SummaryStudies have explored how traits separate plants ecologically and the trade‐offs that underpin this separation. However, uncertainty remains as to the taxonomic scale at which traits can predictably separate species. We studied how physiological traits separated three Pinus (Pinus banksiana, Pinus resinosa, and Pinus strobus) species across three sites.We collected traits from four common leaf and branch measurements (light–response curves, CO2–response curves, pressure–volume curves, and hydraulic vulnerability curves) across each species and site. While common, these measurements are not typically measured together due to logistical constraints.Few traits varied across species and sites as expected given the ecological preferences of the species and environmental site characteristics. Some trait trade‐offs present at broad taxonomic scales were observed across the three species, but most were absent within species. Certain trade‐offs contrasted expectations observed at broader scales but followed expectations given the species' ecological preferences.We emphasize the need to both clarify why certain traits are being studied, as variation in unexpected but ecologically meaningful ways often occurs and certain traits might not vary substantially within a given lineage (e.g. hydraulic vulnerability in Pinus), highlighting the role a trait selection in trait ecology.
{"title":"Physiological trait coordination and variability across and within three Pinus species","authors":"Steven P. Augustine, Katherine A. McCulloh","doi":"10.1111/nph.19859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19859","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Studies have explored how traits separate plants ecologically and the trade‐offs that underpin this separation. However, uncertainty remains as to the taxonomic scale at which traits can predictably separate species. We studied how physiological traits separated three <jats:italic>Pinus</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Pinus banksiana</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pinus resinosa</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Pinus strobus</jats:italic>) species across three sites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We collected traits from four common leaf and branch measurements (light–response curves, CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>–response curves, pressure–volume curves, and hydraulic vulnerability curves) across each species and site. While common, these measurements are not typically measured together due to logistical constraints.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Few traits varied across species and sites as expected given the ecological preferences of the species and environmental site characteristics. Some trait trade‐offs present at broad taxonomic scales were observed across the three species, but most were absent within species. Certain trade‐offs contrasted expectations observed at broader scales but followed expectations given the species' ecological preferences.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We emphasize the need to both clarify why certain traits are being studied, as variation in unexpected but ecologically meaningful ways often occurs and certain traits might not vary substantially within a given lineage (e.g. hydraulic vulnerability in <jats:italic>Pinus</jats:italic>), highlighting the role a trait selection in trait ecology.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142101008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haoyu Diao, Lucas A. Cernusak, Matthias Saurer, Arthur Gessler, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, Marco M. Lehmann
SummaryClimate change not only leads to higher air temperatures but also increases the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) of the air. Understanding the direct effect of VPD on leaf gas exchange is crucial for precise modelling of stomatal functioning.We conducted combined leaf gas exchange and online isotope discrimination measurements on four common European tree species across a VPD range of 0.8–3.6 kPa, while maintaining constant temperatures without soil water limitation. In addition to applying the standard assumption of saturated vapour pressure inside leaves (ei), we inferred ei from oxygen isotope discrimination of CO2 and water vapour.ei desaturated progressively with increasing VPD, consistently across species, resulting in an intercellular relative humidity as low as 0.73 ± 0.11 at the highest tested VPD. Assuming saturation of ei overestimated the extent of reductions in stomatal conductance and CO2 mole fraction inside leaves in response to increasing VPD compared with calculations that accounted for unsaturation. In addition, a significant decrease in mesophyll conductance with increasing VPD only occurred when the unsaturation of ei was considered.We suggest that the possibility of unsaturated ei should not be overlooked in measurements related to leaf gas exchange and in stomatal models, especially at high VPD.
