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Incoming Editor-in-Chief 传入的主编
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2016-04-01 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/4/040201
G. Baym
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引用次数: 0
Fracture and adhesion of soft materials: a review 软质材料的断裂与粘附:综述
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2016-03-23 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/4/046601
C. Creton, M. Ciccotti
Soft materials are materials with a low shear modulus relative to their bulk modulus and where elastic restoring forces are mainly of entropic origin. A sparse population of strong bonds connects molecules together and prevents macroscopic flow. In this review we discuss the current state of the art on how these soft materials break and detach from solid surfaces. We focus on how stresses and strains are localized near the fracture plane and how elastic energy can flow from the bulk of the material to the crack tip. Adhesion of pressure-sensitive-adhesives, fracture of gels and rubbers are specifically addressed and the key concepts are pointed out. We define the important length scales in the problem and in particular the elasto-adhesive length Γ/E where Γ is the fracture energy and E is the elastic modulus, and how the ratio between sample size and Γ/E controls the fracture mechanisms. Theoretical concepts bridging solid mechanics and polymer physics are rationalized and illustrated by micromechanical experiments and mechanisms of fracture are described in detail. Open questions and emerging concepts are discussed at the end of the review.
软材料是相对于其体积模量具有低剪切模量的材料,其中弹性恢复力主要来自熵源。稀疏的强键将分子连接在一起,阻止宏观流动。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了这些软材料如何从固体表面断裂和分离的最新研究进展。我们关注的是应力和应变是如何在断裂面附近局部化的,以及弹性能量是如何从材料的主体流向裂纹尖端的。具体论述了压敏胶黏剂的粘接、胶黏剂和橡胶的断裂,并指出了关键概念。我们定义了问题中重要的长度尺度,特别是弹性粘接长度Γ/E,其中Γ为断裂能,E为弹性模量,以及样本量与Γ/E之比如何控制断裂机制。通过微观力学实验对固体力学和聚合物物理学之间的理论概念进行了理性化和阐释,并对断裂机理进行了详细描述。在回顾的最后讨论了开放性问题和新出现的概念。
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引用次数: 483
The microphysics of collisionless shock waves 无碰撞冲击波的微观物理学
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2016-03-22 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/4/046901
A. Marcowith, A. Bret, A. Bykov, M. Dieckman, L. Drury, B. Lembége, M. Lemoine, G. Morlino, G. Murphy, G. Pelletier, I. Plotnikov, B. Reville, M. Riquelme, L. Sironi, A. S. Novo
Collisionless shocks, that is shocks mediated by electromagnetic processes, are customary in space physics and in astrophysics. They are to be found in a great variety of objects and environments: magnetospheric and heliospheric shocks, supernova remnants, pulsar winds and their nebulæ, active galactic nuclei, gamma-ray bursts and clusters of galaxies shock waves. Collisionless shock microphysics enters at different stages of shock formation, shock dynamics and particle energization and/or acceleration. It turns out that the shock phenomenon is a multi-scale non-linear problem in time and space. It is complexified by the impact due to high-energy cosmic rays in astrophysical environments. This review adresses the physics of shock formation, shock dynamics and particle acceleration based on a close examination of available multi-wavelength or in situ observations, analytical and numerical developments. A particular emphasis is made on the different instabilities triggered during the shock formation and in association with particle acceleration processes with regards to the properties of the background upstream medium. It appears that among the most important parameters the background magnetic field through the magnetization and its obliquity is the dominant one. The shock velocity that can reach relativistic speeds has also a strong impact over the development of the micro-instabilities and the fate of particle acceleration. Recent developments of laboratory shock experiments has started to bring some new insights in the physics of space plasma and astrophysical shock waves. A special section is dedicated to new laser plasma experiments probing shock physics.
