Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-09
H. P. Chua, Daniel Nicholas
The growing worldwide emphasis on health and wellness, leading to increased demand for natural plant-based ingredients in foods. This shift is driven by concerns over synthetic additives in processed foods, giving rise to the popularity of plant-based functional foods. The global functional food market is projected to reach $275.77 billion by 2025, with a surge in demand for plant-based immune-boosting products due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Malaysian herbs, with their rich history of culinary and traditional use, are gaining attention as functional ingredients. However, their incorporation into food products requires more advanced processing methods and research. Malaysia's biodiversity offers untapped economic potential, and the country's herbal industry is experiencing growth in exports and research investments. Herbal ingredients, containing active phytochemicals, are sometimes referred to as botanical substances and can be incorporated into formulations for functional foods. The review classifies herbal-based food products as herbal medicine, botanical food, or food-drug interphase (FDI). Herbal processing methods are crucial for ensuring the functionality of herbal-based products. Primary processing steps include sorting, cutting, drying, and grinding. Specific processing functions involve retaining active compound contents, enhancing effectiveness, reducing toxicity or side effects, and changing active compound properties or functions. The review also discusses the application of herb combinations in functional foods, highlighting the need for careful consideration of interactions between herbs and other components. Approaches to functional food development in Malaysia include refining existing products, creating new formulations, and integrating novel processing technologies. Future research directions include enhancing bioavailability and functionality of active compounds, exploring nanosystem technology, and incorporating nutrigenomics for disease prevention through dietary interventions.
{"title":"Processing of Herbal-Based Natural Products and Functional Foods: A Review","authors":"H. P. Chua, Daniel Nicholas","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-09","url":null,"abstract":"The growing worldwide emphasis on health and wellness, leading to increased demand for natural plant-based ingredients in foods. This shift is driven by concerns over synthetic additives in processed foods, giving rise to the popularity of plant-based functional foods. The global functional food market is projected to reach $275.77 billion by 2025, with a surge in demand for plant-based immune-boosting products due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Malaysian herbs, with their rich history of culinary and traditional use, are gaining attention as functional ingredients. However, their incorporation into food products requires more advanced processing methods and research. Malaysia's biodiversity offers untapped economic potential, and the country's herbal industry is experiencing growth in exports and research investments. Herbal ingredients, containing active phytochemicals, are sometimes referred to as botanical substances and can be incorporated into formulations for functional foods. The review classifies herbal-based food products as herbal medicine, botanical food, or food-drug interphase (FDI). Herbal processing methods are crucial for ensuring the functionality of herbal-based products. Primary processing steps include sorting, cutting, drying, and grinding. Specific processing functions involve retaining active compound contents, enhancing effectiveness, reducing toxicity or side effects, and changing active compound properties or functions. The review also discusses the application of herb combinations in functional foods, highlighting the need for careful consideration of interactions between herbs and other components. Approaches to functional food development in Malaysia include refining existing products, creating new formulations, and integrating novel processing technologies. Future research directions include enhancing bioavailability and functionality of active compounds, exploring nanosystem technology, and incorporating nutrigenomics for disease prevention through dietary interventions.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microplastic (MP) ingestion has been reported in several marine species but knowledge regarding MPs in freshwater species is limited, with only a few studies on the occurrence of MPs in freshwater fish, particularly in Thai freshwater ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of MPs for the first time in the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) of freshwater fishes from the Nong Luang Wetland, Chiang Rai, Thailand. A total of 100 fish specimens representing 15 species from 8 families were examined. Basic fish measurements as total length and total weight were used to calculate Fulton’s condition index (F). The GITs were subsequently removed and MPs were extracted by visual inspection and digestion solution. Qualitative attributes such as color and MP types (fibers, rod-shaped and fragments) were also recorded. Results showed relatively low MP prevalence at 21.0%, with 25 MP particles removed from the GITs of specimens representing 7 species. The number of ingested MP particles ranged between 1 and 4 per fish, with an average of 1.19±0.68. MP particles were categorized as fibers (92.0%), rod-shaped (4.0%) and fragments (4.0%) with blue fibers the most prevalent. No significant correlations were observed between the number of MP particles and the body length, weight, and F value of fish. These findings provide the first evidence of MP contamination in fishes from a Thai wetland as a baseline for future studies and risk assessments on the biota of many aquatic systems spread across the country.