摘要 气候变化不仅会导致气温升高，还会增加空气中的蒸气压差（VPD）。了解 VPD 对叶片气体交换的直接影响对于建立精确的气孔功能模型至关重要。我们对四种常见的欧洲树种进行了叶片气体交换和在线同位素辨别的综合测量，VPD范围为0.8-3.6 kPa，同时保持恒温，没有土壤水分限制。除了应用叶内饱和蒸气压（ei）的标准假设外，我们还通过二氧化碳和水蒸气的氧同位素分辨推断出了 ei。ei 随着 VPD 的增加而逐渐不饱和，这在不同树种之间是一致的，导致在最高测试 VPD 时细胞间相对湿度低至 0.73 ± 0.11。与考虑到不饱和的计算结果相比，假定 ei 饱和会高估气孔导度和叶片内二氧化碳摩尔分数随 VPD 增加而降低的程度。此外，只有在考虑 ei 不饱和的情况下，叶肉传导才会随着 VPD 的增加而显著降低。我们建议，在与叶片气体交换有关的测量和气孔模型中，不应忽视不饱和 ei 的可能性，尤其是在高 VPD 条件下。
{"title":"Dry inside: progressive unsaturation within leaves with increasing vapour pressure deficit affects estimation of key leaf gas exchange parameters","authors":"Haoyu Diao, Lucas A. Cernusak, Matthias Saurer, Arthur Gessler, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, Marco M. Lehmann","doi":"10.1111/nph.20078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20078","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Climate change not only leads to higher air temperatures but also increases the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) of the air. Understanding the direct effect of VPD on leaf gas exchange is crucial for precise modelling of stomatal functioning.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We conducted combined leaf gas exchange and online isotope discrimination measurements on four common European tree species across a VPD range of 0.8–3.6 kPa, while maintaining constant temperatures without soil water limitation. In addition to applying the standard assumption of saturated vapour pressure inside leaves (<jats:italic>e</jats:italic><jats:sub>i</jats:sub>), we inferred <jats:italic>e</jats:italic><jats:sub>i</jats:sub> from oxygen isotope discrimination of CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and water vapour.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:italic>e</jats:italic><jats:sub>i</jats:sub> desaturated progressively with increasing VPD, consistently across species, resulting in an intercellular relative humidity as low as 0.73 ± 0.11 at the highest tested VPD. Assuming saturation of <jats:italic>e</jats:italic><jats:sub>i</jats:sub> overestimated the extent of reductions in stomatal conductance and CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> mole fraction inside leaves in response to increasing VPD compared with calculations that accounted for unsaturation. In addition, a significant decrease in mesophyll conductance with increasing VPD only occurred when the unsaturation of <jats:italic>e</jats:italic><jats:sub>i</jats:sub> was considered.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We suggest that the possibility of unsaturated <jats:italic>e</jats:italic><jats:sub>i</jats:sub> should not be overlooked in measurements related to leaf gas exchange and in stomatal models, especially at high VPD.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142101005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinjin Li, Yuanyuan Luo, Maoyuan Li, Jiawen Li, Tuo Zeng, Jing Luo, Xiangqian Chang, Manqun Wang, Maarten A. Jongsma, Hao Hu, Caiyun Wang
SummaryRecent studies show that nocturnal pollinators may be more important to ecosystem function and food production than is currently appreciated. Here, we describe an agricultural field study of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) flower pollination. Pyrethrum is genetically self‐incompatible and thus is reliant on pollinators for seed set. Our pollinator exclusion experiment showed that nocturnal insects, particularly moths, significantly contribute to seed set and quality.We discovered that the most abundant floral volatile, the sesquiterpene (−)‐germacrene D (GD), is key in attracting the noctuid moths Peridroma saucia and Helicoverpa armigera. Germacrene D synthase (GDS) gene expression regulates the specific GD production and accumulation in flowers, which, in contrast to related species, lose the habit of closing at night.We did observe that female moths also oviposited on pyrethrum leaves and flower peduncles, but found that only a small fraction of those eggs hatched. Larvae were severely stunted in development, most likely due to the presence of pyrethrin defense compounds.This example of exploitative mutualism, which blocks the reproductive success of the moth pollinator and depends on nocturnal interactions, is placed into an ecological context to explain why it may have developed.
