Maja Ilievska, Sun‐Li Chong, Kean‐Jin Lim, Juha Immanen, Kaisa Nieminen, Hannu Maaheimo, Yrjö Helariutta, Joel Wurman‐Rodrich, Paul Dupree, James Ord, Maija Tenkanen, Jarkko Salojärvi
SummaryThe compact genome and lack of recent whole‐genome multiplication (WGM) events make the boreal pioneer tree silver birch (Betula pendula) a promising model for primary and secondary cell wall (PCW and SCW) regulation in forest trees.Here, we constructed regulatory networks through combined co‐expression and promoter motif analysis and carried out a tissue‐wide analysis of xylan using mass spectrometry.Analyses confirm the evolutionarily conserved model of superimposed layers of regulation and suggest a relatively simple ancestral state still retained in birch. Multispecies network analysis, including birch, poplar, and eucalyptus, identified conserved regulatory interactions, highlighting lignin biosynthesis as least conserved. The SCW biosynthesis co‐expression module was enriched with WGM duplicates. While regulator genes were under positive selection, others evolved under relaxed purifying selection, possibly linked with diversification, as indicated by expression and regulatory motif differences. Xylan composition varied between PCW and SCW, revealing unique acetylation patterns. PCW xylan biosynthesis genes showed distinct expression and regulatory motifs, with a novel acetyl transferase potentially involved.This work highlights birch as a valuable model for understanding wood formation, vascular development, and cell wall composition in eudicots.
{"title":"Gene regulatory network analysis of silver birch reveals the ancestral state of secondary cell wall biosynthesis in core eudicots","authors":"Maja Ilievska, Sun‐Li Chong, Kean‐Jin Lim, Juha Immanen, Kaisa Nieminen, Hannu Maaheimo, Yrjö Helariutta, Joel Wurman‐Rodrich, Paul Dupree, James Ord, Maija Tenkanen, Jarkko Salojärvi","doi":"10.1111/nph.70126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70126","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>The compact genome and lack of recent whole‐genome multiplication (WGM) events make the boreal pioneer tree silver birch (<jats:italic>Betula pendula</jats:italic>) a promising model for primary and secondary cell wall (PCW and SCW) regulation in forest trees.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Here, we constructed regulatory networks through combined co‐expression and promoter motif analysis and carried out a tissue‐wide analysis of xylan using mass spectrometry.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Analyses confirm the evolutionarily conserved model of superimposed layers of regulation and suggest a relatively simple ancestral state still retained in birch. Multispecies network analysis, including birch, poplar, and eucalyptus, identified conserved regulatory interactions, highlighting lignin biosynthesis as least conserved. The SCW biosynthesis co‐expression module was enriched with WGM duplicates. While regulator genes were under positive selection, others evolved under relaxed purifying selection, possibly linked with diversification, as indicated by expression and regulatory motif differences. Xylan composition varied between PCW and SCW, revealing unique acetylation patterns. PCW xylan biosynthesis genes showed distinct expression and regulatory motifs, with a novel acetyl transferase potentially involved.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>This work highlights birch as a valuable model for understanding wood formation, vascular development, and cell wall composition in eudicots.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143841621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div>The ability to induce precise genetic modifications through genome editing has greatly enhanced crop improvement efforts. However, the presence of transgenes in the edited crops necessitates regulatory approval for market introduction (Gao, <span>2021</span>). Typically, transgene-free genome editing is achieved by inserting a nuclease-encoding T-DNA cassette into the plant genome, which is subsequently removed through Mendelian segregation. Yet, in many perennial, sterile, or clonally propagated crop species, outcrossing is not possible or undesirable, highlighting the need for other strategies that enable transgene-free genome editing in these crops. In an article recently published in <i>New Phytologist</i>, Van den Broeck <i>et al</i>. (<span>2025</span>; doi: 10.1111/nph.70044) present a straightforward method for transgene-free gene editing in sterile banana. As the world's most important fruit crop, banana is highly susceptible to diseases and pests, making genome editing a valuable tool for developing more resilient cultivars. The authors employed <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated delivery of a cytosine base editor targeting both <i>ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE</i> (<i>ALS</i>) genes in banana cell cultures. Deamination of a specific cytosine in either of these genes leads to a gain-of-function mutation, conferring resistance to the herbicide chlorsulfuron. After herbicide selection, the authors detected efficient C-to-T conversions in the <i>ALS</i> genes of the regenerated banana shoots. Screening over 400 chlorsulfuron-resistant lines using PCR and whole-genome sequencing, they found that up to 3.2% of the lines edited in at least one <i>ALS</i> gene were free of the T-DNA cassette. The efficiency of transgene-free base editing in both <i>ALS</i> genes – used as a proxy to estimate the efficiency of multiplex editing – was 1.0%. The authors estimated that a full-time person could perform <i>c</i>. 