{"title":"First Evidence of Microplastics Ingestion by Freshwater Fishes from Nong Luang Wetland (Chiang Rai, Thailand)","authors":"Chantima Kittichai, SUK-UENG Krittawit, Paridchaya Intep PARIDCHAYA INTEP, Vittayapadung Saritporn","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-01","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastic (MP) ingestion has been reported in several marine species but knowledge regarding MPs in freshwater species is limited, with only a few studies on the occurrence of MPs in freshwater fish, particularly in Thai freshwater ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of MPs for the first time in the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) of freshwater fishes from the Nong Luang Wetland, Chiang Rai, Thailand. A total of 100 fish specimens representing 15 species from 8 families were examined. Basic fish measurements as total length and total weight were used to calculate Fulton’s condition index (F). The GITs were subsequently removed and MPs were extracted by visual inspection and digestion solution. Qualitative attributes such as color and MP types (fibers, rod-shaped and fragments) were also recorded. Results showed relatively low MP prevalence at 21.0%, with 25 MP particles removed from the GITs of specimens representing 7 species. The number of ingested MP particles ranged between 1 and 4 per fish, with an average of 1.19±0.68. MP particles were categorized as fibers (92.0%), rod-shaped (4.0%) and fragments (4.0%) with blue fibers the most prevalent. No significant correlations were observed between the number of MP particles and the body length, weight, and F value of fish. These findings provide the first evidence of MP contamination in fishes from a Thai wetland as a baseline for future studies and risk assessments on the biota of many aquatic systems spread across the country.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-11
Syamimi Omar, N. Karim, Nur Shafarahzatin Ramli, H. Othman
Penyelidikan selama 16 minggu telah dijalankan untuk menilai impak semburan Isi Padu Ultra-Rendah (ULV) minyak pati Piper aduncum ke atas populasi vektor di lapangan dengan sipermetrin berfungsi sebagai kawalan positif. Kedua-duanya dinilai terhadap sentinel dewasa yang diberi gula dan larva instar ke-3 Aedes aegypti di kawasan perumahan yang mewakili kawasan wabak denggi manakala Ae. albopictus diuji di kawasan bukan wabak. Kesan minyak pati tumbuhan dan piretroid terhadap populasi lapangan larva Ae. aegypti dipantau setiap minggu menggunakan bekas botol. Setiap kawasan mempunyai kawasan kawalannya tersendiri yang disembur dengan aseton 0.1% (kawalan negatif). Kesan penggunaan semburan ULV diukur dengan indeks ovitrap (OI) dalam rumah dan luar rumah. Pengurangan OI yang ketara diperhatikan di dalam dan di luar, di kawasan yang dirawat berbanding dengan kawasan kawalan (p <0.05). Pengurangan OI dicapai dari semasa ke semasa di kawasan yang dirawat terutama setiap kali selepas semburan dilakukan. Kedua-dua ekstrak P. aduncum dan cypermethrin menunjukkan potensi kesan membunuh terhadap nyamuk dewasa di lapangan. Menariknya minyak pati P. aduncum menunjukkan potensi sebagai larvisid apabila memberikan kematian 75.7% untuk luar rumah dan 48.5% untuk larva di dalam rumah selepas semburan yang signifikan pada p<0.05. Secara kesimpulannya, minyak pati P. aduncum yang disembur secara semburan ULV berkesan dalam memberikan impak terhadap populasi vektor denggi dan memberikan kesan ke atas larva yang secara tidak langsung telah menyebabkan penindasan populasi larva lapangan.
我们进行了一项为期 16 周的调查，以评估超低容量（ULV）胡椒淀粉油对野外病媒种群的影响，并以氯氰菊酯作为阳性对照。在代表登革热疫情爆发区的居民区中，对喂食糖的埃及伊蚊成虫和三龄幼虫进行了评估，同时在非疫情爆发区对白纹伊蚊进行了测试。使用瓶式托盘每周监测植物淀粉油和除虫菊酯对埃及伊蚊幼虫田间种群的影响。每个区域都有自己的对照区，对照区喷洒的是 0.1% 丙酮（阴性对照）。使用超低容量喷雾的效果是通过屋内和屋外的誘蚊產卵器指数（OI）来衡量的。与对照组相比，处理区室内外的 OI 都有明显下降（p < 0.05）。处理区的 OI 每次都有所降低，尤其是在每次爆破后。腺嘌呤提取物和氯氰菊酯都显示出对现场成蚊的潜在杀灭效果。有趣的是，P. aduncum 淀粉油显示出了杀幼虫剂的潜力，喷洒后室外幼虫的死亡率为 75.7%，室内幼虫的死亡率为 48.5%，P<0.05。总之，以超低容量喷雾器喷洒的 P. aduncum 淀粉油能有效影响登革热病媒种群，并对幼虫产生影响，从而间接抑制田间幼虫种群。