{"title":"Nocturnal burst emissions of germacrene D from the open disk florets of pyrethrum flowers induce moths to oviposit on a nonhost and improve pollination success","authors":"Jinjin Li, Yuanyuan Luo, Maoyuan Li, Jiawen Li, Tuo Zeng, Jing Luo, Xiangqian Chang, Manqun Wang, Maarten A. Jongsma, Hao Hu, Caiyun Wang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20060","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Recent studies show that nocturnal pollinators may be more important to ecosystem function and food production than is currently appreciated. Here, we describe an agricultural field study of pyrethrum (<jats:italic>Tanacetum cinerariifolium</jats:italic>) flower pollination. Pyrethrum is genetically self‐incompatible and thus is reliant on pollinators for seed set. Our pollinator exclusion experiment showed that nocturnal insects, particularly moths, significantly contribute to seed set and quality.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We discovered that the most abundant floral volatile, the sesquiterpene (−)‐germacrene D (GD), is key in attracting the noctuid moths <jats:italic>Peridroma saucia</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Helicoverpa armigera</jats:italic>. Germacrene D synthase (GDS) gene expression regulates the specific GD production and accumulation in flowers, which, in contrast to related species, lose the habit of closing at night.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We did observe that female moths also oviposited on pyrethrum leaves and flower peduncles, but found that only a small fraction of those eggs hatched. Larvae were severely stunted in development, most likely due to the presence of pyrethrin defense compounds.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>This example of exploitative mutualism, which blocks the reproductive success of the moth pollinator and depends on nocturnal interactions, is placed into an ecological context to explain why it may have developed.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142101004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate divergence times are essential for interpreting and understanding the context in which lineages have evolved. Over the past several decades, debates have surrounded the discrepancies between the inferred molecular ages of crown angiosperms, often estimated from the Late Jurassic into the Permian, and the fossil record, placing angiosperms in the Early Cretaceous. That crown angiosperms could have emerged as early as the Permian or even the Triassic would have major implications for the paleoecological context of the origin of one of the most consequential clades in the tree of life. Here, we argue, and demonstrate through simulations, that the older ages inferred from molecular data and relaxed-clock models are misled by lineage-specific rate heterogeneity resulting from life history changes that occurred several times throughout the evolution of vascular plants. To overcome persistent discrepancies in age estimates, more biologically informed and realistic models should be developed, and our results should be considered in the context of their biological implications before we accept inferences that are a major departure from our strongest evidence.
{"title":"Ad fontes: divergence-time estimation and the age of angiosperms","authors":"Stephen A. Smith, Jeremy M. Beaulieu","doi":"10.1111/nph.20076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20076","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate divergence times are essential for interpreting and understanding the context in which lineages have evolved. Over the past several decades, debates have surrounded the discrepancies between the inferred molecular ages of crown angiosperms, often estimated from the Late Jurassic into the Permian, and the fossil record, placing angiosperms in the Early Cretaceous. That crown angiosperms could have emerged as early as the Permian or even the Triassic would have major implications for the paleoecological context of the origin of one of the most consequential clades in the tree of life. Here, we argue, and demonstrate through simulations, that the older ages inferred from molecular data and relaxed-clock models are misled by lineage-specific rate heterogeneity resulting from life history changes that occurred several times throughout the evolution of vascular plants. To overcome persistent discrepancies in age estimates, more biologically informed and realistic models should be developed, and our results should be considered in the context of their biological implications before we accept inferences that are a major departure from our strongest evidence.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142101981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Synthetic genomics involves the design, assembly, and transfer of artificially synthesized DNA fragments into target hosts to replace the native genome and construct viable forms of life. With advances in DNA synthesis and assembly techniques, the application of synthetic genomics in viruses, bacteria, and yeast has improved our knowledge of genome organization and function. Multicellular eukaryotic organisms are characterized by larger genomes, more complex epigenetic regulation, and widespread transposable elements, making genome synthesis challenging. Recently, the first synthetic multicellular eukaryotic organism was generated in the model plant Physcomitrium patens with a partially synthetic chromosome arm. Here, we introduce the design and assembly principles of moss genome synthesis. We also discuss the remaining technical barriers in the application of synthetic genomics in seed plants.
合成基因组学包括设计、组装和将人工合成的 DNA 片段转移到目标宿主体内，以取代原生基因组并构建有生命力的生命形式。随着 DNA 合成和组装技术的进步，合成基因组学在病毒、细菌和酵母中的应用提高了我们对基因组组织和功能的认识。多细胞真核生物的特点是基因组更大、表观遗传调控更复杂、转座元件广泛存在，因此基因组合成具有挑战性。最近，第一个人工合成的多细胞真核生物在模式植物 Physcomitrium patens 中产生，它具有部分人工合成的染色体臂。在此，我们将介绍苔藓基因组合成的设计和组装原理。我们还讨论了合成基因组学在种子植物中应用的其余技术障碍。
{"title":"Insights into a functional synthetic plant genome","authors":"Fei Du, Junbiao Dai, Yuling Jiao","doi":"10.1111/nph.19979","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.19979","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Synthetic genomics involves the design, assembly, and transfer of artificially synthesized DNA fragments into target hosts to replace the native genome and construct viable forms of life. With advances in DNA synthesis and assembly techniques, the application of synthetic genomics in viruses, bacteria, and yeast has improved our knowledge of genome organization and function. Multicellular eukaryotic organisms are characterized by larger genomes, more complex epigenetic regulation, and widespread transposable elements, making genome synthesis challenging. Recently, the first synthetic multicellular eukaryotic organism was generated in the model plant <i>Physcomitrium patens</i> with a partially synthetic chromosome arm. Here, we introduce the design and assembly principles of moss genome synthesis. We also discuss the remaining technical barriers in the application of synthetic genomics in seed plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.19979","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142005641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SummaryTwo functional responses largely guide woody plants' survival to winter conditions: cold hardiness and dormancy. Dormancy affects budbreak timing based on chill accumulation. Effects of warming on dormancy may appear time‐shifted: fall and winter warming events decrease chill accumulation, delaying budbreak observed in spring. The same warming events also affect cold hardiness dynamics, having immediate implications. As cold deacclimation rates increase with dormancy progression, the same amount of warming has greater damage risk the later it occurs in the season, depending on return of low temperatures. Should frequency of erratic weather increase with climate change, more instances of risk are expected. However, understanding how plants fare through seasons now and in future climates still requires better knowledge of winter physiology.