18 banana transformations per year, generating up to 16 transgene-free, chlorsulfuron-resistant banana plants that are also edited in a target gene of choice. <blockquote><p><i>Adopting a science-based regulatory approach will ensure that innovative breeding techniques can be fully leveraged to address urgent agricultural and environmental challenges</i>.</p><div></div></blockquote></div><p>A key advantage of the transient expression strategy is its broad applicability, provided the target species is susceptible to <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> infection (Fig. 1). Beyond its utility for sterile crops like banana, this approach is also useful for perennial and vegetatively propagated species. Many elite tree varieties, for instance, are clonally propagated. Given most tree species are outbreeding and highly heterozygous, eliminating the T-DNA through crossing would disrupt their elite genetic constitution.</p><figure><picture><source media="(min-width: 1650px)" srcset="/cms/asset/ca8f7a58-0222-4fe7-8517-3c970e87a864/nph70150-fig-0001-m.jpg"
{"title":"Going bananas: how transgene‐free editing is contributing to a fruitful future","authors":"Lennart Hoengenaert, Chantal Anders, Wout Boerjan","doi":"10.1111/nph.70150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70150","url":null,"abstract":"<div>The ability to induce precise genetic modifications through genome editing has greatly enhanced crop improvement efforts. However, the presence of transgenes in the edited crops necessitates regulatory approval for market introduction (Gao, <span>2021</span>). Typically, transgene-free genome editing is achieved by inserting a nuclease-encoding T-DNA cassette into the plant genome, which is subsequently removed through Mendelian segregation. Yet, in many perennial, sterile, or clonally propagated crop species, outcrossing is not possible or undesirable, highlighting the need for other strategies that enable transgene-free genome editing in these crops. In an article recently published in <i>New Phytologist</i>, Van den Broeck <i>et al</i>. (<span>2025</span>; doi: 10.1111/nph.70044) present a straightforward method for transgene-free gene editing in sterile banana. As the world's most important fruit crop, banana is highly susceptible to diseases and pests, making genome editing a valuable tool for developing more resilient cultivars. The authors employed <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated delivery of a cytosine base editor targeting both <i>ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE</i> (<i>ALS</i>) genes in banana cell cultures. Deamination of a specific cytosine in either of these genes leads to a gain-of-function mutation, conferring resistance to the herbicide chlorsulfuron. After herbicide selection, the authors detected efficient C-to-T conversions in the <i>ALS</i> genes of the regenerated banana shoots. Screening over 400 chlorsulfuron-resistant lines using PCR and whole-genome sequencing, they found that up to 3.2% of the lines edited in at least one <i>ALS</i> gene were free of the T-DNA cassette. The efficiency of transgene-free base editing in both <i>ALS</i> genes – used as a proxy to estimate the efficiency of multiplex editing – was 1.0%. The authors estimated that a full-time person could perform <i>c</i>. 18 banana transformations per year, generating up to 16 transgene-free, chlorsulfuron-resistant banana plants that are also edited in a target gene of choice. <blockquote><p><i>Adopting a science-based regulatory approach will ensure that innovative breeding techniques can be fully leveraged to address urgent agricultural and environmental challenges</i>.</p>\u0000<div></div>\u0000</blockquote>\u0000</div>\u0000<p>A key advantage of the transient expression strategy is its broad applicability, provided the target species is susceptible to <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> infection (Fig. 1). Beyond its utility for sterile crops like banana, this approach is also useful for perennial and vegetatively propagated species. Many elite tree varieties, for instance, are clonally propagated. Given most tree species are outbreeding and highly heterozygous, eliminating the T-DNA through crossing would disrupt their elite genetic constitution.</p>\u0000<figure><picture>\u0000<source media=\"(min-width: 1650px)\" srcset=\"/cms/asset/ca8f7a58-0222-4fe7-8517-3c970e87a864/nph70150-fig-0001-m.jpg\"","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143841620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David R. Williamson, Tommy Prestø, Kristine B. Westergaard, Beatrice M. Trascau, Vibekke Vange, Kristian Hassel, Wouter Koch, James D. M. Speed