无碰撞冲击,即由电磁过程介导的冲击,在空间物理学和天体物理学中很常见。它们存在于各种各样的物体和环境中:磁层和日球层激波、超新星遗迹、脉冲星风及其星云、活动星系核、伽马射线暴和星系团激波。无碰撞冲击微物理进入不同阶段的冲击形成,冲击动力学和粒子能量和/或加速。结果表明,激波现象是一个多尺度的时间和空间非线性问题。由于高能宇宙射线在天体物理环境中的影响,它变得复杂。这篇综述论述了激波形成的物理学、激波动力学和粒子加速,这是基于对现有的多波长或原位观测、分析和数值发展的仔细研究。特别强调了在激波形成过程中触发的不同不稳定性,以及与背景上游介质特性相关的粒子加速过程。在最重要的参数中,背景磁场的磁化强度及其倾角是最主要的参数。能达到相对论速度的激波速度对微观不稳定性的发展和粒子加速度的命运也有很大的影响。实验室激波实验的最新进展已经开始为空间等离子体和天体物理激波的物理学带来一些新的见解。一个特殊的部分是专门用于新的激光等离子体实验探测冲击物理。
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引用次数: 175
Challenges of small-pixel infrared detectors: a review 小像素红外探测器的挑战:综述
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2016-03-22 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/4/046501
A. Rogalski, P. Martyniuk, M. Kopytko
In the last two decades, several new concepts for improving the performance of infrared detectors have been proposed. These new concepts particularly address the drive towards the so-called high operating temperature focal plane arrays (FPAs), aiming to increase detector operating temperatures, and as a consequence reduce the cost of infrared systems. In imaging systems with the above megapixel formats, pixel dimension plays a crucial role in determining critical system attributes such as system size, weight and power consumption (SWaP). The advent of smaller pixels has also resulted in the superior spatial and temperature resolution of these systems. Optimum pixel dimensions are limited by diffraction effects from the aperture, and are in turn wavelength-dependent. In this paper, the key challenges in realizing optimum pixel dimensions in FPA design including dark current, pixel hybridization, pixel delineation, and unit cell readout capacity are outlined to achieve a sufficiently adequate modulation transfer function for the ultra-small pitches involved. Both photon and thermal detectors have been considered. Concerning infrared photon detectors, the trade-offs between two types of competing technology—HgCdTe material systems and III–V materials (mainly barrier detectors)—have been investigated.
在过去的二十年里,人们提出了几个改进红外探测器性能的新概念。这些新概念特别针对所谓的高工作温度焦平面阵列(fpa)的驱动,旨在提高探测器的工作温度,从而降低红外系统的成本。在具有上述百万像素格式的成像系统中,像素尺寸在决定系统尺寸、重量和功耗(SWaP)等关键系统属性方面起着至关重要的作用。更小像素的出现也导致了这些系统的优越的空间和温度分辨率。最佳像素尺寸受到孔径衍射效应的限制,并且反过来与波长有关。本文概述了在FPA设计中实现最佳像素尺寸的关键挑战,包括暗电流、像素杂交、像素描绘和单元读出容量,以实现所涉及的超小间距的足够的调制传递函数。光子探测器和热探测器都被考虑过。关于红外光子探测器,已经研究了两种竞争技术-碲化镉材料系统和III-V材料(主要是势垒探测器)之间的权衡。
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引用次数: 181
The theory of spin noise spectroscopy: a review 自旋噪声光谱学理论综述
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2016-03-22 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/10/106501
N. Sinitsyn, Y. Pershin
Direct measurements of spin fluctuations are becoming the mainstream approach for studies of complex condensed matter, molecular, nuclear, and atomic systems. This review covers recent progress in the field of optical spin noise spectroscopy (SNS) with an additional goal to establish an introduction into its theoretical foundations. Various theoretical techniques that have been recently used to interpret results of SNS measurements are explained alongside examples of their applications.