{"title":"The potential for an increasing threat of unseasonal temperature cycles to dormant plants","authors":"Al P. Kovaleski","doi":"10.1111/nph.20052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20052","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryTwo functional responses largely guide woody plants' survival to winter conditions: cold hardiness and dormancy. Dormancy affects budbreak timing based on chill accumulation. Effects of warming on dormancy may appear time‐shifted: fall and winter warming events decrease chill accumulation, delaying budbreak observed in spring. The same warming events also affect cold hardiness dynamics, having immediate implications. As cold deacclimation rates increase with dormancy progression, the same amount of warming has greater damage risk the later it occurs in the season, depending on return of low temperatures. Should frequency of erratic weather increase with climate change, more instances of risk are expected. However, understanding how plants fare through seasons now and in future climates still requires better knowledge of winter physiology.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141994522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria B. Mills, Sabine Both, Palasiah Jotan, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Rudi Cruz, Milenka M. Pillco, David F. R. P. Burslem, Colin Maycock, Yadvinder Malhi, Robert M. Ewers, Juan Carlos Berrio, Jörg Kaduk, Susan Page, Rolando Robert, Yit A. Teh, Terhi Riutta
茎呼吸在森林生态系统的自养呼吸中占很大比例，但人们对其在不同空间尺度和土地利用梯度上的驱动因素仍然知之甚少。本研究对马来西亚婆罗洲地区伐木干扰对茎干二氧化碳外流（EA）的影响进行了量化和研究。研究采用静态室法，在伐木梯度从重度伐木到老林的9个1公顷地块中，对树木和林分层面的EA进行了量化。树木层面的结果显示，伐木地块与老林地块的单位茎干面积 EA 值更高（37.0 ± 1.1 vs 26.92 ± 1.14 g C m-2 month-1）。然而，在林分层面，伐木地块和老林地块的 EA 没有差异（6.7 ± 1.1 vs 6.0 ± 0.7 兆克碳公顷-1 年-1），原因是老林地块的茎表面积更大。伐木地块的生长呼吸分配和碳利用效率明显更高。树木和林分层面的 EA 差异受树木大小、生长情况以及不同森林类型之间投资策略差异的影响。这些结果反映了不同的资源分配策略和优先次序，伐木地块优先考虑生长以应对光照的增加，而古老生长地块则优先考虑维护和细胞结构。
{"title":"From tree to plot: investigating stem CO2 efflux and its drivers along a logging gradient in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo","authors":"Maria B. Mills, Sabine Both, Palasiah Jotan, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Rudi Cruz, Milenka M. Pillco, David F. R. P. Burslem, Colin Maycock, Yadvinder Malhi, Robert M. Ewers, Juan Carlos Berrio, Jörg Kaduk, Susan Page, Rolando Robert, Yit A. Teh, Terhi Riutta","doi":"10.1111/nph.20043","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141989277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emmanuelle Porcher, Pierre Bonnet, Christian Damgaard, Pieter De Frenne, Nicolas Deguines, Bodil K. Ehlers, Jérôme Frei, María B. García, Clément Gros, Ute Jandt, Alexis Joly, Gabrielle Martin, Denis Michez, Oliver L. Pescott, Tobias Roth, Donald Waller
<p>Pollution, climate change, and shrinking habitats are driving major changes in flowering plant and pollinator populations. These include shifts in local abundance, population extirpations, range shifts, altered community composition, and reshuffled interactions. To date, evidence for these changes mostly reflect opportunistic efforts to collect occurrence data to document distributions. Coarse-scale perspectives on biodiversity change can be invaluable, especially when threats to rare habitats are widely distributed, but many changes occur slowly (decades) at such scales. Opportunistic occurrence data are therefore generally less useful for detecting short-term trends and monitoring the effectiveness of conservation policies. They are also typically biased for large-scale surveillance monitoring (Boyd <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>) and rarely encompass both plants and pollinators, limiting our ability to estimate broad and fine-scale trends in populations and plant–pollinator interactions. Ecologists often prefer using plot-based methods for systematic surveys and monitoring, as these provide quantitative data on abundance and distributions. Resurveying such plots adds a time dimension, greatly enriching our understanding of how species abundances and distributions shift in response to drivers of global change. Monitoring and resurvey data remain scarce, leaving pictures of ecological conditions and change uncertain. Except for Switzerland and the UK, countries are slow to support systematic programs to monitor plants and pollinators.