Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-02
N. A. Giri, Simon Irvin, Haryanti Haryanti, S. Sudewi, Bejo Selamet, Clive M. Jones, Mujiono Mujiono
Feeding efficiency is an important factor that supports the success of lobster grow-out culture. This study aimed to investigate growth of different sex of lobsters after being fed with combination of compound and fresh feed in indoor tanks (experiment-1) and growth of male lobster fed with different co-feeding diets in net floating cages (experiment-2). In experiment-1, five replicates of ten lobsters (191.1 ± 18.1 g) for each different sex (i.e., all males, males and females, and all females) were reared in 2 × 2 × 1 m3 tanks with flow through water system and fed with combination of compound (75%) and fresh feed (25%) for 120 days. In experiment-2, four replicates of 20 all male lobsters (183.6 ± 17.6 g) were reared in 12 net cages of 2 × 2 × 2.5 m3 and were fed with compound feed only, compound feed (75%) and fresh feed (25%), and compound feed (75%) with mussel meat (25%) for 120 days. Experiment-1 showed that growth (quantified as weight gain) of all male lobsters was the highest (59.4 ± 10.0 g). Experiment-2 showed that compound feed combined with fresh feed resulted in higher growth of lobster (0.73 ± 0.17 g) than 100% compound feed. There was no difference in survival rate of lobster among the treatment in both experiments with 94 – 100% in experiment-1 and 75.2 to 85.0% in experiment-2. The mortality of lobster caused by Milky Hemolymph Disease (MHD) in floating cage was found higher than in indoor tanks.
{"title":"Growth Response of Lobster Panulirus Homarus Reared in Tanks and in Floating Net Cages Fed with Compound and Fresh Feed","authors":"N. A. Giri, Simon Irvin, Haryanti Haryanti, S. Sudewi, Bejo Selamet, Clive M. Jones, Mujiono Mujiono","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-02","url":null,"abstract":"Feeding efficiency is an important factor that supports the success of lobster grow-out culture. This study aimed to investigate growth of different sex of lobsters after being fed with combination of compound and fresh feed in indoor tanks (experiment-1) and growth of male lobster fed with different co-feeding diets in net floating cages (experiment-2). In experiment-1, five replicates of ten lobsters (191.1 ± 18.1 g) for each different sex (i.e., all males, males and females, and all females) were reared in 2 × 2 × 1 m3 tanks with flow through water system and fed with combination of compound (75%) and fresh feed (25%) for 120 days. In experiment-2, four replicates of 20 all male lobsters (183.6 ± 17.6 g) were reared in 12 net cages of 2 × 2 × 2.5 m3 and were fed with compound feed only, compound feed (75%) and fresh feed (25%), and compound feed (75%) with mussel meat (25%) for 120 days. Experiment-1 showed that growth (quantified as weight gain) of all male lobsters was the highest (59.4 ± 10.0 g). Experiment-2 showed that compound feed combined with fresh feed resulted in higher growth of lobster (0.73 ± 0.17 g) than 100% compound feed. There was no difference in survival rate of lobster among the treatment in both experiments with 94 – 100% in experiment-1 and 75.2 to 85.0% in experiment-2. The mortality of lobster caused by Milky Hemolymph Disease (MHD) in floating cage was found higher than in indoor tanks.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139308294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-15
Subash Nambiar Sree Pathi, Noraziah Mohamad Zin, Nurul Amira Abd Rahim, Nur Faizah Abu Bakar, Kon Ken Wong
Photocatalytic nanoparticles are new applications that can be used as coatings on surfaces through a photocatalytic process that reacts in the presence of chemical catalysts and light. The resulting reactive oxygen species (ROS) would damage pathogenic components and result in antimicrobial effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of photocatalytic nanoparticles on personal protective equipment (PPE), namely surgical gowns and masks. Antimicrobial testing of photocatalytic nanoparticles against PPE inoculated with pathogens was carried out. The growth log reduction of isolates tested on the photocatalytic nanoparticles-coated PPE showed 100% with growth