SummaryFlowering phenology is an indicator of the impact of climate change on natural systems. Anthropogenic climate change has progressed over more than two centuries, but ecological studies are mostly short in comparison. Here we harness the large‐scale digitization of herbaria specimens to investigate temporal trends in flowering phenology at a global scale.We trained a convolutional neural network model to classify images of angiosperm herbarium specimens as being in flower or not in flower. This model was used to infer flowering across 8 million specimens spanning a century and global scales. We investigated temporal trends in mean flowering date and flowering season duration within ecoregions.We found high diversity of temporal trends in flowering seasonality across ecoregions with a median absolute shift of 2.5 d per decade in flowering date and 1.4 d per decade in flowering season duration. Variability in temporal trends in phenology was higher at low latitudes than at high latitudes.Our study demonstrates the value of digitized herbarium specimens for understanding natural dynamics in a time of change. The higher variability in phenological trends at low latitudes likely reflects the effects of a combination of shifts in temperature and precipitation seasonality, together with lower photoperiodic constraints to flowering.
{"title":"Long‐term trends in global flowering phenology","authors":"David R. Williamson, Tommy Prestø, Kristine B. Westergaard, Beatrice M. Trascau, Vibekke Vange, Kristian Hassel, Wouter Koch, James D. M. Speed","doi":"10.1111/nph.70139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70139","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Flowering phenology is an indicator of the impact of climate change on natural systems. Anthropogenic climate change has progressed over more than two centuries, but ecological studies are mostly short in comparison. Here we harness the large‐scale digitization of herbaria specimens to investigate temporal trends in flowering phenology at a global scale.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We trained a convolutional neural network model to classify images of angiosperm herbarium specimens as being in flower or not in flower. This model was used to infer flowering across 8 million specimens spanning a century and global scales. We investigated temporal trends in mean flowering date and flowering season duration within ecoregions.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We found high diversity of temporal trends in flowering seasonality across ecoregions with a median absolute shift of 2.5 d per decade in flowering date and 1.4 d per decade in flowering season duration. Variability in temporal trends in phenology was higher at low latitudes than at high latitudes.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our study demonstrates the value of digitized herbarium specimens for understanding natural dynamics in a time of change. The higher variability in phenological trends at low latitudes likely reflects the effects of a combination of shifts in temperature and precipitation seasonality, together with lower photoperiodic constraints to flowering.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143841624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Filis Morina, Anđela Kuvelja, Dennis Brückner, Miloš Mojović, Đura Nakarada, Syed Nadeem Hussain Bokhari, Bojan Vujić, Gerald Falkenberg, Hendrik Küpper
<h2> Introduction</h2><p>Galls are remarkable examples of biochemical, physiological and morphological changes in plant organs induced by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, nematodes and arthropods (Mani, <span>2013</span>; Ferreira <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>). The mechanisms of gall induction and development, especially those induced by arthropods, are not well understood, and many questions remain open (reviewed by Harris & Pitzschke, <span>2020</span>). The evolutionary advantage of producing galls can be explained by three main hypotheses: the nutritional hypothesis stating that galls provide high-quality nutrient-rich tissue available directly to the galler over the whole associated life cycle; the protection (enemy) hypothesis stating that galls provide a safe place against biotic stress such as predators and pathogens; and the microenvironment hypothesis stating that galls protect the gallers from abiotic stress (temperature, UV radiation, etc.) allowing optimal conditions for reproduction and growth (Price <i>et al</i>., <span>1987</span>; Stone & Schönrogge, <span>2003</span>; Harris & Pitzschke, <span>2020</span>).