Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15446/ing.investig.98975
Andrés Felipe Calvo-Salcedo, Neil Guerrero-González, José A. Jaramillo-Villegas
This study presents the design and simulation of an integrated multi-carrier optical source with a 227 GHz bandwidth for passive optical network (PON) applications. The optical comb generation attained using a photonic structure known as a micro-ring resonator fabricated in silicon nitride (Si3N4) facilitates cost reduction when produced on a large scale. Additionally, the generated optical comb accomplishes non-uniform tones in terms of the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), which allows for the dynamic assignment of carriers to retainable customers as a function of the data rate and transmission distance requirements. The design and simulation demonstrate the generation of frequency combs with optical carriers in a range of 5-40 tones, an OSNR range of 20-80 dB, and a free spectral range (FSR) of 50-3 610 GHz. To achieve these features, a geometric design of the device is proposed, and its response to variations of input laser parameters is described. In summary, the device uses two optical micro-resonators with radii of 100 and 450 µm and controls the power and the tuning of laser parameters. The proposed method allows generating a deterministic and reliable path to the frequency combs. Finally, the characteristics of the obtained combs are tested to determine their potential use in PON transmissions.
{"title":"Multi-Tone Optical Source Generation for Applications in Next-Generation Passive Optical Networks using Photonic Structures","authors":"Andrés Felipe Calvo-Salcedo, Neil Guerrero-González, José A. Jaramillo-Villegas","doi":"10.15446/ing.investig.98975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.98975","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the design and simulation of an integrated multi-carrier optical source with a 227 GHz bandwidth for passive optical network (PON) applications. The optical comb generation attained using a photonic structure known as a micro-ring resonator fabricated in silicon nitride (Si3N4) facilitates cost reduction when produced on a large scale. Additionally, the generated optical comb accomplishes non-uniform tones in terms of the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), which allows for the dynamic assignment of carriers to retainable customers as a function of the data rate and transmission distance requirements. The design and simulation demonstrate the generation of frequency combs with optical carriers in a range of 5-40 tones, an OSNR range of 20-80 dB, and a free spectral range (FSR) of 50-3 610 GHz. To achieve these features, a geometric design of the device is proposed, and its response to variations of input laser parameters is described. In summary, the device uses two optical micro-resonators with radii of 100 and 450 µm and controls the power and the tuning of laser parameters. The proposed method allows generating a deterministic and reliable path to the frequency combs. Finally, the characteristics of the obtained combs are tested to determine their potential use in PON transmissions.","PeriodicalId":21285,"journal":{"name":"Revista Ingenieria E Investigacion","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135143871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15446/ing.investig.96125
Yisel Andrea Vargas-Legarda, Adriana Katherine Toro-Martínez, Néstor Yesid Rojas-Roa, Oscar A. Fajardo-Montaña
Approximately 93% of the world’s children under 15 are exposed to ambient PM2,5 levels exceeding the World Health Organization’s guidelines. PM2,5 and other air pollutants affect children’s mental and motor development, as well as their lung function, even at low concentrations. In low- and middle-income countries, the effects are potentially stronger because of the weaker land-use policies in place, which increases households’ proximity to industrial sources. Such is the case of areas with mixed land use in western Bogota, Colombia. In this work, the exposure of children to PM2,5 at a school in the Puente Aranda district was estimated. PM2,5 concentrations were measured using low-volume area samplers during school hours in February 2020. Information on the children’s daily activity was recorded in order to estimate the physical effort applied during their normal school activities, and the minors’ respiratory symptomatologies were consulted with their parents. The inhaled dose was estimated using inhalation rates. The results showed that children aged three to five inhale the highest doses and report higher rates of respiratory symptoms. Indoor PM2,5 concentrations were consistently higher, agreeing with previous reports, probably because of dust resuspension and poor classroom ventilation. Air pollution mitigation measures must be put into effect in order to protect this highly vulnerable population. These measures will also positively affect the safe return of students to school activities after the pandemic lockdown.