{"title":"Impak Semburan Isipadu Ultra-Rendah Minyak Pati Piper aduncum L. terhadap Populasi Vektor Denggi di Kawasan Wabak dan Bukan Wabak di Selangor, Malaysia","authors":"Syamimi Omar, N. Karim, Nur Shafarahzatin Ramli, H. Othman","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-11","url":null,"abstract":"Penyelidikan selama 16 minggu telah dijalankan untuk menilai impak semburan Isi Padu Ultra-Rendah (ULV) minyak pati Piper aduncum ke atas populasi vektor di lapangan dengan sipermetrin berfungsi sebagai kawalan positif. Kedua-duanya dinilai terhadap sentinel dewasa yang diberi gula dan larva instar ke-3 Aedes aegypti di kawasan perumahan yang mewakili kawasan wabak denggi manakala Ae. albopictus diuji di kawasan bukan wabak. Kesan minyak pati tumbuhan dan piretroid terhadap populasi lapangan larva Ae. aegypti dipantau setiap minggu menggunakan bekas botol. Setiap kawasan mempunyai kawasan kawalannya tersendiri yang disembur dengan aseton 0.1% (kawalan negatif). Kesan penggunaan semburan ULV diukur dengan indeks ovitrap (OI) dalam rumah dan luar rumah. Pengurangan OI yang ketara diperhatikan di dalam dan di luar, di kawasan yang dirawat berbanding dengan kawasan kawalan (p <0.05). Pengurangan OI dicapai dari semasa ke semasa di kawasan yang dirawat terutama setiap kali selepas semburan dilakukan. Kedua-dua ekstrak P. aduncum dan cypermethrin menunjukkan potensi kesan membunuh terhadap nyamuk dewasa di lapangan. Menariknya minyak pati P. aduncum menunjukkan potensi sebagai larvisid apabila memberikan kematian 75.7% untuk luar rumah dan 48.5% untuk larva di dalam rumah selepas semburan yang signifikan pada p<0.05. Secara kesimpulannya, minyak pati P. aduncum yang disembur secara semburan ULV berkesan dalam memberikan impak terhadap populasi vektor denggi dan memberikan kesan ke atas larva yang secara tidak langsung telah menyebabkan penindasan populasi larva lapangan.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-15
Sri Nabawiyati Nurul Makiyah, Y. Christina, A. H. Ahkam
Dioscorea alata (DA) tubers contain some compounds of potential anti-cancer agents. However, despite its potential, there has been limited investigation on the potential anti-cancer agent of DA, especially in breast cancer cells. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the anti-cancer effect of ethanolic extract of DA tubers against the MCF-7 cell lines in vitro and in silico. The in vitro study was carried out by cytotoxicity effect using MTT assay. The in silico study examined active ingredients, determined anti-cancer activity, analyzed the protein target, protein-protein interactions, and molecular docking. The study results showed that the high-concentration ethanolic extract of DA tubers exhibited the highest decrease in MCF-7 cell viability with an IC50 value of 50.98 g/mL and can be categorized as a promising anti-cancer agent. As many as 34 active compounds belonging to anthocyanins, saponins, and flavonoids were screened. Active compounds of DA tubers with a violation score < 2 were analyzed for their biological potentials. Ten compounds of DA with the highest potency were selected for docking analysis with the targeted protein EGFR. The in-silico study showed that 21 bioactive compounds contribute to the anti-cancer activity of DA. Chlorogenic acid is the most promising bioactive compound as an anti-cancer since it is the most similar to the anti-cancer drug. Meanwhile, dihydroquercetin has a low binding affinity value, requiring less energy to bind to proteins in cancer signaling indicated that this compound is promising as anti-cancer. This study suggested that the ethanolic extract of DA tubers can be considered an anti-cancer agent against the MCF-7 cell line in vitro by regulating genetic mutations, apoptosis, and cell proliferation.