</p><p>Arthropod-induced galls can have different anatomical features, from simple tissue swelling, to complex, fascinating neoformed structures (Larew, <span>1981</span>; Mani, <span>2013</span>; Ferreira <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>). Most galling-inducing arthropods are highly host-specific and often limited to one tissue type, such as leaf bud, stem or roots (Rohfritsch, <span>1992</span>). Galls are induced by active compounds, cecidogens, excreted during feeding (saliva) or oviposition (Raman, <span>2011</span>). Although the exact mechanisms of gall initiation and development are not fully known, some active molecules have been identified, including hormones, effector proteins and small RNAs (Little <i>et al</i>., <span>2007</span>; Petanović & Kielkiewicz, <span>2010a</span>; Medina <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>; Harris & Pitzschke, <span>2020</span>). Accumulation of growth-regulating hormones contributes to morphological changes (cell hypertrophy and tissue hyperplasia) during gall development (Petanović & Kielkiewicz, <span>2010b</span>; Giron <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Oliveira <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Harris & Pitzschke, <span>2020</span>).</p><p>The chemical composition of the galls differs from the surrounding host tissue, and it is manipulated to benefit the galler. Most of the studies on gall chemical modifications investigated the accumulation and distribution of primary and secondary metabolites. Galls developing on photosynthetically active tissues act as newly formed sinks, with inhibited photosynthetic activity but with the active import of photoassimilates (Zorić <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Jiang <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). Tissue-specific accumulation of phenolic compounds has been observed as well, mostly in the outer l
在螨瘿内，夏季会出现几代雌雄螨，但在初秋会产生越冬雌螨，直到第二年春季才会产卵。螨虫瘿的早期发育包括表皮细胞的强烈增殖和从实质细胞到分生细胞的去分化。随着瘿的成熟，增殖减少，木质化发生（Petanović & Kielkiewicz, 2010a,b; Chetverikov et al.基于金属的免疫机制涉及金属蛋白、低分子量（LMW）配体和植物激素积累（Morina 等人, 2021; Morina & Küpper, 2022; Kuvelja 等人, 2024）。我们假设微量营养元素在植物对虫瘿和虫瘿发育的反应中起着重要作用，并且微量营养元素在虫瘿中的组织分布与它们满足螨虫需求的功能有关。这不同于对病原体的防御反应，因为虫瘿可以劫持植物蛋白酶体，最小化/操纵宿主的防御反应并抑制免疫系统（Ithal 等人，2007 年；Tooker 等人，2008 年）。
{"title":"How eriophyid mites shape metal metabolism in leaf galls on Tilia cordata","authors":"Filis Morina, Anđela Kuvelja, Dennis Brückner, Miloš Mojović, Đura Nakarada, Syed Nadeem Hussain Bokhari, Bojan Vujić, Gerald Falkenberg, Hendrik Küpper","doi":"10.1111/nph.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Galls are remarkable examples of biochemical, physiological and morphological changes in plant organs induced by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, nematodes and arthropods (Mani, <span>2013</span>; Ferreira <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>). The mechanisms of gall induction and development, especially those induced by arthropods, are not well understood, and many questions remain open (reviewed by Harris & Pitzschke, <span>2020</span>). The evolutionary advantage of producing galls can be explained by three main hypotheses: the nutritional hypothesis stating that galls provide high-quality nutrient-rich tissue available directly to the galler over the whole associated life cycle; the protection (enemy) hypothesis stating that galls provide a safe place against biotic stress such as predators and pathogens; and the microenvironment hypothesis stating that galls protect the gallers from abiotic stress (temperature, UV radiation, etc.) allowing optimal conditions for reproduction and growth (Price <i>et al</i>., <span>1987</span>; Stone & Schönrogge, <span>2003</span>; Harris & Pitzschke, <span>2020</span>).</p>\u0000<p>Arthropod-induced galls can have different anatomical features, from simple tissue swelling, to complex, fascinating neoformed structures (Larew, <span>1981</span>; Mani, <span>2013</span>; Ferreira <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>). Most galling-inducing arthropods are highly host-specific and often limited to one tissue type, such as leaf bud, stem or roots (Rohfritsch, <span>1992</span>). Galls are induced by active compounds, cecidogens, excreted during feeding (saliva) or oviposition (Raman, <span>2011</span>). Although the exact mechanisms of gall initiation and development are not fully known, some active molecules have been identified, including hormones, effector proteins and small RNAs (Little <i>et al</i>., <span>2007</span>; Petanović & Kielkiewicz, <span>2010a</span>; Medina <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>; Harris & Pitzschke, <span>2020</span>). Accumulation of growth-regulating hormones contributes to morphological changes (cell hypertrophy and tissue hyperplasia) during gall development (Petanović & Kielkiewicz, <span>2010b</span>; Giron <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Oliveira <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Harris & Pitzschke, <span>2020</span>).