reduction exceeding 4 log against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as well as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 but less than 50% reduction against Candida albicans ATCC 10231. For 20 h incubation periods, both bacteria showed growth reduction of at least 4 log with 99.99% of reduction. The 5 and 20 times washing effects showed an overall reduction of 99.99%-100% against both bacteria but less than 99.99% against C. albicans. Photocatalytic nanocoating produces an antimicrobial effect that helps to kill the tested pathogens and reduce the attachment of bacteria but not fungi, on the surface of PPE. This nanoparticle is capable of continuous self-disinfection to reduce the number of pathogens. The number of washing cycle also does not affect its function to reduce the number of pathogens.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Property of Photocatalytic Nanoparticles-Coated Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on Bacteria and Fungi","authors":"Subash Nambiar Sree Pathi, Noraziah Mohamad Zin, Nurul Amira Abd Rahim, Nur Faizah Abu Bakar, Kon Ken Wong","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-15","url":null,"abstract":"Photocatalytic nanoparticles are new applications that can be used as coatings on surfaces through a photocatalytic process that reacts in the presence of chemical catalysts and light. The resulting reactive oxygen species (ROS) would damage pathogenic components and result in antimicrobial effects. This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of photocatalytic nanoparticles on personal protective equipment (PPE), namely surgical gowns and masks. Antimicrobial testing of photocatalytic nanoparticles against PPE inoculated with pathogens was carried out. The growth log reduction of isolates tested on the photocatalytic nanoparticles-coated PPE showed 100% with growth reduction exceeding 4 log against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 as well as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 but less than 50% reduction against Candida albicans ATCC 10231. For 20 h incubation periods, both bacteria showed growth reduction of at least 4 log with 99.99% of reduction. The 5 and 20 times washing effects showed an overall reduction of 99.99%-100% against both bacteria but less than 99.99% against C. albicans. Photocatalytic nanocoating produces an antimicrobial effect that helps to kill the tested pathogens and reduce the attachment of bacteria but not fungi, on the surface of PPE. This nanoparticle is capable of continuous self-disinfection to reduce the number of pathogens. The number of washing cycle also does not affect its function to reduce the number of pathogens.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139307157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-18
N. Masseran, Razik Ridzuan Mohd Tajuddin, Mohd Talib Latif
The application of data mining technique in dealing with real problems is popular and ubiquitous in various knowledge domains. This study proposes the concept of severity measures correspond to the characteristics of duration and intensity size for evaluating unhealthy air pollution events. In parallel with that, the present study also proposes a decision tree as a predictive model to deal with a binary classification corresponding to extreme and non-extreme unhealthy air pollution events, which is established based on threshold of the power-law behavior. In a similar vein, other characteristics, such as duration and intensity size, were also determined as important related features. A case study was conducted using the air pollution index data of Klang, Malaysia, from January 1st, 1997 to August 31st, 2020. The results found that the decision tree model can provide a high degree of precision and generalization with 100% accuracy in classifying a class for extreme and non-extreme events for the air pollution severity in the Klang area. In addition, a duration size is the most influential feature that leads to the occurrence of an extreme air pollution event. Thus, this study also suggests that authorities should exercise some vigilance precautions with respect to pollution incidents with a consecutive duration exceeding 11 hours.