{"title":"School Children’s exposure to 〖PM〗_(2.5) in a high pollution area of Bogotá, Colombia","authors":"Yisel Andrea Vargas-Legarda, Adriana Katherine Toro-Martínez, Néstor Yesid Rojas-Roa, Oscar A. Fajardo-Montaña","doi":"10.15446/ing.investig.96125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.96125","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 93% of the world’s children under 15 are exposed to ambient PM2,5 levels exceeding the World Health Organization’s guidelines. PM2,5 and other air pollutants affect children’s mental and motor development, as well as their lung function, even at low concentrations. In low- and middle-income countries, the effects are potentially stronger because of the weaker land-use policies in place, which increases households’ proximity to industrial sources. Such is the case of areas with mixed land use in western Bogota, Colombia. In this work, the exposure of children to PM2,5 at a school in the Puente Aranda district was estimated. PM2,5 concentrations were measured using low-volume area samplers during school hours in February 2020. Information on the children’s daily activity was recorded in order to estimate the physical effort applied during their normal school activities, and the minors’ respiratory symptomatologies were consulted with their parents. The inhaled dose was estimated using inhalation rates. The results showed that children aged three to five inhale the highest doses and report higher rates of respiratory symptoms. Indoor PM2,5 concentrations were consistently higher, agreeing with previous reports, probably because of dust resuspension and poor classroom ventilation. Air pollution mitigation measures must be put into effect in order to protect this highly vulnerable population. These measures will also positively affect the safe return of students to school activities after the pandemic lockdown.","PeriodicalId":21285,"journal":{"name":"Revista Ingenieria E Investigacion","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135143873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.15446/ing.investig.94777
Amanda Silva Parra, Dayra Yisel García Ramirez, Cristóbal Lugo López
At a global level, the agricultural sector has represented the largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Our research hypothesizes whether it is possible to faithfully define the effect of soil management factors on modeling soil carbon organic (SOC) sequestration and reducing soil CO2 emissions in different agricultural systems across three zones of Villavicencio (Colombia) by applying the Tier-1 IPCC process‐based model. Agroforestry systems (AFS) are typically found in zone 1, and intensive croplands (CL) in zones 3 and 4. Soil CO2 emissions rates are calculated according to the current IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories. Root-mean square error (RMSE, RMSE/n), R2, and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) are measured to assess model performance. In zone 1, 7-year coffee-based agroforestry stored higher SOC, neutralizing -10,83t CO2 eq ha-1 year−1 than 25-year soybean/corn crop rotation in zone 3, with emissions of 2,56t CO2eq ha-1 year-1. The agricultural systems of zones 3 and 4 turned out to be greater emitters, with 7 223 and 3 889t CO2 eq year-1, respectively, which could increase if CL continues to adopt agricultural practices that encourage full tillage. The beneficial effects of AFS on stored SOC are identified via field observations and correctly reproduced by RMSE evaluation.