</p>\u0000<p>The chemical composition of the galls differs from the surrounding host tissue, and it is manipulated to benefit the galler. Most of the studies on gall chemical modifications investigated the accumulation and distribution of primary and secondary metabolites. Galls developing on photosynthetically active tissues act as newly formed sinks, with inhibited photosynthetic activity but with the active import of photoassimilates (Zorić <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Jiang <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). Tissue-specific accumulation of phenolic compounds has been observed as well, mostly in the outer l","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cold stress is a major environmental challenge affecting the production of crops. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs) are crucial regulators relaying calcium (Ca2+) signals into cellular stress responses. However, the specific mechanisms of CPKs in regulating cold stress signaling are not well understood.
In this study, through genetic, physiological and molecular biology assays, we characterized the function of CPK27 in enhancing tomato cold tolerance. We found that CPK27 stimulates flavonoid biosynthesis in a Ca2+-dependent manner, which in turn boosts the plant's tolerance. Tomato plants lacking CPK27 (cpk27) showed decreased flavonoid levels under cold stress, accompanied by the increased sensitivity to cold.
Activated by cold stress, CPK27 accumulates within the nucleus, where it physically interacts and phosphorylates ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) protein at serine23 (S23) and S57 residues, contributing to the cold-induced accumulation of HY5 protein. HY5 directly binds to the promoter regions and stimulates the transcription of flavonoid biosynthesis genes. Further genetic analysis showed that CPK27 acts upstream of HY5, and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway activated by CPK27 is HY5-dependent.
Our study elucidates the regulatory mechanism whereby the CPK27-HY5 molecule integrates cold-triggered Ca2+ signals with flavonoid biosynthesis pathways to confer cold stress tolerance, thereby uncovering the key strategy for cold signal transduction.
{"title":"CPK27 enhances cold tolerance by promoting flavonoid biosynthesis through phosphorylating HY5 in tomato","authors":"Rui Lin, Wenjing Zhang, Rong Tian, Limeng Zhang, Jiachen Hong, Lingyu Wang, Huijia Kang, Jingquan Yu, Yanhong Zhou","doi":"10.1111/nph.70134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70134","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Cold stress is a major environmental challenge affecting the production of crops. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs) are crucial regulators relaying calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) signals into cellular stress responses. However, the specific mechanisms of CPKs in regulating cold stress signaling are not well understood.</li>\u0000<li>In this study, through genetic, physiological and molecular biology assays, we characterized the function of CPK27 in enhancing tomato cold tolerance. We found that CPK27 stimulates flavonoid biosynthesis in a Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent manner, which in turn boosts the plant's tolerance. Tomato plants lacking CPK27 (<i>cpk27</i>) showed decreased flavonoid levels under cold stress, accompanied by the increased sensitivity to cold.</li>\u0000<li>Activated by cold stress, CPK27 accumulates within the nucleus, where it physically interacts and phosphorylates ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) protein at serine23 (S23) and S57 residues, contributing to the cold-induced accumulation of HY5 protein. HY5 directly binds to the promoter regions and stimulates the transcription of flavonoid biosynthesis genes. Further genetic analysis showed that CPK27 acts upstream of HY5, and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway activated by CPK27 is HY5-dependent.</li>\u0000<li>Our study elucidates the regulatory mechanism whereby the CPK27-HY5 molecule integrates cold-triggered Ca<sup>2+</sup> signals with flavonoid biosynthesis pathways to confer cold stress tolerance, thereby uncovering the key strategy for cold signal transduction.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicolas Corradi, Pedro Madeira Antunes, Franco Magurno
In arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, only c. 370 species have been formally described despite these fungal organisms having coevolved with plants for hundreds of millions of years. In contrast to this, dozens of thousands of species are known for many fungal lineages with shorter evolutionary timescales. This Viewpoint highlights some plausible reasons for these striking discrepancies in species description. These include paralogs of ribosomal genes leading to the misidentification of AM fungal species in phylogenetic analyses and polymorphism in homologous morphological traits. We propose to address issues surrounding AM fungal taxonomy using genome-based approaches that will allow the determination of whether individual AM fungal isolates really belong to the same species.