{"title":"Classifying Severity of Unhealthy Air Pollution Events in Malaysia: A Decision Tree Model","authors":"N. Masseran, Razik Ridzuan Mohd Tajuddin, Mohd Talib Latif","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-18","url":null,"abstract":"The application of data mining technique in dealing with real problems is popular and ubiquitous in various knowledge domains. This study proposes the concept of severity measures correspond to the characteristics of duration and intensity size for evaluating unhealthy air pollution events. In parallel with that, the present study also proposes a decision tree as a predictive model to deal with a binary classification corresponding to extreme and non-extreme unhealthy air pollution events, which is established based on threshold of the power-law behavior. In a similar vein, other characteristics, such as duration and intensity size, were also determined as important related features. A case study was conducted using the air pollution index data of Klang, Malaysia, from January 1st, 1997 to August 31st, 2020. The results found that the decision tree model can provide a high degree of precision and generalization with 100% accuracy in classifying a class for extreme and non-extreme events for the air pollution severity in the Klang area. In addition, a duration size is the most influential feature that leads to the occurrence of an extreme air pollution event. Thus, this study also suggests that authorities should exercise some vigilance precautions with respect to pollution incidents with a consecutive duration exceeding 11 hours.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"193 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139308741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-10
Herlina Rasyid, N. Soekamto, Syadza Firdausiah, Riska Mardiyanti, Bahrun Bahrun, Siswanto Siswanto, Muhammad Aswad Muhammad Aswad, Wahyu Dita Saputri, A. A. T. Suma, Nur Hilal Syahrir, R. Listyarini
The potency of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoline as an antimalarial agent has been studied through quantitative structure-activity relationship, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation as a combination of in silicostudies. The study commenced by applying quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) to 25 derivative compounds using 3D-descriptor. The genetic algorithm and multiple linear regression analysis were used to construct the QSAR model, which resulting an equation that has Rtraining as 0.8100 and Rtest set as 0.9222. Descriptors involved in the QSAR equation are TDB4 m, TDB8s, RDF30e, and RDF552, all of which belong to the group of 3D autocorrelation and RDF. This result is in line with the principal component analysis, which shows that both group descriptors represent whole 3D descriptors. Molecular docking analysis is conducted to study the interaction between pyrazoline derivatives and the falcipain-2 enzyme. Interactions between compound 14 and falcipain-2 is describing by hydrogen bond against Glu14 amino acid residue, more pi-stacking interaction, and van der Waals. Chloroquine as a positive control also presented one hydrogen bond with Gly83, pi-sulfur against Cys42, and van der Waals. The stability of the ligand–enzyme interaction is evaluated by molecular dynamics simulation, and after 100 ns simulations, the root mean square deviation results show that compound 14 and chloroquine have a stable interaction with the falcipain-2 enzyme. Overall, this research provides the insight of 1,3,5-trisubstitued pyrazoline compounds as antimalaria by giving a QSAR equation and used to design a better falcipain-2 inhibitors.
{"title":"Revealing the Potency of 1,3,5-Trisubstituted Pyrazoline as Antimalaria Through Combination of in Silico Studies","authors":"Herlina Rasyid, N. Soekamto, Syadza Firdausiah, Riska Mardiyanti, Bahrun Bahrun, Siswanto Siswanto, Muhammad Aswad Muhammad Aswad, Wahyu Dita Saputri, A. A. T. Suma, Nur Hilal Syahrir, R. Listyarini","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5210-10","url":null,"abstract":"The potency of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoline as an antimalarial agent has been studied through quantitative structure-activity relationship, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation as a combination of in silicostudies. The study commenced by applying quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) to 25 derivative compounds using 3D-descriptor. The genetic algorithm and multiple linear regression analysis were used to construct the QSAR model, which resulting an equation that has Rtraining as 0.8100 and Rtest set as 0.9222. Descriptors involved in the QSAR equation are TDB4 m, TDB8s, RDF30e, and RDF552, all of which belong to the group of 3D autocorrelation and RDF. This result is in line with the principal component analysis, which shows that both group descriptors represent whole 3D descriptors. Molecular docking analysis is conducted to study the interaction between pyrazoline derivatives and the falcipain-2 enzyme. Interactions between compound 14 and falcipain-2 is describing by hydrogen bond against Glu14 amino acid residue, more pi-stacking interaction, and van der Waals. Chloroquine as a positive control also presented one hydrogen bond with Gly83, pi-sulfur against Cys42, and van der Waals. The stability of the ligand–enzyme interaction is evaluated by molecular dynamics simulation, and after 100 ns simulations, the root mean square deviation results show that compound 14 and chloroquine have a stable interaction with the falcipain-2 enzyme. Overall, this research provides the insight of 1,3,5-trisubstitued pyrazoline compounds as antimalaria by giving a QSAR equation and used to design a better falcipain-2 inhibitors.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"336 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139309528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-05
Rina Dwi Indriana, Hijrah Saputra, M. Mariyanto, Eleonora Agustin, Mimin Iryanti, C. A. Hapsoro
Mud volcano material is generally rich in oxides, while oxides are the main compounds forming rare earth elements. Bledug Kuwu, Central Java, Indonesia, is one of the active mud volcanoes, so there may be rare earth elements. This research is the characterization of rare earth elements (REE) in the Bledug Kuwu mud using magnetic and geochemical methods. Magnetic characterization uses magnetic susceptibility measurements. The geochemical characterization of the mud samples consisted of the XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), ICP-EOS (inductively coupled plasma) test, and the SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) test. The results of the geochemical analysis of the Bledug Kuwu mud sample were the content of quartz, kaolinite, and calcite with an average concentration of 42.26%, 23.67%, and 33.96%. The susceptibility of Kuwu's mud is 0 because the concentration of metal elements is low; according to the results of XRF, XRD, and SEM tests identified the main mud elements as C, O, Si, Ca, and Al. The rare earth elements in Kuwu's mud are Ce, Dy, Eu, Gd, Ho, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Y, and Sc. The highest concentrations were Ce 52.22 ppm and La 47.95 ppm.