薯蓣（Dioscorea alata，DA）块茎含有一些潜在的抗癌剂化合物。然而，尽管薯蓣皂苷具有潜在的抗癌作用，但对其潜在抗癌作用的调查却很有限，尤其是对乳腺癌细胞的抗癌作用。因此，本研究旨在研究 DA 块茎乙醇提取物对 MCF-7 细胞株的体外和体内抗癌作用。体外研究采用 MTT 法检测细胞毒性效应。硅学研究考察了活性成分，确定了抗癌活性，分析了蛋白质靶点、蛋白质间相互作用和分子对接。研究结果表明，DA块茎的高浓度乙醇提取物对MCF-7细胞活力的降低幅度最大，IC50值为50.98 g/mL，可归类为一种有前景的抗癌剂。共筛选出 34 种属于花青素、皂苷和黄酮类的活性化合物。对违规分数小于 2 的 DA 块茎活性化合物进行了生物潜力分析。筛选出 10 种药效最高的 DA 化合物，与目标蛋白表皮生长因子受体进行对接分析。这项研究表明，21 种生物活性化合物有助于提高地黄的抗癌活性。绿原酸是最有希望抗癌的生物活性化合物，因为它与抗癌药物最为相似。同时，二氢槲皮素的结合亲和值较低，与癌症信号转导中的蛋白质结合所需的能量较少，这表明该化合物具有抗癌前景。这项研究表明，DA 块茎的乙醇提取物可通过调节基因突变、细胞凋亡和细胞增殖，在体外对 MCF-7 细胞株起到抗癌作用。
{"title":"Dioscorea Alata Extract as Anti-Cancer Agent by Regulating Genetic Mutations, Apoptosis, and Cell Proliferation: In Vitro and in Silico Studies","authors":"Sri Nabawiyati Nurul Makiyah, Y. Christina, A. H. Ahkam","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-15","url":null,"abstract":"Dioscorea alata (DA) tubers contain some compounds of potential anti-cancer agents. However, despite its potential, there has been limited investigation on the potential anti-cancer agent of DA, especially in breast cancer cells. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the anti-cancer effect of ethanolic extract of DA tubers against the MCF-7 cell lines in vitro and in silico. The in vitro study was carried out by cytotoxicity effect using MTT assay. The in silico study examined active ingredients, determined anti-cancer activity, analyzed the protein target, protein-protein interactions, and molecular docking. The study results showed that the high-concentration ethanolic extract of DA tubers exhibited the highest decrease in MCF-7 cell viability with an IC50 value of 50.98 g/mL and can be categorized as a promising anti-cancer agent. As many as 34 active compounds belonging to anthocyanins, saponins, and flavonoids were screened. Active compounds of DA tubers with a violation score < 2 were analyzed for their biological potentials. Ten compounds of DA with the highest potency were selected for docking analysis with the targeted protein EGFR. The in-silico study showed that 21 bioactive compounds contribute to the anti-cancer activity of DA. Chlorogenic acid is the most promising bioactive compound as an anti-cancer since it is the most similar to the anti-cancer drug. Meanwhile, dihydroquercetin has a low binding affinity value, requiring less energy to bind to proteins in cancer signaling indicated that this compound is promising as anti-cancer. This study suggested that the ethanolic extract of DA tubers can be considered an anti-cancer agent against the MCF-7 cell line in vitro by regulating genetic mutations, apoptosis, and cell proliferation.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-17
Nur Alia Sahira Azmi, Kam Sheng Lau, Siew Xian Chin, S. Zakaria, Shahariar Chowdhury Shahariar Chowdhury, Chin Hua Chia
Recycled carbon black (rCB) produced by pyrolysis has a low value because it contains high levels of impurities, such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Various treatments have been proposed using chemicals to purify and improve the properties of rCB. In this study, rCB was treated with toluene (rCB-T), followed by subsequent treatment using acids HCl (rCB-T-HCl), HNO3 (rCB-T-HNO3), and HCl-HNO3 (rCB-T-HCl-HNO3). The treated rCB samples were characterized using CHNS analyser, scanning electron microscope, BET analyser, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The adsorption of methylene blue dye onto the rCB samples was also investigated to study the effectiveness of the treatments. Treatment with toluene alone was insufficient to increase the carbon content and surface area of the rCB. Subsequent treatment of rCB with acids, especially HNO3, significantly increases the carbon content, surface area, surface functional groups, and surface charge of the rCB. This results in an increased adsorption capacity of the rCB, from 6.04 mg/g to 46.51 mg/g for the rCB-HNO3 and 54.80 mg/g for the rCB-T-HCl-HNO3.