自旋涨落的直接测量正在成为复杂凝聚态物质、分子、核和原子系统研究的主流方法。本文综述了近年来光学自旋噪声光谱(SNS)领域的研究进展,并对其理论基础进行了介绍。最近用于解释SNS测量结果的各种理论技术以及它们的应用示例进行了解释。
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引用次数: 82
Rewriting the rules governing high intensity interactions of light with matter 改写了光与物质高强度相互作用的规则
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2016-03-22 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/4/046401
A. Borisov, J. McCorkindale, S. Poopalasingam, J. Longworth, P. Simon, S. Szatmári, C. Rhodes
The trajectory of discovery associated with the study of high-intensity nonlinear radiative interactions with matter and corresponding nonlinear modes of electromagnetic propagation through material that have been conducted over the last 50 years can be presented as a landscape in the intensity/quantum energy [I-ħω] plane. Based on an extensive series of experimental and theoretical findings, a universal zone of anomalous enhanced electromagnetic coupling, designated as the fundamental nonlinear domain, can be defined. Since the lower boundaries of this region for all atomic matter correspond to ħω ~ 103 eV and I  ≈  1016 W cm−2, it heralds a future dominated by x-ray and γ-ray studies of all phases of matter including nuclear states. The augmented strength of the interaction with materials can be generally expressed as an increase in the basic electromagnetic coupling constant in which the fine structure constant α  →  Z2α, where Z denotes the number of electrons participating in an ordered response to the driving field. Since radiative conditions strongly favoring the development of this enhanced electromagnetic coupling are readily produced in self-trapped plasma channels, the processes associated with the generation of nonlinear interactions with materials stand in natural alliance with the nonlinear mechanisms that induce confined propagation. An experimental example involving the Xe (4d105s25p6) supershell for which Z  ≅  18 that falls in the specified anomalous nonlinear domain is described. This yields an effective coupling constant of Z2α  ≅  2.4  >  1, a magnitude comparable to the strong interaction and a value rendering as useless conventional perturbative analyses founded on an expansion in powers of α. This enhancement can be quantitatively understood as a direct consequence of the dominant role played by coherently driven multiply-excited states in the dynamics of the coupling. It is also conclusively demonstrated by an abundance of data that the utterly peerless champion of the experimental campaign leading to the definition of the fundamental nonlinear domain was excimer laser technology. The basis of this unique role was the ability to satisfy simultaneously a triplet (ω, I, P) of conditions stating the minimal values of the frequency ω, intensity I, and the power P necessary to enable the key physical processes to be experimentally observed and controllably combined. The historical confluence of these developments creates a solid foundation for the prediction of future advances in the fundamental understanding of ultra-high power density states of matter. The atomic findings graciously generalize to the composition of a nuclear stanza expressing the accessibility of the nuclear domain. With this basis serving as the launch platform, a cadenza of three grand challenge problems representing both new materials and new interactions is presented for future solution; they are (1) the performance of an experimental probe of the proper
在过去的50年里,与高强度非线性辐射与物质相互作用的研究以及电磁传播的相应非线性模式相关的发现轨迹可以在强度/量子能量[I-ħω]平面上呈现。基于一系列广泛的实验和理论发现,可以定义一个异常增强电磁耦合的通用区域,指定为基本非线性域。由于该区域所有原子物质的下边界对应于ħω ~ 103 eV和I≈1016 W cm−2,它预示着未来以x射线和γ射线研究为主导的物质包括核态的所有相。与材料相互作用强度的增强一般可以表示为基本电磁耦合常数的增加,其中精细结构常数α→Z2α,其中Z表示参与驱动场有序响应的电子数。由于有利于这种增强电磁耦合发展的辐射条件很容易在自困等离子体通道中产生,因此与材料产生非线性相互作用相关的过程与诱导受限传播的非线性机制自然结合。描述了一个涉及Xe (4d105s25p6)超壳层的实验实例,其中Z = 18落在指定的反常非线性域内。这就产生了一个有效的耦合常数Z2α = 2.4 > 1,其量级可与强相互作用相媲美,而其值则是建立在α的幂次展开基础上的无用的传统微扰分析。这种增强可以定量地理解为在耦合动力学中相干驱动的多重激发态所起的主导作用的直接结果。大量的数据也确凿地证明,在导致基本非线性域定义的实验运动中,绝对无与伦比的冠军是准分子激光技术。这一独特作用的基础是能够同时满足三个条件(ω, I, P),这些条件说明了频率ω,强度I和功率P的最小值,从而使关键的物理过程能够通过实验观察和可控地组合。这些发展的历史汇合为预测超高功率密度物质状态的基本理解的未来进展奠定了坚实的基础。原子的发现优雅地推广到一个核节的组成,表达了核域的可及性。以这个基础作为启动平台,展示了代表新材料和新相互作用的三大挑战问题,以供未来解决;它们是:(1)在接近Schwinger/Heisenberg极限的强度下,对与暗能量相关的真空态性质的实验探测的性能,(2)在γ射线区域(~1 MeV)的放大的实现和核准分子的发现,以及(3)确定了通往预测的超重稳定核岛的路径。