泥火山物质一般富含氧化物，而氧化物是形成稀土元素的主要化合物。印度尼西亚中爪哇的 Bledug Kuwu 是活泥火山之一，因此可能存在稀土元素。本研究使用磁性和地球化学方法对 Bledug Kuwu 泥浆中的稀土元素（REE）进行表征。磁性表征使用磁感应强度测量。淤泥样本的地球化学表征包括 XRF（X 射线荧光）、XRD（X 射线衍射）、ICP-EOS（电感耦合等离子体）测试和 SEM-EDS（扫描电子显微镜-能量色散 X 射线光谱）测试。Bledug Kuwu 淤泥样本的地球化学分析结果显示，石英、高岭石和方解石的平均含量分别为 42.26%、23.67% 和 33.96%。根据 XRF、XRD 和 SEM 测试结果，确定库乌淤泥的主要元素为 C、O、Si、Ca 和 Al。Kuwu 泥中的稀土元素有 Ce、Dy、Eu、Gd、Ho、La、Nd、Pr、Sm、Tb、Y 和 Sc。最高浓度为 Ce 52.22 ppm 和 La 47.95 ppm。
{"title":"Rare Earth Element Characterization of Bledug Kuwu Mud Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, based on Geochemical Analyzes (Susceptibility, XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS and ICP-EOS)","authors":"Rina Dwi Indriana, Hijrah Saputra, M. Mariyanto, Eleonora Agustin, Mimin Iryanti, C. A. Hapsoro","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-05","url":null,"abstract":"Mud volcano material is generally rich in oxides, while oxides are the main compounds forming rare earth elements. Bledug Kuwu, Central Java, Indonesia, is one of the active mud volcanoes, so there may be rare earth elements. This research is the characterization of rare earth elements (REE) in the Bledug Kuwu mud using magnetic and geochemical methods. Magnetic characterization uses magnetic susceptibility measurements. The geochemical characterization of the mud samples consisted of the XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), ICP-EOS (inductively coupled plasma) test, and the SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) test. The results of the geochemical analysis of the Bledug Kuwu mud sample were the content of quartz, kaolinite, and calcite with an average concentration of 42.26%, 23.67%, and 33.96%. The susceptibility of Kuwu's mud is 0 because the concentration of metal elements is low; according to the results of XRF, XRD, and SEM tests identified the main mud elements as C, O, Si, Ca, and Al. The rare earth elements in Kuwu's mud are Ce, Dy, Eu, Gd, Ho, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Tb, Y, and Sc. The highest concentrations were Ce 52.22 ppm and La 47.95 ppm.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139331896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-02
S. Senarat, Naritsara Saeluea, E. Mongkolchaichana, Natthawut Charoenphon, Sittichaya Wisut, Thaochan Narit, Poolprasert Pisit, Kenthao Anan, Attasopa Korrawat, Boonyoung Piyakorn
The structure and cell types of the organs of Halobates hayanus from Libong Island, Thailand, were investigated using a histological method. The integumentary system of this species consists of three layers: epicuticle, exocuticle, and endocuticle. Throughout the body, the muscular system exclusively included skeletal muscle. In the excretory system, we found four fully formed Malpighian tubules, each one lined with a straightforward cuboidal epithelium harbouring secretory granules. The digestive system comprised a foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The midgut had three distinct cell types: basal cells, epithelium, and absorptive cells. The nervous system comprised two regions: A ventral nerve cord and a frontal ganglion, which is connected to the eye structure. The frontal ganglion was composed of two lobes each containing an outer cortex and inner medulla. The outer cortex presented neurosecretory cells, neuroglia cells, and neurons. The neurosecretory cells were large and contained secretory granules in their cytoplasm. This histological study also showed the reproductive system of this gerrid species, including the reproductive tract, and the accessory organ.