{"title":"An Initial Approximation to the Simulation of Soil CO2 Emissions Using the IPCC Methodology in Agricultural Systems of Villavicencio","authors":"Amanda Silva Parra, Dayra Yisel García Ramirez, Cristóbal Lugo López","doi":"10.15446/ing.investig.94777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.94777","url":null,"abstract":"At a global level, the agricultural sector has represented the largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Our research hypothesizes whether it is possible to faithfully define the effect of soil management factors on modeling soil carbon organic (SOC) sequestration and reducing soil CO2 emissions in different agricultural systems across three zones of Villavicencio (Colombia) by applying the Tier-1 IPCC process‐based model. Agroforestry systems (AFS) are typically found in zone 1, and intensive croplands (CL) in zones 3 and 4. Soil CO2 emissions rates are calculated according to the current IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories. Root-mean square error (RMSE, RMSE/n), R2, and Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) are measured to assess model performance. In zone 1, 7-year coffee-based agroforestry stored higher SOC, neutralizing -10,83t CO2 eq ha-1 year−1 than 25-year soybean/corn crop rotation in zone 3, with emissions of 2,56t CO2eq ha-1 year-1. The agricultural systems of zones 3 and 4 turned out to be greater emitters, with 7 223 and 3 889t CO2 eq year-1, respectively, which could increase if CL continues to adopt agricultural practices that encourage full tillage. The beneficial effects of AFS on stored SOC are identified via field observations and correctly reproduced by RMSE evaluation.","PeriodicalId":21285,"journal":{"name":"Revista Ingenieria E Investigacion","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136215610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.15446/ing.investig.102038
Cihan Sahin
Today, with the decrease in fossil fuel reserves, interest in electric vehicles has grown. Undoubtedly, electric machines are one of the most important parts of electric vehicles. Studies on electrical machines directly affect vehicle performance. Since the electrical machine used is mounted on the vehicle, reducing the total weight without changing the output power will positively affect the overall performance of the vehicle. The windings used to create the magnetic field in electrical machines are made of copper. Electrical machinery manufacturers try to use completely different materials instead of copper or partially reduce its use. At this point, aluminum emerges as an attractive material for various manufacturers. This study analyzed the winding structure of a switched reluctance machine (SRM) proposed for an electric vehicle by using copper and aluminum at an equivalent resistance value, the results of which were compared. As a result of a 2D finite element analysis, it was observed that the machine’s output performance is largely kept when aluminum is used instead of copper for the winding. It was also observed that the aluminum total winding weight decreased by 43,40% compared to that of copper.
{"title":"Comparison of Aluminum and Copper Winding Materials for Switched Reluctance Machines with Finite Element Analysis","authors":"Cihan Sahin","doi":"10.15446/ing.investig.102038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.102038","url":null,"abstract":"Today, with the decrease in fossil fuel reserves, interest in electric vehicles has grown. Undoubtedly, electric machines are one of the most important parts of electric vehicles. Studies on electrical machines directly affect vehicle performance. Since the electrical machine used is mounted on the vehicle, reducing the total weight without changing the output power will positively affect the overall performance of the vehicle. The windings used to create the magnetic field in electrical machines are made of copper. Electrical machinery manufacturers try to use completely different materials instead of copper or partially reduce its use. At this point, aluminum emerges as an attractive material for various manufacturers. This study analyzed the winding structure of a switched reluctance machine (SRM) proposed for an electric vehicle by using copper and aluminum at an equivalent resistance value, the results of which were compared. As a result of a 2D finite element analysis, it was observed that the machine’s output performance is largely kept when aluminum is used instead of copper for the winding. It was also observed that the aluminum total winding weight decreased by 43,40% compared to that of copper.","PeriodicalId":21285,"journal":{"name":"Revista Ingenieria E Investigacion","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136215609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-13DOI: 10.15446/ing.investig.94617
Maricel Arias Henao, Diego Paredes Cuervo, Patricia Torres Lozada
Decentralized treatment is an adequate strategy to more sustainably treat municipal wastewater in rural and peri-urban areas. In light of the above, this study evaluated, on a pilot scale, the performance of an anaerobic configuration consisting of a septic tank (ST) and an anaerobic filter (AF) in two modalities: (i) a conventional system (CS) in separate reactors and (ii) a hybrid system (HS) with a ST and an AF in a single reactor –both with theoretical hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 36, 30, 24, and 18 hours. The results indicated that the HS had a better performance (less variability) under the different conditions evaluated, achieving, at an HRT of 18 hours, higher reduction efficiencies (52,0±16,8% COD and 73,06±18,5% TSS) compared to the CS (39,8±13,1% COD and 65,8±20,52% TSS). Although hydrodynamic analysis showed dual flow (full mix and plug flow) in both configurations, the HS exhibited a greater predominance of plug flow (62%) than the CS (52%), which allowed the former to reach a real HRT closer to the theoretical value than the latter (23/24 vs. 19/24 hours). This behavior guarantees the lowest occurrence of dead zones and short circuits, as well as a higher Persson hydraulic efficiency (0,62) and lower area requirements for the HS in comparison with the CS (0,5).