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引用次数: 4
Depinning and nonequilibrium dynamic phases of particle assemblies driven over random and ordered substrates: a review 在随机和有序基底上驱动的粒子组件的脱层和非平衡动态相:综述
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2016-02-11 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/80/2/026501
C. Reichhardt, C. Reichhardt
We review the depinning and nonequilibrium phases of collectively interacting particle systems driven over random or periodic substrates. This type of system is relevant to vortices in type-II superconductors, sliding charge density waves, electron crystals, colloids, stripe and pattern forming systems, and skyrmions, and could also have connections to jamming, glassy behaviors, and active matter. These systems are also ideal for exploring the broader issues of characterizing transient and steady state nonequilibrium flow phases as well as nonequilibrium phase transitions between distinct dynamical phases, analogous to phase transitions between different equilibrium states. We discuss the differences between elastic and plastic depinning on random substrates and the different types of nonequilibrium phases which are associated with specific features in the velocity-force curves, fluctuation spectra, scaling relations, and local or global particle ordering. We describe how these quantities can change depending on the dimension, anisotropy, disorder strength, and the presence of hysteresis. Within the moving phase we discuss how there can be a transition from a liquid-like state to dynamically ordered moving crystal, smectic, or nematic states. Systems with periodic or quasiperiodic substrates can have multiple nonequilibrium second or first order transitions in the moving state between chaotic and coherent phases, and can exhibit hysteresis. We also discuss systems with competing repulsive and attractive interactions, which undergo dynamical transitions into stripes and other complex morphologies when driven over random substrates. Throughout this work we highlight open issues and future directions such as absorbing phase transitions, nonequilibrium work relations, inertia, the role of non-dissipative dynamics such as Magnus effects, and how these results could be extended to the broader issues of plasticity in crystals, amorphous solids, and jamming phenomena.
我们回顾了在随机或周期性衬底上驱动的集体相互作用粒子系统的脱壳和非平衡阶段。这种类型的系统与ii型超导体中的涡流、滑动电荷密度波、电子晶体、胶体、条纹和图案形成系统以及skyrmions有关,也可能与干扰、玻璃化行为和活性物质有关。这些系统也非常适合探索更广泛的问题,如表征瞬态和稳态非平衡流动相,以及不同动态相之间的非平衡相变,类似于不同平衡状态之间的相变。我们讨论了随机基底上的弹性和塑性脱壳之间的差异,以及不同类型的非平衡相,这些非平衡相与速度-力曲线、波动谱、标度关系和局部或全局粒子顺序中的特定特征有关。我们描述了这些量如何根据尺寸、各向异性、无序强度和迟滞的存在而变化。在移动相中,我们讨论了如何从类液体状态过渡到动态有序的移动晶体、近晶态或向列态。具有周期或准周期衬底的系统可以在混沌相和相干相之间的运动状态中具有多个非平衡二阶或一阶跃迁,并且可以表现出滞后性。我们还讨论了具有竞争排斥和吸引相互作用的系统,当驱动在随机底物上时,这些系统会动态转变为条纹和其他复杂的形态。在这项工作中,我们强调了开放的问题和未来的方向,如吸收相变,非平衡工作关系,惯性,非耗散动力学的作用,如马格努斯效应,以及这些结果如何扩展到更广泛的晶体,非晶固体和干扰现象的塑性问题。
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引用次数: 199
How molecular motors extract order from chaos (a key issues review) 分子马达如何从混沌中提取秩序(关键问题综述)
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2016-02-10 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/3/032601
P. Hoffmann
Molecular motors are the workhorses of living cells. Seemingly by ‘magic’, these molecules are able to complete purposeful tasks while being immersed in a sea of thermal chaos. Here, we review the current understanding of how these machines work, present simple models based on thermal ratchets, discuss implications for statistical physics, and provide an overview of ongoing research in this important and fascinating field of study.