{"title":"Systemic Histology of the Marine Water-Strider Halobates hayanus (Heteropera, Gerridae)","authors":"S. Senarat, Naritsara Saeluea, E. Mongkolchaichana, Natthawut Charoenphon, Sittichaya Wisut, Thaochan Narit, Poolprasert Pisit, Kenthao Anan, Attasopa Korrawat, Boonyoung Piyakorn","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-02","url":null,"abstract":"The structure and cell types of the organs of Halobates hayanus from Libong Island, Thailand, were investigated using a histological method. The integumentary system of this species consists of three layers: epicuticle, exocuticle, and endocuticle. Throughout the body, the muscular system exclusively included skeletal muscle. In the excretory system, we found four fully formed Malpighian tubules, each one lined with a straightforward cuboidal epithelium harbouring secretory granules. The digestive system comprised a foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The midgut had three distinct cell types: basal cells, epithelium, and absorptive cells. The nervous system comprised two regions: A ventral nerve cord and a frontal ganglion, which is connected to the eye structure. The frontal ganglion was composed of two lobes each containing an outer cortex and inner medulla. The outer cortex presented neurosecretory cells, neuroglia cells, and neurons. The neurosecretory cells were large and contained secretory granules in their cytoplasm. This histological study also showed the reproductive system of this gerrid species, including the reproductive tract, and the accessory organ.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-08
Nur Huda- Faujan, S. I. Zubairi, Auni Afiqah Ahmad Baker
In recent years, overwhelming studies have recognized the excellent functional and nutritional properties of green leafy vegetables that can be gained through a proper human diet. Among the vegetables studied, Spinacia oleraceaLinn. or commonly known as spinach is widely being acknowledged for having a diverse range of nutritional composition and bioactive phytochemical compounds. Spinach, which is grouped under the Amaranthaceae family, contains various beneficial effects owing to their nutritional compositions, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibre, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive constituents that are directly linked to various bio-functional properties. The valuable bio-constituent of polyphenols that exist in spinach contributes to its effective antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the antioxidant from spinach extract is a promising source of natural antioxidants to replace the harmful effect of synthetic antioxidants. Moreover, it can inhibit cellular oxidative damage, increase storage stability, and restrict the growth of a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, which offers a huge prospect for potential food application. Therefore, the main attention of this review was to highlight the effective antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of phytochemical compounds in spinach extract. Additionally, this review provided a comprehensive description of the wide range of food applications with regards to the use of spinach extract.
