广义相对论的里程碑
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2017-02-01 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/2/026001
J. Pullin
We present a summary for non-specialists of the special issue of the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity on ‘Milestones of general relativity’, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the theory.
为了纪念广义相对论诞生100周年,我们为《经典与量子引力》杂志的“广义相对论的里程碑”特刊的非专业人士提供了一份摘要。
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引用次数: 1
Ultra-high resolution electron microscopy 超高分辨率电子显微镜
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2017-02-01 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/2/026101
M. Oxley, A. Lupini, S. Pennycook
The last two decades have seen dramatic advances in the resolution of the electron microscope brought about by the successful correction of lens aberrations that previously limited resolution for most of its history. We briefly review these advances, the achievement of sub-Ångstrom resolution and the ability to identify individual atoms, their bonding configurations and even their dynamics and diffusion pathways. We then present a review of the basic physics of electron scattering, lens aberrations and their correction, and an approximate imaging theory for thin crystals which provides physical insight into the various different imaging modes. Then we proceed to describe a more exact imaging theory starting from Yoshioka’s formulation and covering full image simulation methods using Bloch waves, the multislice formulation and the frozen phonon/quantum excitation of phonons models. Delocalization of inelastic scattering has become an important limiting factor at atomic resolution. We therefore discuss this issue extensively, showing how the full-width-half-maximum is the appropriate measure for predicting image contrast, but the diameter containing 50% of the excitation is an important measure of the range of the interaction. These two measures can differ by a factor of 5, are not a simple function of binding energy, and full image simulations are required to match to experiment. The Z-dependence of annular dark field images is also discussed extensively, both for single atoms and for crystals, and we show that temporal incoherence must be included accurately if atomic species are to be identified through matching experimental intensities to simulations. Finally we mention a few promising directions for future investigation.
在过去的二十年里,电子显微镜的分辨率取得了巨大的进步,这是由于成功地校正了透镜像差,而在电子显微镜的历史上,透镜像差在很大程度上限制了分辨率。我们简要回顾了这些进展,亚-Ångstrom分辨率的成就和识别单个原子,它们的键构型甚至它们的动力学和扩散途径的能力。然后,我们回顾了电子散射的基本物理,透镜像差及其校正,以及薄晶体的近似成像理论,为各种不同的成像模式提供了物理见解。然后,我们从Yoshioka的公式出发,描述了一个更精确的成像理论,涵盖了使用Bloch波,多层公式和声子模型的冻结声子/量子激发的全图像模拟方法。非弹性散射的离域已成为原子分辨率的重要限制因素。因此,我们广泛地讨论了这个问题,展示了全宽度-半最大值是如何预测图像对比度的适当度量,但包含50%激发的直径是相互作用范围的重要度量。这两个测量值相差5倍,不是简单的结合能函数,需要全图像模拟来匹配实验。对于单原子和晶体,环形暗场图像的z依赖性也进行了广泛的讨论,并且我们表明,如果要通过匹配实验强度来识别原子种类,必须准确地包括时间非相干性。最后提出了未来研究的几个方向。
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引用次数: 23
Manipulation of cells with laser microbeam scissors and optical tweezers: a review 激光微束剪刀与光镊对细胞的操纵研究进展
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2017-02-01 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/2/026601
K. Greulich
The use of laser microbeams and optical tweezers in a wide field of biological applications from genomic to immunology is discussed. Microperforation is used to introduce a well-defined amount of molecules into cells for genetic engineering and optical imaging. The microwelding of two cells induced by a laser microbeam combines their genetic outfit. Microdissection allows specific regions of genomes to be isolated from a whole set of chromosomes. Handling the cells with optical tweezers supports investigation on the attack of immune systems against diseased or cancerous cells. With the help of laser microbeams, heart infarction can be simulated, and optical tweezers support studies on the heartbeat. Finally, laser microbeams are used to induce DNA damage in living cells for studies on cancer and ageing.
讨论了激光微光束和光镊在从基因组学到免疫学等广泛的生物学应用领域中的应用。微穿孔用于向细胞中引入一定量的分子,用于基因工程和光学成像。激光微束诱导的两个细胞的微焊接结合了它们的基因装备。显微解剖允许从一整套染色体中分离出基因组的特定区域。用光学镊子处理细胞有助于研究免疫系统对病变细胞或癌细胞的攻击。在激光微光束的帮助下,心脏梗塞可以模拟,光学镊子支持对心跳的研究。最后,激光微束被用来诱导活细胞的DNA损伤,用于癌症和衰老的研究。
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引用次数: 31
Simulating charge transport in organic semiconductors and devices: a review 模拟有机半导体和器件中的电荷输运:综述
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2017-02-01 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/2/026502
C. Groves
Charge transport simulation can be a valuable tool to better understand, optimise and design organic transistors (OTFTs), photovoltaics (OPVs), and light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). This review presents an overview of common charge transport and device models; namely drift-diffusion, master equation, mesoscale kinetic Monte Carlo and quantum chemical Monte Carlo, and a discussion of the relative merits of each. This is followed by a review of the application of these models as applied to charge transport in organic semiconductors and devices, highlighting in particular the insights made possible by modelling. The review concludes with an outlook for charge transport modelling in organic electronics.
电荷输运模拟可以成为更好地理解、优化和设计有机晶体管(OTFTs)、光伏(opv)和发光二极管(oled)的有价值的工具。本文综述了常见电荷输运和器件模型;即漂移扩散、主方程、中尺度动力学蒙特卡罗和量子化学蒙特卡罗,并讨论了各自的相对优点。随后回顾了这些模型在有机半导体和器件中的电荷输运中的应用,特别强调了通过建模实现的见解。最后,对有机电子学中电荷输运模型的发展进行了展望。
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引用次数: 59
A review on single photon sources in silicon carbide 碳化硅单光子源研究进展
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2017-01-31 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa5171
A. Lohrmann, B. Johnson, J. McCallum, S. Castelletto
This paper summarizes key findings in single-photon generation from deep level defects in silicon carbide (SiC) and highlights the significance of these individually addressable centers for emerging quantum applications. Single photon emission from various defect centers in both bulk and nanostructured SiC are discussed as well as their formation and possible integration into optical and electrical devices. The related measurement protocols, the building blocks of quantum communication and computation network architectures in solid state systems, are also summarized. This includes experimental methodologies developed for spin control of different paramagnetic defects, including the measurement of spin coherence times. Well established doping, and micro- and nanofabrication procedures for SiC may allow the quantum properties of paramagnetic defects to be electrically and mechanically controlled efficiently. The integration of single defects into SiC devices is crucial for applications in quantum technologies and we will review progress in this direction.
本文总结了碳化硅(SiC)中深层缺陷产生单光子的关键发现,并强调了这些可单独寻址的中心对新兴量子应用的重要性。讨论了块状和纳米结构SiC中各种缺陷中心的单光子发射,以及它们的形成和可能集成到光学和电子器件中的可能性。本文还总结了固态系统中量子通信和计算网络体系结构的相关测量协议。这包括为不同顺磁缺陷的自旋控制而开发的实验方法,包括自旋相干时间的测量。完善的SiC掺杂和微纳米加工程序可以使顺磁缺陷的量子特性得到有效的电气和机械控制。将单缺陷集成到SiC器件中对于量子技术的应用至关重要,我们将回顾这一方向的进展。
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引用次数: 159
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