</p><p>The 23–24 May Paris symposium on ‘New solutions to monitor plants, pollinators and their interactions in a changing world’ brought scientists together to assess the state of plant and pollinator monitoring schemes in Europe and to ponder how these might be improved, extended, and coordinated (https://www.college-de-france.fr/fr/agenda/colloque/nouvelles-approches-pour-le-suivi-des-plantes-des-pollinisateurs-et-de-leurs-interactions-dans-un). This group met to review existing schemes, compare the trends and indicators they produce, and outline future needs for research and policy. These needs include expanding the number of plots, species and habitats monitored, the different methods (e.g. by citizen scientists) and how frequently they are surveyed; how to identify and locate plants and insects quickly and reliably (including new technologies); how best to coordinate plant and pollinator sampling; and statistical tools to integrate heterogeneous data and infer causal relationships.</p><p>Efforts to monitor plants include six schemes launched between 2001 and 2017 that range from regional to national in scope (Fig. 1), plus two international resurvey initiatives with the earliest observations in 1927. These programs share the following: (1) a plot-based design focused on vascular plants; (2) regular resurveys of these plots (at variable frequencies); (3) standardized protocols for collecting data on abunda
{"title":"Can we harmonize the monitoring of plants and pollinators?","authors":"Emmanuelle Porcher, Pierre Bonnet, Christian Damgaard, Pieter De Frenne, Nicolas Deguines, Bodil K. Ehlers, Jérôme Frei, María B. García, Clément Gros, Ute Jandt, Alexis Joly, Gabrielle Martin, Denis Michez, Oliver L. Pescott, Tobias Roth, Donald Waller","doi":"10.1111/nph.20038","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pollution, climate change, and shrinking habitats are driving major changes in flowering plant and pollinator populations. These include shifts in local abundance, population extirpations, range shifts, altered community composition, and reshuffled interactions. To date, evidence for these changes mostly reflect opportunistic efforts to collect occurrence data to document distributions. Coarse-scale perspectives on biodiversity change can be invaluable, especially when threats to rare habitats are widely distributed, but many changes occur slowly (decades) at such scales. Opportunistic occurrence data are therefore generally less useful for detecting short-term trends and monitoring the effectiveness of conservation policies. They are also typically biased for large-scale surveillance monitoring (Boyd <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>) and rarely encompass both plants and pollinators, limiting our ability to estimate broad and fine-scale trends in populations and plant–pollinator interactions. Ecologists often prefer using plot-based methods for systematic surveys and monitoring, as these provide quantitative data on abundance and distributions. Resurveying such plots adds a time dimension, greatly enriching our understanding of how species abundances and distributions shift in response to drivers of global change. Monitoring and resurvey data remain scarce, leaving pictures of ecological conditions and change uncertain. Except for Switzerland and the UK, countries are slow to support systematic programs to monitor plants and pollinators.</p><p>The 23–24 May Paris symposium on ‘New solutions to monitor plants, pollinators and their interactions in a changing world’ brought scientists together to assess the state of plant and pollinator monitoring schemes in Europe and to ponder how these might be improved, extended, and coordinated (https://www.college-de-france.fr/fr/agenda/colloque/nouvelles-approches-pour-le-suivi-des-plantes-des-pollinisateurs-et-de-leurs-interactions-dans-un). This group met to review existing schemes, compare the trends and indicators they produce, and outline future needs for research and policy. These needs include expanding the number of plots, species and habitats monitored, the different methods (e.g. by citizen scientists) and how frequently they are surveyed; how to identify and locate plants and insects quickly and reliably (including new technologies); how best to coordinate plant and pollinator sampling; and statistical tools to integrate heterogeneous data and infer causal relationships.</p><p>Efforts to monitor plants include six schemes launched between 2001 and 2017 that range from regional to national in scope (Fig. 1), plus two international resurvey initiatives with the earliest observations in 1927. These programs share the following: (1) a plot-based design focused on vascular plants; (2) regular resurveys of these plots (at variable frequencies); (3) standardized protocols for collecting data on abunda","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141972134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diurnal floret opening time (DFOT) is a pivotal trait for successful fertilization and hybrid breeding in rice. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this trait is poorly understood in rice.