{"title":"Nutritional and Bioactive Constituents of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties in Spinacia oleracea: A Review","authors":"Nur Huda- Faujan, S. I. Zubairi, Auni Afiqah Ahmad Baker","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-08","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, overwhelming studies have recognized the excellent functional and nutritional properties of green leafy vegetables that can be gained through a proper human diet. Among the vegetables studied, Spinacia oleraceaLinn. or commonly known as spinach is widely being acknowledged for having a diverse range of nutritional composition and bioactive phytochemical compounds. Spinach, which is grouped under the Amaranthaceae family, contains various beneficial effects owing to their nutritional compositions, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibre, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive constituents that are directly linked to various bio-functional properties. The valuable bio-constituent of polyphenols that exist in spinach contributes to its effective antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the antioxidant from spinach extract is a promising source of natural antioxidants to replace the harmful effect of synthetic antioxidants. Moreover, it can inhibit cellular oxidative damage, increase storage stability, and restrict the growth of a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, which offers a huge prospect for potential food application. Therefore, the main attention of this review was to highlight the effective antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of phytochemical compounds in spinach extract. Additionally, this review provided a comprehensive description of the wide range of food applications with regards to the use of spinach extract.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139331848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-12
H. Ng, Jamie May Ling Ng, Y. Ngeow
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive foodborne pathogen capable of causing a foodborne infectionknown as listeriosis. There are two main types of listeriosis: a non-invasive gastroenteritis and an invasive infection which is often associated with a high mortality and hospitalization rate among susceptible individuals. Gentamicin, used as an adjunct therapy with ampicillin, remains the treatment of choice for the life-threatening invasive listeriosis. Nevertheless, there is little data on gentamicin resistance determinants in L. monocytogenes. Several well-controlled studies have reported that mechanisms of gentamicin resistance in this organism involve active efflux and genetic determinants that affect the uptake of the antibiotic through altered membrane potential. This mini review summarises current knowledge of genetic determinants of gentamicin resistance in L. monocytogenes, with the aim of contributing information that could facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic approaches to overcome, delay or avoid developments of drug resistance in this foodborne pathogen.
{"title":"Mechanisms of Gentamicin Resistance in Listeria Monocytogenes: A Mini Review","authors":"H. Ng, Jamie May Ling Ng, Y. Ngeow","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-12","url":null,"abstract":"Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive foodborne pathogen capable of causing a foodborne infectionknown as listeriosis. There are two main types of listeriosis: a non-invasive gastroenteritis and an invasive infection which is often associated with a high mortality and hospitalization rate among susceptible individuals. Gentamicin, used as an adjunct therapy with ampicillin, remains the treatment of choice for the life-threatening invasive listeriosis. Nevertheless, there is little data on gentamicin resistance determinants in L. monocytogenes. Several well-controlled studies have reported that mechanisms of gentamicin resistance in this organism involve active efflux and genetic determinants that affect the uptake of the antibiotic through altered membrane potential. This mini review summarises current knowledge of genetic determinants of gentamicin resistance in L. monocytogenes, with the aim of contributing information that could facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic approaches to overcome, delay or avoid developments of drug resistance in this foodborne pathogen.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-04
Kausarian Husnul, Ahmad Rifai Batubara, Puji Astuti Puji Astuti, J. Sumantyo, Muhammad Zainuddin Lubis
Rupat Island is the outermost part of Indonesia which borders Malaysia. This island is part of Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province, located at 02° 4.911'N-101° 27,191'E. This study uses primary data from field observations and secondary data in Landsat 7ETM+ Time Series image data and other supporting data. The descriptive method is carried out in the form of geological interpretation in the field, determination of validation points and then analysis using GIS/visual interpretation to obtain shoreline changes that occurred in the northern part of Rupat Island from the year 2000 to 2017. Additional data used were sea current and pattern and wind direction and speed. Validation points are used to obtain detailed calculations related to this coastline change: Tanjung Api area to Teluk Rhu and Tanjung Lapin get the measurement results experienced the most accretion occurred in 2013 was 167.21 m, and the most abrasion in 2016 was 72.77 m. The biggest change occurred in 2013 when the accretion occurred at 375.5 Ha, and the most abrasion occurred in 2014 at 50.63 Ha. Meanwhile, for shoreline changes, the minimum annual coastline length in 2004 was 19.04 km, and the normal coastline length in 2015 was 28.26 km. The maximum length of the coastline occurred in 2013 was 36.53 km.