{"title":"Study on Effect of Toluene-Acid Treatments of Recycled Carbon Black from Waste Tyres: Physico-Chemical Analyses and Adsorption Performance","authors":"Nur Alia Sahira Azmi, Kam Sheng Lau, Siew Xian Chin, S. Zakaria, Shahariar Chowdhury Shahariar Chowdhury, Chin Hua Chia","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-17","url":null,"abstract":"Recycled carbon black (rCB) produced by pyrolysis has a low value because it contains high levels of impurities, such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Various treatments have been proposed using chemicals to purify and improve the properties of rCB. In this study, rCB was treated with toluene (rCB-T), followed by subsequent treatment using acids HCl (rCB-T-HCl), HNO3 (rCB-T-HNO3), and HCl-HNO3 (rCB-T-HCl-HNO3). The treated rCB samples were characterized using CHNS analyser, scanning electron microscope, BET analyser, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The adsorption of methylene blue dye onto the rCB samples was also investigated to study the effectiveness of the treatments. Treatment with toluene alone was insufficient to increase the carbon content and surface area of the rCB. Subsequent treatment of rCB with acids, especially HNO3, significantly increases the carbon content, surface area, surface functional groups, and surface charge of the rCB. This results in an increased adsorption capacity of the rCB, from 6.04 mg/g to 46.51 mg/g for the rCB-HNO3 and 54.80 mg/g for the rCB-T-HCl-HNO3.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139331698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-14
Nor Shahidah Mohd Nazer, Ahmed Mohamed Kotb Shahin, Azlan Shah Nerwan Shah, T. Goh, M. R. Umor, Mohamad Anuri Ghazali
Relative density is one of the most important properties indicating the strength and state of compaction of the soil. The dynamic cone penetration test is considered one of the fastest field tests for evaluating the relative strength of soil layers, including density. In this study, an attempt is made to correlate the relative density of the landslide soil with the dynamic cone penetration results. The aim of this study was to delineate the boundary between moving and in-situ soil for the prediction of slip surfaces and finally to conceptualise the underlying mechanism behind the initiation of a landslide. The results of the penetration tests give an increasing index of 1.9 - 2.4 cm/blow, 2.8 - 3 cm/blow and 3.2 cm/blow for the upper, middle and lower parts (toe), respectively. Using the correlation equation, the calculated relative density in the field was found to agree well with the relative density measured in the laboratory with a standard deviation of ±1.5%. The relationship between the relative density and the penetration index shows an inverse relationship where the resistance of the soil to dynamic penetration increases as the relative density of the soil increases, thus decreasing the penetration index. This result can be used to accurately conceptualize the mechanism behind a landslide using a simple and rapid field device.
{"title":"The Prediction of Landslide Slip Surface Based on the Correlation Between Relative Density and Dynamic Cone Penetration Test","authors":"Nor Shahidah Mohd Nazer, Ahmed Mohamed Kotb Shahin, Azlan Shah Nerwan Shah, T. Goh, M. R. Umor, Mohamad Anuri Ghazali","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-14","url":null,"abstract":"Relative density is one of the most important properties indicating the strength and state of compaction of the soil. The dynamic cone penetration test is considered one of the fastest field tests for evaluating the relative strength of soil layers, including density. In this study, an attempt is made to correlate the relative density of the landslide soil with the dynamic cone penetration results. The aim of this study was to delineate the boundary between moving and in-situ soil for the prediction of slip surfaces and finally to conceptualise the underlying mechanism behind the initiation of a landslide. The results of the penetration tests give an increasing index of 1.9 - 2.4 cm/blow, 2.8 - 3 cm/blow and 3.2 cm/blow for the upper, middle and lower parts (toe), respectively. Using the correlation equation, the calculated relative density in the field was found to agree well with the relative density measured in the laboratory with a standard deviation of ±1.5%. The relationship between the relative density and the penetration index shows an inverse relationship where the resistance of the soil to dynamic penetration increases as the relative density of the soil increases, thus decreasing the penetration index. This result can be used to accurately conceptualize the mechanism behind a landslide using a simple and rapid field device.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-13
M. H. Zulfakar, Grace Ting Eng Chi
Ulser tekanan adalah kecederaan setempat pada kulit atau tisu lembut yang mendasari bahagian tulang yang menonjol. Walaupun terdapat pelbagai rawatan topikal (agen topikal dan pembalut luka) yang tersedia untuk merawat ulser tekanan, rawatan ulser tekanan tetap mencabar. Ini telah mendorong penyelidikan untuk mengembangkan rawatan topikal yang baharu dan lebih berkesan untuk pengurusan dan penyembuhan ulser tekanan. Oleh itu, kajian ini akan memberi tumpuan kepada kajian terdahulu mengenai perkembangan rawatan topikal dalam tempoh 10 tahun kebelakangan ini untuk mengenal pasti agen topikal dan formulasinya serta pembalut luka yang telah dibangunkan selama tempoh ini. Selain tu, kajian ini juga akan mengkaji kesan agen topikal dan pembalut luka terhadap rawatan bagi semua tahap ulser tekanan (Tahap I - IV). Dengan melakukan kajian ini, rawatan topikal bagi rawatan setiap tahap ulser tekanan boleh dikenal pasti. Carian sistematik melalui PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCOHost, Science Direct dan Google Scholar telah dilakukan. Kata kunci ‘pressure ulcer’, ‘bedsore’, ‘decubitus ulcer’ ‘dressings’, ‘bandages’, ‘topical agents’, ‘topical treatment’ dan gabungannya telah digunakan. Sinonim perkataan juga akan digunakan untuk memperluas pencarian. Sejumlah 18 artikel dikenal pasti memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil daripada tinjauan ini membuktikan bahawa formulasi salap adalah lebih berkesan berbanding jenis formulasi lain, manakala formulasi gel bukan pilihan yang baik untuk rawatan luka tekanan. Dari aspek keberkesanan rawatan topikal, kesemua formulasi topikal yang dikenalpasti adalah berkesan, kecuali gel sukralfat 15%. Akhir sekali, berdasarkan tahap luka tekanan, agen topikal adalah didapati berkesan dan paling banyak diindikasikan untuk ulser tahap I dan II, manakala pembalut pula untuk ulser tahap II dan III.