In this study, we combined the cytological, genetic and molecular studies to demonstrate that jasmonic acid (JA) regulates DFOT in rice through modulating the turgor and osmotic pressure of the lodicules.
We show that lodicules undergo dramatic morphologic changes, accompanied by changes in water and sugar contents during the process of floret opening. Consistently, a large set of genes associated with cell osmolality and cell wall remodeling exhibits distinct expression profiles at different time points in our time-course transcriptomes of lodicules. Notably, a group of JA biosynthesis and signaling genes is continuously upregulated, accompanied by a gradual increase in JA accumulation as floret opening approaching. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the JA biosynthesis gene OsAOS1 is required for endogenous JA biosynthesis in lodicules and promoting rice DFOT. Moreover, OsMYC2, a master regulator of JA signaling, regulates rice DFOT by directly activating OsAOS1, OsSWEET4, OsPIP2;2 and OsXTH9.
Collectively, our findings establish a core regulatory network mediated by JA for modulating rice DFOT and provide effective gene targets for the genetic improvement of DFOT in rice.
昼夜小花开放时间（DFOT）是水稻成功受精和杂交育种的关键性状。然而，人们对水稻这一性状的分子机制却知之甚少。在本研究中，我们结合细胞学、遗传学和分子研究，证明茉莉酸（JA）通过调节鳞茎的韧皮部和渗透压来调节水稻的昼夜开裂时间。我们发现，在小花开放过程中，鳞茎发生了巨大的形态变化，并伴随着水分和糖分含量的变化。在我们的鳞茎时间历程转录组中，与细胞渗透压和细胞壁重塑相关的大量基因在不同的时间点表现出不同的表达谱。值得注意的是，随着小花开放时间的临近，一组 JA 生物合成和信号转导基因持续上调，同时 JA 积累逐渐增加。此外，我们还证明 JA 生物合成基因 OsAOS1 是鳞茎内源 JA 生物合成和促进水稻 DFOT 所必需的。此外，JA 信号的主调控因子 OsMYC2 通过直接激活 OsAOS1、OsSWEET4、OsPIP2;2 和 OsXTH9 来调控水稻 DFOT。总之，我们的研究结果建立了一个由 JA 介导的水稻 DFOT 核心调控网络，为水稻 DFOT 的遗传改良提供了有效的基因靶标。
{"title":"A jasmonate-mediated regulatory network modulates diurnal floret opening time in rice","authors":"Wenyan Ding, Yajun Gou, Yajing Li, Juanjuan Li, Yudong Fang, Xupeng Liu, Xinyu Zhu, Rongjian Ye, Yueqin Heng, Haiyang Wang, Rongxin Shen","doi":"10.1111/nph.20039","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20039","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ul>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Diurnal floret opening time (DFOT) is a pivotal trait for successful fertilization and hybrid breeding in rice. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this trait is poorly understood in rice.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>In this study, we combined the cytological, genetic and molecular studies to demonstrate that jasmonic acid (JA) regulates DFOT in rice through modulating the turgor and osmotic pressure of the lodicules.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>We show that lodicules undergo dramatic morphologic changes, accompanied by changes in water and sugar contents during the process of floret opening. Consistently, a large set of genes associated with cell osmolality and cell wall remodeling exhibits distinct expression profiles at different time points in our time-course transcriptomes of lodicules. Notably, a group of JA biosynthesis and signaling genes is continuously upregulated, accompanied by a gradual increase in JA accumulation as floret opening approaching. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the JA biosynthesis gene <i>OsAOS1</i> is required for endogenous JA biosynthesis in lodicules and promoting rice DFOT. Moreover, OsMYC2, a master regulator of JA signaling, regulates rice DFOT by directly activating <i>OsAOS1</i>, <i>OsSWEET4</i>, <i>OsPIP2;2</i> and <i>OsXTH9</i>.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Collectively, our findings establish a core regulatory network mediated by JA for modulating rice DFOT and provide effective gene targets for the genetic improvement of DFOT in rice.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141972133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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