{"title":"17 Years of Coastline Changes Observation in the Northern Part of Rupat Island Using Landsat 7 ETM + Time Series Imagery (2000-2017); A Case Study of the Country’s Border Between Indonesia – Malaysia","authors":"Kausarian Husnul, Ahmad Rifai Batubara, Puji Astuti Puji Astuti, J. Sumantyo, Muhammad Zainuddin Lubis","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-04","url":null,"abstract":"Rupat Island is the outermost part of Indonesia which borders Malaysia. This island is part of Bengkalis Regency, Riau Province, located at 02° 4.911'N-101° 27,191'E. This study uses primary data from field observations and secondary data in Landsat 7ETM+ Time Series image data and other supporting data. The descriptive method is carried out in the form of geological interpretation in the field, determination of validation points and then analysis using GIS/visual interpretation to obtain shoreline changes that occurred in the northern part of Rupat Island from the year 2000 to 2017. Additional data used were sea current and pattern and wind direction and speed. Validation points are used to obtain detailed calculations related to this coastline change: Tanjung Api area to Teluk Rhu and Tanjung Lapin get the measurement results experienced the most accretion occurred in 2013 was 167.21 m, and the most abrasion in 2016 was 72.77 m. The biggest change occurred in 2013 when the accretion occurred at 375.5 Ha, and the most abrasion occurred in 2014 at 50.63 Ha. Meanwhile, for shoreline changes, the minimum annual coastline length in 2004 was 19.04 km, and the normal coastline length in 2015 was 28.26 km. The maximum length of the coastline occurred in 2013 was 36.53 km.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"29 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-09
H. P. Chua, Daniel Nicholas
The growing worldwide emphasis on health and wellness, leading to increased demand for natural plant-based ingredients in foods. This shift is driven by concerns over synthetic additives in processed foods, giving rise to the popularity of plant-based functional foods. The global functional food market is projected to reach $275.77 billion by 2025, with a surge in demand for plant-based immune-boosting products due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Malaysian herbs, with their rich history of culinary and traditional use, are gaining attention as functional ingredients. However, their incorporation into food products requires more advanced processing methods and research. Malaysia's biodiversity offers untapped economic potential, and the country's herbal industry is experiencing growth in exports and research investments. Herbal ingredients, containing active phytochemicals, are sometimes referred to as botanical substances and can be incorporated into formulations for functional foods. The review classifies herbal-based food products as herbal medicine, botanical food, or food-drug interphase (FDI). Herbal processing methods are crucial for ensuring the functionality of herbal-based products. Primary processing steps include sorting, cutting, drying, and grinding. Specific processing functions involve retaining active compound contents, enhancing effectiveness, reducing toxicity or side effects, and changing active compound properties or functions. The review also discusses the application of herb combinations in functional foods, highlighting the need for careful consideration of interactions between herbs and other components. Approaches to functional food development in Malaysia include refining existing products, creating new formulations, and integrating novel processing technologies. Future research directions include enhancing bioavailability and functionality of active compounds, exploring nanosystem technology, and incorporating nutrigenomics for disease prevention through dietary interventions.
{"title":"Processing of Herbal-Based Natural Products and Functional Foods: A Review","authors":"H. P. Chua, Daniel Nicholas","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-09","url":null,"abstract":"The growing worldwide emphasis on health and wellness, leading to increased demand for natural plant-based ingredients in foods. This shift is driven by concerns over synthetic additives in processed foods, giving rise to the popularity of plant-based functional foods. The global functional food market is projected to reach $275.77 billion by 2025, with a surge in demand for plant-based immune-boosting products due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Malaysian herbs, with their rich history of culinary and traditional use, are gaining attention as functional ingredients. However, their incorporation into food products requires more advanced processing methods and research. Malaysia's biodiversity offers untapped economic potential, and the country's herbal industry is experiencing growth in exports and research investments. Herbal ingredients, containing active phytochemicals, are sometimes referred to as botanical substances and can be incorporated into formulations for functional foods. The review classifies herbal-based food products as herbal medicine, botanical food, or food-drug interphase (FDI). Herbal processing methods are crucial for ensuring the functionality of herbal-based products. Primary processing steps include sorting, cutting, drying, and grinding. Specific processing functions involve retaining active compound contents, enhancing effectiveness, reducing toxicity or side effects, and changing active compound properties or functions. The review also discusses the application of herb combinations in functional foods, highlighting the need for careful consideration of interactions between herbs and other components. Approaches to functional food development in Malaysia include refining existing products, creating new formulations, and integrating novel processing technologies. Future research directions include enhancing bioavailability and functionality of active compounds, exploring nanosystem technology, and incorporating nutrigenomics for disease prevention through dietary interventions.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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