压疮是对骨骼突出部分下的皮肤或软组织的局部伤害。尽管有各种外用疗法（外用药剂和伤口敷料）可用于治疗压疮，但压疮治疗仍然具有挑战性。这就促使研究人员开发新的、更有效的局部治疗方法，用于压疮的管理和愈合。因此，本综述将重点关注过去 10 年中有关外用疗法开发的研究，以确定在此期间开发的外用制剂及其配方以及伤口敷料。此外，本综述还将评估外用药剂和伤口敷料对治疗各期压疮（第一至第四期）的影响。通过这项研究，可以确定治疗各期压疮的外用疗法。本研究通过 PubMed、MEDLINE、EBSCOHost、Science Direct 和 Google Scholar 进行了系统搜索。关键词为 "压疮"、"褥疮"、"褥疮"、"敷料"、"绷带"、"外用药物"、"外用治疗 "及其组合。还将使用同义词来扩大搜索范围。共有 18 篇文章符合纳入和排除标准。综述结果表明，软膏制剂比其他类型的制剂更有效，而凝胶制剂不是治疗压疮的好选择。从外用治疗效果来看，除了 15%琥珀酸盐凝胶外，所有已知的外用制剂都肯定有效。最后，根据压疮的分期，发现外用制剂是有效的，最适用于 I 期和 II 期溃疡，而敷料也适用于 II 期和 III 期溃疡。
{"title":"Perkembangan Terkini dalam Rawatan Topikal Ulser Tekanan: Satu Tinjauan Sistematik","authors":"M. H. Zulfakar, Grace Ting Eng Chi","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-13","url":null,"abstract":"Ulser tekanan adalah kecederaan setempat pada kulit atau tisu lembut yang mendasari bahagian tulang yang menonjol. Walaupun terdapat pelbagai rawatan topikal (agen topikal dan pembalut luka) yang tersedia untuk merawat ulser tekanan, rawatan ulser tekanan tetap mencabar. Ini telah mendorong penyelidikan untuk mengembangkan rawatan topikal yang baharu dan lebih berkesan untuk pengurusan dan penyembuhan ulser tekanan. Oleh itu, kajian ini akan memberi tumpuan kepada kajian terdahulu mengenai perkembangan rawatan topikal dalam tempoh 10 tahun kebelakangan ini untuk mengenal pasti agen topikal dan formulasinya serta pembalut luka yang telah dibangunkan selama tempoh ini. Selain tu, kajian ini juga akan mengkaji kesan agen topikal dan pembalut luka terhadap rawatan bagi semua tahap ulser tekanan (Tahap I - IV). Dengan melakukan kajian ini, rawatan topikal bagi rawatan setiap tahap ulser tekanan boleh dikenal pasti. Carian sistematik melalui PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCOHost, Science Direct dan Google Scholar telah dilakukan. Kata kunci ‘pressure ulcer’, ‘bedsore’, ‘decubitus ulcer’ ‘dressings’, ‘bandages’, ‘topical agents’, ‘topical treatment’ dan gabungannya telah digunakan. Sinonim perkataan juga akan digunakan untuk memperluas pencarian. Sejumlah 18 artikel dikenal pasti memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Hasil daripada tinjauan ini membuktikan bahawa formulasi salap adalah lebih berkesan berbanding jenis formulasi lain, manakala formulasi gel bukan pilihan yang baik untuk rawatan luka tekanan. Dari aspek keberkesanan rawatan topikal, kesemua formulasi topikal yang dikenalpasti adalah berkesan, kecuali gel sukralfat 15%. Akhir sekali, berdasarkan tahap luka tekanan, agen topikal adalah didapati berkesan dan paling banyak diindikasikan untuk ulser tahap I dan II, manakala pembalut pula untuk ulser tahap II dan III.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-16
N. Fakharuzi, M. Lim, Zuhairi Abdul Rahman, Nurul Ain Nasim Mohd Yusof, E. Esa, Kamal Shaik Fakiruddin
The anti-tumour efficacy of engineered mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) in cancers have been well documented by several reports. However, the impact of MSCs on the pathogenesis of solid cancers remains elusive. The study aims to elucidate the role of MSCs from bone marrow (BMMSCs) and umbilical cord (UCMSCs) on the proliferation, apoptosis and clonogenicity of cancer cell including H2170 (squamous cell carcinoma), LN18 (glioblastoma) and MCF7 (breast cancer) in vitro. Highest concentration of conditioned medium derived from the UCMSCs was significantly (p<0.001) effective to inhibit the proliferation of H2170 (25.8 ± 3.5%), LN18 (17.6 ± 6.5%) and MCF7 (33.2 ± 6.8%) as compared to 100% viability in basal. Both MSCs and its conditioned medium were able to significantly (p<0.001) induce apoptosis (early and late) to the H2170 and LN18 cells. However, for MCF7 cells, co-cultured with both MSCs had higher impact on the apoptosis as compared to their condition medium. Furthermore, conditioned medium from UCMSCs were able to significantly reduced the number of colonies in H2170 (609.5 ± 4.9) and LN18 (171.3 ± 12.6) as compared to control (H2170; 1196.3 ±12.8 and LN18; 253.3 ± 12.3), suggesting that these two cancer cells are sensitive to the MSCs. Notably, by co-culturing of all three cancer cell lines with the MSCs’ conditioned medium, we found that there was an increased expression of more than two-fold in BAX, BAD, and APAF1 genes showing the ability of MSCs’ conditioned medium to induce the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in the cancer cells. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that the MSCs could induce apoptosis and inhibit both H2170 and LN18 cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, this study did not find evidence of MSCs in enhancing tumorigenic characteristics of these cancer cells, and thus we postulate that MSCs are basically safe as a cell-based therapy in cancer treatment.