{"title":"Influence of Conventional and Hybrid Septic Tank-Anaerobic Filter Configurations on the Hydrodynamics and Performance of Wastewater Treatment","authors":"Maricel Arias Henao, Diego Paredes Cuervo, Patricia Torres Lozada","doi":"10.15446/ing.investig.94617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.94617","url":null,"abstract":"Decentralized treatment is an adequate strategy to more sustainably treat municipal wastewater in rural and peri-urban areas. In light of the above, this study evaluated, on a pilot scale, the performance of an anaerobic configuration consisting of a septic tank (ST) and an anaerobic filter (AF) in two modalities: (i) a conventional system (CS) in separate reactors and (ii) a hybrid system (HS) with a ST and an AF in a single reactor –both with theoretical hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 36, 30, 24, and 18 hours. The results indicated that the HS had a better performance (less variability) under the different conditions evaluated, achieving, at an HRT of 18 hours, higher reduction efficiencies (52,0±16,8% COD and 73,06±18,5% TSS) compared to the CS (39,8±13,1% COD and 65,8±20,52% TSS). Although hydrodynamic analysis showed dual flow (full mix and plug flow) in both configurations, the HS exhibited a greater predominance of plug flow (62%) than the CS (52%), which allowed the former to reach a real HRT closer to the theoretical value than the latter (23/24 vs. 19/24 hours). This behavior guarantees the lowest occurrence of dead zones and short circuits, as well as a higher Persson hydraulic efficiency (0,62) and lower area requirements for the HS in comparison with the CS (0,5).","PeriodicalId":21285,"journal":{"name":"Revista Ingenieria E Investigacion","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135288123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-13DOI: 10.15446/ing.investig.91603
Sasmita Mallick, Gopikrishnan T
Urban road networks are lifelines for cities in fulfilling the transportation needs of their inhabitants. The Patna Urban Agglomeration Area (PUAA) lacks properly planned roads; many of them have varying widths, with encroachments that reduce effective road width. A serviceability analysis is required through a traffic survey in order to create a traffic flow profile. This profile aids in performing time-based path, elevation, and serviceability analyses. In this study, traffic data were collected using cameras at vital road junctions and signals. A manual traffic survey was conducted at locations where active traffic was observed during peak hours. The road network of the study area was created using Google Maps, digitizing roads as lines and utilities as points. The traffic survey data, the road network, and the utilities were analyzed in the Network Analyst tool of the ArcGIS software. The analyses revealed suitable routing at underpass and overpass, as well as feasible paths during peak hours and locations with poor utility access. The analysis focused on the low-income group of people who depend on public transport and utilities and are the driving force of a developing economy. Suitable solutions are suggested to improve the existing road network.