分子马达是活细胞的主力。似乎是“魔法”,这些分子能够在沉浸在热混乱的海洋中完成有目的的任务。在这里,我们回顾了目前对这些机器如何工作的理解,提出了基于热棘轮的简单模型,讨论了统计物理的含义,并概述了在这个重要而迷人的研究领域正在进行的研究。
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引用次数: 48
KEPLER Mission: development and overview 开普勒任务:发展和概述
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2016-02-10 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/3/036901
W. Borucki
The Kepler Mission is a space observatory launched in 2009 by NASA to monitor 170 000 stars over a period of four years to determine the frequency of Earth-size and larger planets in and near the habitable zone of Sun-like stars, the size and orbital distributions of these planets, and the types of stars they orbit. Kepler is the tenth in the series of NASA Discovery Program missions that are competitively-selected, PI-directed, medium-cost missions. The Mission concept and various instrument prototypes were developed at the Ames Research Center over a period of 18 years starting in 1983. The development of techniques to do the 10 ppm photometry required for Mission success took years of experimentation, several workshops, and the exploration of many ‘blind alleys’ before the construction of the flight instrument. Beginning in 1992 at the start of the NASA Discovery Program, the Kepler Mission concept was proposed five times before its acceptance for mission development in 2001. During that period, the concept evolved from a photometer in an L2 orbit that monitored 6000 stars in a 50 sq deg field-of-view (FOV) to one that was in a heliocentric orbit that simultaneously monitored 170 000 stars with a 105 sq deg FOV. Analysis of the data to date has detected over 4600 planetary candidates which include several hundred Earth-size planetary candidates, over a thousand confirmed planets, and Earth-size planets in the habitable zone (HZ). These discoveries provide the information required for estimates of the frequency of planets in our galaxy. The Mission results show that most stars have planets, many of these planets are similar in size to the Earth, and that systems with several planets are common. Although planets in the HZ are common, many are substantially larger than Earth.
开普勒任务是美国宇航局于2009年发射的一个空间天文台,在四年的时间里监测17万颗恒星,以确定地球大小和更大的行星在类太阳恒星的可居住区域内或附近的频率,这些行星的大小和轨道分布,以及它们所围绕的恒星的类型。开普勒是美国宇航局探索计划系列任务中的第十个,这些任务是竞争性选择的,pi指导的,中等成本的任务。从1983年开始,艾姆斯研究中心在18年的时间里开发了任务概念和各种仪器原型。为完成任务所需的10ppm测光技术的发展需要数年的实验,几个研讨会,在建造飞行仪器之前探索了许多“死胡同”。从1992年美国宇航局发现计划开始,开普勒任务的概念在2001年被接受为任务发展之前被提出了五次。在此期间,这个概念从L2轨道上的光度计演变为在50平方度视场(FOV)内监测6000颗恒星的光度计,到在日心轨道上同时监测17万颗恒星的光度计,视场为105平方度。迄今为止,对数据的分析已经发现了超过4600颗候选行星,其中包括数百颗地球大小的候选行星,1000多颗已确认的行星,以及位于宜居带(HZ)的地球大小的行星。这些发现为估计银河系中行星的频率提供了必要的信息。任务的结果表明,大多数恒星都有行星,其中许多行星的大小与地球相似,并且拥有几颗行星的系统很常见。虽然HZ中的行星很常见,但很多都比地球大得多。
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引用次数: 132
Techniques for nonlinear optical characterization of materials: a review 材料非线性光学表征技术综述
IF 18.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2016-02-10 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/3/036401
C. B. de Araújo, A. Gomes, G. Boudebs
Various techniques to characterize the nonlinear (NL) optical response of centro-symmetric materials are presented and evaluated with emphasis on the relationship between the macroscopic measurable quantities and the microscopic properties of photonic materials. NL refraction and NL absorption of the materials are the phenomena of major interest. The dependence of the NL refraction and NL absorption coefficients on the nature of the materials was studied as well as on the laser excitation characteristics of wavelength, intensity, spatial profile, pulse duration and pulses repetition rate. Selected experimental results are discussed and illustrated. The various techniques currently available were compared and their relative advantages and drawbacks were evaluated. Critical comparisons among established techniques provided elements to evaluate their accuracies and sensitivities with respect to novel methods that present improvements with respect to the conventional techniques.
提出并评价了各种表征中心对称材料非线性光学响应的技术,重点讨论了光子材料的宏观可测量量与微观性质之间的关系。材料的近声光折射和近声光吸收是主要研究的现象。研究了NL折射系数和NL吸收系数与材料性质以及激光激发特性(波长、强度、空间分布、脉冲持续时间和脉冲重复率)的关系。对选定的实验结果进行了讨论和说明。对现有的各种技术进行了比较,并对其优缺点进行了评价。现有技术之间的关键比较提供了评估其准确性和敏感性的要素,相对于传统技术而言,新方法提出了改进。
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引用次数: 107
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Reports on Progress in Physics
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