{"title":"Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived from Bone Marrow and Umbilical Cord Display Anti-Cancer Activity in Cancer Cell Lines in Vitro","authors":"N. Fakharuzi, M. Lim, Zuhairi Abdul Rahman, Nurul Ain Nasim Mohd Yusof, E. Esa, Kamal Shaik Fakiruddin","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-16","url":null,"abstract":"The anti-tumour efficacy of engineered mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) in cancers have been well documented by several reports. However, the impact of MSCs on the pathogenesis of solid cancers remains elusive. The study aims to elucidate the role of MSCs from bone marrow (BMMSCs) and umbilical cord (UCMSCs) on the proliferation, apoptosis and clonogenicity of cancer cell including H2170 (squamous cell carcinoma), LN18 (glioblastoma) and MCF7 (breast cancer) in vitro. Highest concentration of conditioned medium derived from the UCMSCs was significantly (p<0.001) effective to inhibit the proliferation of H2170 (25.8 ± 3.5%), LN18 (17.6 ± 6.5%) and MCF7 (33.2 ± 6.8%) as compared to 100% viability in basal. Both MSCs and its conditioned medium were able to significantly (p<0.001) induce apoptosis (early and late) to the H2170 and LN18 cells. However, for MCF7 cells, co-cultured with both MSCs had higher impact on the apoptosis as compared to their condition medium. Furthermore, conditioned medium from UCMSCs were able to significantly reduced the number of colonies in H2170 (609.5 ± 4.9) and LN18 (171.3 ± 12.6) as compared to control (H2170; 1196.3 ±12.8 and LN18; 253.3 ± 12.3), suggesting that these two cancer cells are sensitive to the MSCs. Notably, by co-culturing of all three cancer cell lines with the MSCs’ conditioned medium, we found that there was an increased expression of more than two-fold in BAX, BAD, and APAF1 genes showing the ability of MSCs’ conditioned medium to induce the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in the cancer cells. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that the MSCs could induce apoptosis and inhibit both H2170 and LN18 cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, this study did not find evidence of MSCs in enhancing tumorigenic characteristics of these cancer cells, and thus we postulate that MSCs are basically safe as a cell-based therapy in cancer treatment.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-03
S. H. Dalimunthe, I. P. G. P. Damayanto, Irfan Martiansyah, E. F. Tihurua, Rahmawati Kusuma, Fandri Sofiana Fastanti, Muhamad Muhaimin Muhamad Muhaimin
Reports indicated a global decline in mangrove forest coverage, with particularly high levels in Sumatera, Indonesia. To effectively conserve these ecosystems, additional research is essential to obtain comprehensive data. Specifically, investigating pollen variation in mangrove species in South Sumatera is critical due to the current lack of information. This study aimed to determine the pollen morphology of various mangrove species in South Sumatera. Fieldwork was conducted around mangrove ecosystem area of Musi Estuary in Tanjung Api-api and Payung Island, South Sumatra. Each mature flower was placed in an envelope and stored an airproof container with silica gel. Herbarium specimens were also used for identification purpose. Pollens of nine mangrove species (Avicennia alba, A. marina, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, B. sexangula, Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia caseolaris) were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pollen SEM images were measured and morphological characteristics of pollens were recorded. The pollen of mangroves in South Sumatera coastal area varied in size (small and medium), ratio of polar/equatorial (prolate, isodiametric and oblate), shape (ellipse, triangular, triangular pyramid and spheroidal shape), polar view (circular, open semi-angular and intruding semi-angular), equatorial view (prolate-circular oval, spherical-apiculate and spherical-circular oval), outline (lobate, triangular and circular), aperture (tricolporate, triporate and monosulcate) and ornamentation (perforate, psilate, echinate reticulate and gemmate). The pollen morphology has been demonstrated to be effective in distinguishing various mangrove species in South Sumatera, and it can be used to produce a species identification key.