{"title":"Urban Road Network Serviceability Analysis Using Traffic Flow Profiles","authors":"Sasmita Mallick, Gopikrishnan T","doi":"10.15446/ing.investig.91603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.91603","url":null,"abstract":"Urban road networks are lifelines for cities in fulfilling the transportation needs of their inhabitants. The Patna Urban Agglomeration Area (PUAA) lacks properly planned roads; many of them have varying widths, with encroachments that reduce effective road width. A serviceability analysis is required through a traffic survey in order to create a traffic flow profile. This profile aids in performing time-based path, elevation, and serviceability analyses. In this study, traffic data were collected using cameras at vital road junctions and signals. A manual traffic survey was conducted at locations where active traffic was observed during peak hours. The road network of the study area was created using Google Maps, digitizing roads as lines and utilities as points. The traffic survey data, the road network, and the utilities were analyzed in the Network Analyst tool of the ArcGIS software. The analyses revealed suitable routing at underpass and overpass, as well as feasible paths during peak hours and locations with poor utility access. The analysis focused on the low-income group of people who depend on public transport and utilities and are the driving force of a developing economy. Suitable solutions are suggested to improve the existing road network.","PeriodicalId":21285,"journal":{"name":"Revista Ingenieria E Investigacion","volume":"222 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135288124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, there are computer tools designed to simulate engineering problems. Numerical simulations in three dimensions (3D) are the closest to reality, but they require a significant amount of time and experience. In this paper, the aim is to present formulae and graphs obtained from numerical simulations using the finite element method (FEM). Their application decreases the time required to obtain deformations in the periphery of different tunnel sections and further serves to evaluate them for different excavation lengths in the face of unexpected geotechnical changes during drilling. Using the RS2 and RS3 software, 3D analyses were carried out according to the Mohr-Coulomb (MC) model, considering elastic and elasto-plastic perfect behaviors as well as isotropic and anisotropic conditions. The graphs presented herein allow obtaining displacements from an axisymmetric model to infer the 3D displacements horseshoe tunnels, and the polynomial expressions aid in determining the displacements of an established excavation length. Finally, comparisons between the displacements reported by other authors and those obtained with the polynomial expressions are presented as a means of validation for this research.
{"title":"Evaluation of Tunnel Elastic and Elasto-Plastic Deformations with Approximations Obtained from 3D-FEM Simulations","authors":"Luisa Equihua-Anguiano, Emmanuel Álvarez-Cornejo, Yajaira Concha-Sánchez","doi":"10.15446/ing.investig.96880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.96880","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, there are computer tools designed to simulate engineering problems. Numerical simulations in three dimensions (3D) are the closest to reality, but they require a significant amount of time and experience. In this paper, the aim is to present formulae and graphs obtained from numerical simulations using the finite element method (FEM). Their application decreases the time required to obtain deformations in the periphery of different tunnel sections and further serves to evaluate them for different excavation lengths in the face of unexpected geotechnical changes during drilling. Using the RS2 and RS3 software, 3D analyses were carried out according to the Mohr-Coulomb (MC) model, considering elastic and elasto-plastic perfect behaviors as well as isotropic and anisotropic conditions. The graphs presented herein allow obtaining displacements from an axisymmetric model to infer the 3D displacements horseshoe tunnels, and the polynomial expressions aid in determining the displacements of an established excavation length. Finally, comparisons between the displacements reported by other authors and those obtained with the polynomial expressions are presented as a means of validation for this research.","PeriodicalId":21285,"journal":{"name":"Revista Ingenieria E Investigacion","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136006585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-12DOI: 10.15446/ing.investig.98945
Geronimo Quiñonez-Barraza, Marin Pompa-García, Eduardo Daniel Vivar-Vivar, José Luis Gallardo-Salazar, Francisco Javier-Hernández, Felipa de Jesús Rodríguez-Flores, Raúl Solís-Moreno, Javier Leonardo Bretado-Velázquez, Ricardo David Valdez-Cepeda, José Ciro Hernández-Díaz
This study estimated biometric attributes of individual trees from the automated measurement of tree height (THUV) by using images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). An experiment was carried out in a natural forest stand in the north of Mexico by using a DJI P4 multispectral equipment and regression analysis. The results show that total tree height (TH) is successfully estimated from UAV images, as the automated estimation of total height (THUV) reaches a R2 = 0,95 and a RMSE = 0,36 m. Consequently, THUV was statistically reliable to generate allometric equations (R2 > 0,57) regarding the canopy height model (CH), diameter at breast height (DBH), basal diameter (BD), above-ground biomass (AGB), volume (V), and carbon contents (C). It is concluded that the estimation of total height with UAVs is a viable option to improve efficiency in forest inventories. However, increased efforts towards the configuration of modern technologies and statistical algorithms are needed; future research challenges remain, particularly in the densest forests areas.
{"title":"Modeling Biometric Attributes from Tree Height Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in Natural Forest Stands","authors":"Geronimo Quiñonez-Barraza, Marin Pompa-García, Eduardo Daniel Vivar-Vivar, José Luis Gallardo-Salazar, Francisco Javier-Hernández, Felipa de Jesús Rodríguez-Flores, Raúl Solís-Moreno, Javier Leonardo Bretado-Velázquez, Ricardo David Valdez-Cepeda, José Ciro Hernández-Díaz","doi":"10.15446/ing.investig.98945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.98945","url":null,"abstract":"This study estimated biometric attributes of individual trees from the automated measurement of tree height (THUV) by using images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). An experiment was carried out in a natural forest stand in the north of Mexico by using a DJI P4 multispectral equipment and regression analysis. The results show that total tree height (TH) is successfully estimated from UAV images, as the automated estimation of total height (THUV) reaches a R2 = 0,95 and a RMSE = 0,36 m. Consequently, THUV was statistically reliable to generate allometric equations (R2 > 0,57) regarding the canopy height model (CH), diameter at breast height (DBH), basal diameter (BD), above-ground biomass (AGB), volume (V), and carbon contents (C). It is concluded that the estimation of total height with UAVs is a viable option to improve efficiency in forest inventories. However, increased efforts towards the configuration of modern technologies and statistical algorithms are needed; future research challenges remain, particularly in the densest forests areas.","PeriodicalId":21285,"journal":{"name":"Revista Ingenieria E Investigacion","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136006582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-12DOI: 10.15446/ing.investig.100834
Aura Alexandra Ramón Vanegas, Juan E. Vásquez, Juan M. Delgado, Daniel Domínguez-Carvajal, Ana M. Mosquera-Mena, Francisco Molina, Mariana Peñuela-Vásquez
Increasing energy demands around the globe require alternative sources of energy. Considering the large amount of agro-industrial and agriculture-related activities in Colombia, energy generation from biomass waste is a promising option to meet the energy needs of the country. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a good alternative to use these wastes. In this study, several potential substrates for biogas generation using AD systems were identified through a literature review. Vinasses, palm oil industry residues, swine manure, coffee industry residues, and municipal solid wastes were found as potential substrates for AD. Considering factors such as composition, the amount of waste production, availability, and their relationship with important Colombian economic activities, three substrates were selected to perform biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiments. The selected substrates were swine manure (SM), palm oil mill effluent (POME), and coffee residues (CR). The obtained BMP values were 240, 465, and 314 NmLCH4/g VS, respectively. An analysis of kinetic parameters analysis was conducted for the BMP experiments, based on the logistic and Gompertz models. It was seen that the AD of SM starts faster than in the other evaluated substrates. Nevertheless, the overall methane production rate was the highest for POME, followed by CR. SM had the lowest methane production yield. The obtained values of BMP, kinetic parameters, and those collected during the literature review can be useful for the design and implementation of AD systems in Colombia. Moreover, attention should be paid to substrates such as POME, which have a high energy production potential.