{"title":"Pollen Micromorphology of Mangrove Species in South Sumatra Coastal Area, Indonesia","authors":"S. H. Dalimunthe, I. P. G. P. Damayanto, Irfan Martiansyah, E. F. Tihurua, Rahmawati Kusuma, Fandri Sofiana Fastanti, Muhamad Muhaimin Muhamad Muhaimin","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-03","url":null,"abstract":"Reports indicated a global decline in mangrove forest coverage, with particularly high levels in Sumatera, Indonesia. To effectively conserve these ecosystems, additional research is essential to obtain comprehensive data. Specifically, investigating pollen variation in mangrove species in South Sumatera is critical due to the current lack of information. This study aimed to determine the pollen morphology of various mangrove species in South Sumatera. Fieldwork was conducted around mangrove ecosystem area of Musi Estuary in Tanjung Api-api and Payung Island, South Sumatra. Each mature flower was placed in an envelope and stored an airproof container with silica gel. Herbarium specimens were also used for identification purpose. Pollens of nine mangrove species (Avicennia alba, A. marina, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, B. sexangula, Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia caseolaris) were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pollen SEM images were measured and morphological characteristics of pollens were recorded. The pollen of mangroves in South Sumatera coastal area varied in size (small and medium), ratio of polar/equatorial (prolate, isodiametric and oblate), shape (ellipse, triangular, triangular pyramid and spheroidal shape), polar view (circular, open semi-angular and intruding semi-angular), equatorial view (prolate-circular oval, spherical-apiculate and spherical-circular oval), outline (lobate, triangular and circular), aperture (tricolporate, triporate and monosulcate) and ornamentation (perforate, psilate, echinate reticulate and gemmate). The pollen morphology has been demonstrated to be effective in distinguishing various mangrove species in South Sumatera, and it can be used to produce a species identification key.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139333865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-20
Theeraphat Thanwiset, W. Srisodaphol
The objective of this study was to propose a method for detecting outliers in multivariate data. It is based on a boxplot and multiple linear regression. In our proposed method, the box plot was initially applied to filter the data across all variables to split the data set into two sets: normal data (belonging to the upper and lower fences of the boxplot) and data that could be outliers. The normal data was then used to construct a multiple linear regression model and find the maximum error of the residual to denote the cut-off point. For the performance evaluation of the proposed method, a simulation study for multivariate normal data with and without contaminated data was conducted at various levels. The previous methods were compared with the performance of the proposed methods, namely, the Mahalanobis distance and Mahalanobis distance with the robust estimators using the minimum volume ellipsoid method, the minimum covariance determinant method, and the minimum vector variance method. The results showed that the proposed method had the best performance over other methods that were compared for all the contaminated levels. It was also found that when the proposed method was used with real data, it was able to find outlier values that were in line with the real data.
{"title":"Statistical Methods for Finding Outliers in Multivariate Data Using a Boxplot and Multiple Linear Regression","authors":"Theeraphat Thanwiset, W. Srisodaphol","doi":"10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5209-20","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to propose a method for detecting outliers in multivariate data. It is based on a boxplot and multiple linear regression. In our proposed method, the box plot was initially applied to filter the data across all variables to split the data set into two sets: normal data (belonging to the upper and lower fences of the boxplot) and data that could be outliers. The normal data was then used to construct a multiple linear regression model and find the maximum error of the residual to denote the cut-off point. For the performance evaluation of the proposed method, a simulation study for multivariate normal data with and without contaminated data was conducted at various levels. The previous methods were compared with the performance of the proposed methods, namely, the Mahalanobis distance and Mahalanobis distance with the robust estimators using the minimum volume ellipsoid method, the minimum covariance determinant method, and the minimum vector variance method. The results showed that the proposed method had the best performance over other methods that were compared for all the contaminated levels. It was also found that when the proposed method was used with real data, it was able to find outlier values that were in line with the real data.","PeriodicalId":21366,"journal":{"name":"Sains Malaysiana","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139332870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：