{"title":"Evaluation of Potential Substrates for Biogas Production in Colombia using Anaerobic Digestion Systems","authors":"Aura Alexandra Ramón Vanegas, Juan E. Vásquez, Juan M. Delgado, Daniel Domínguez-Carvajal, Ana M. Mosquera-Mena, Francisco Molina, Mariana Peñuela-Vásquez","doi":"10.15446/ing.investig.100834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.100834","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing energy demands around the globe require alternative sources of energy. Considering the large amount of agro-industrial and agriculture-related activities in Colombia, energy generation from biomass waste is a promising option to meet the energy needs of the country. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a good alternative to use these wastes. In this study, several potential substrates for biogas generation using AD systems were identified through a literature review. Vinasses, palm oil industry residues, swine manure, coffee industry residues, and municipal solid wastes were found as potential substrates for AD. Considering factors such as composition, the amount of waste production, availability, and their relationship with important Colombian economic activities, three substrates were selected to perform biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiments. The selected substrates were swine manure (SM), palm oil mill effluent (POME), and coffee residues (CR). The obtained BMP values were 240, 465, and 314 NmLCH4/g VS, respectively. An analysis of kinetic parameters analysis was conducted for the BMP experiments, based on the logistic and Gompertz models. It was seen that the AD of SM starts faster than in the other evaluated substrates. Nevertheless, the overall methane production rate was the highest for POME, followed by CR. SM had the lowest methane production yield. The obtained values of BMP, kinetic parameters, and those collected during the literature review can be useful for the design and implementation of AD systems in Colombia. Moreover, attention should be paid to substrates such as POME, which have a high energy production potential.","PeriodicalId":21285,"journal":{"name":"Revista Ingenieria E Investigacion","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136006586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-12DOI: 10.15446/ing.investig.97848
Omar Gutiérrez-Benítez, David Javier Castro-Rodríguez, Víctor Manuel Serrano-Suárez, Enmanuel Casals-Pérez, Dayana Rabassa-Rabassa, Roberto Rafael Núñez-Moreira, Eudalys Ortiz-Guilarte, María Victoria Iglesias-Rodríguez
Nowadays, the generation of vast volumes of oily sludges is associated with industrial operations such as production, pretreatment, processing, water separation, and storage tank maintenance. Biopiles can be more efficient than other techniques for removing hydrocarbons in sludges, but their removal efficiency depends on operating variables. The goal of this study was to determine the best operating variable ranges at the bench scale to simultaneously optimize hydrocarbons removal in a biopile prototype. This research was conducted within the framework of a Cuban project and used an experimental protocol that integrates several standardized methods and engineering procedures into a series of steps. A Box-Behnken design was implemented for three factors and two response variables: the mass of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) removed and the final concentration of TPH. A simultaneous optimum was obtained for an initial TPH concentration of 39 278 mg·kg-1 and contents of texturizer and moisture of 6,45 and 25,95%, respectively. The obtained variable ranges ensure a compromise solution that maximizes the mass of TPH removed and keeps the contaminant concentration under the Cuban disposal regulations. The results have been used to set up the biopiles at a pilot scale as a subsequent stage of the project.
{"title":"Bench-Scale Biopile Hydrocarbons Removal Optimization Using the Response Surface Methodology and Simultaneous Optimization","authors":"Omar Gutiérrez-Benítez, David Javier Castro-Rodríguez, Víctor Manuel Serrano-Suárez, Enmanuel Casals-Pérez, Dayana Rabassa-Rabassa, Roberto Rafael Núñez-Moreira, Eudalys Ortiz-Guilarte, María Victoria Iglesias-Rodríguez","doi":"10.15446/ing.investig.97848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.97848","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, the generation of vast volumes of oily sludges is associated with industrial operations such as production, pretreatment, processing, water separation, and storage tank maintenance. Biopiles can be more efficient than other techniques for removing hydrocarbons in sludges, but their removal efficiency depends on operating variables. The goal of this study was to determine the best operating variable ranges at the bench scale to simultaneously optimize hydrocarbons removal in a biopile prototype. This research was conducted within the framework of a Cuban project and used an experimental protocol that integrates several standardized methods and engineering procedures into a series of steps. A Box-Behnken design was implemented for three factors and two response variables: the mass of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) removed and the final concentration of TPH. A simultaneous optimum was obtained for an initial TPH concentration of 39 278 mg·kg-1 and contents of texturizer and moisture of 6,45 and 25,95%, respectively. The obtained variable ranges ensure a compromise solution that maximizes the mass of TPH removed and keeps the contaminant concentration under the Cuban disposal regulations. The results have been used to set up the biopiles at a pilot scale as a subsequent stage of the project.","PeriodicalId":21285,"journal":{"name":"Revista Ingenieria E Investigacion","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136006581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：