{"title":"A call for reform: implementing genome-based approaches for species classification in Glomeromycotina","authors":"Nicolas Corradi, Pedro Madeira Antunes, Franco Magurno","doi":"10.1111/nph.70148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70148","url":null,"abstract":"In arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, only <i>c</i>. 370 species have been formally described despite these fungal organisms having coevolved with plants for hundreds of millions of years. In contrast to this, dozens of thousands of species are known for many fungal lineages with shorter evolutionary timescales. This Viewpoint highlights some plausible reasons for these striking discrepancies in species description. These include paralogs of ribosomal genes leading to the misidentification of AM fungal species in phylogenetic analyses and polymorphism in homologous morphological traits. We propose to address issues surrounding AM fungal taxonomy using genome-based approaches that will allow the determination of whether individual AM fungal isolates really belong to the same species.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143837035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hu Sun, Nils Schmidt, Tracy Lawson, Martin Hagemann, Stefan Timm
SummaryPhotorespiration is a mandatory metabolic repair shunt of carbon fixation by the Calvin–Benson cycle in oxygenic phototrophs. Its extent depends mainly on the CO2 : O2 ratio in chloroplasts, which is regulated via stomatal movements. Despite a comprehensive understanding of the role of photorespiration in mesophyll cells, its role in guard cells (GC) is unknown. Therefore, a key enzyme of photorespiration, glycine decarboxylase (GDC), was specifically manipulated by varying glycine decarboxylase H‐protein (GDC‐H) expression in Arabidopsis GC.Multiple approaches were used to analyze the transgenic lines growth, their gas exchange and Chl fluorescence, alongside metabolomics and microscopic approaches.We observed a positive correlation of GC GDC‐H expression with growth, photosynthesis and carbohydrate biosynthesis, suggesting photorespiration is involved in stomatal regulation. Gas exchange measurements support this view, as optimized GC photorespiration improved plant acclimation toward conditions requiring a high photorespiratory capacity. Microscopic analysis revealed that altered photorespiratory flux also affected GC starch accumulation patterns, eventually serving as an underlying mechanism for altered stomatal behavior.Collectively, our data suggest photorespiration is involved in the regulatory circuit that coordinates stomatal movements with CO2 availability. Thus, the manipulation of photorespiration in GC has the potential to engineer crops maintaining growth and photosynthesis under future climates.
{"title":"Guard cell‐specific glycine decarboxylase manipulation affects Arabidopsis photosynthesis, growth and stomatal behavior","authors":"Hu Sun, Nils Schmidt, Tracy Lawson, Martin Hagemann, Stefan Timm","doi":"10.1111/nph.70124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70124","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Photorespiration is a mandatory metabolic repair shunt of carbon fixation by the Calvin–Benson cycle in oxygenic phototrophs. Its extent depends mainly on the CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> : O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> ratio in chloroplasts, which is regulated via stomatal movements. Despite a comprehensive understanding of the role of photorespiration in mesophyll cells, its role in guard cells (GC) is unknown. Therefore, a key enzyme of photorespiration, glycine decarboxylase (GDC), was specifically manipulated by varying glycine decarboxylase H‐protein (GDC‐H) expression in Arabidopsis GC.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Multiple approaches were used to analyze the transgenic lines growth, their gas exchange and Chl fluorescence, alongside metabolomics and microscopic approaches.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We observed a positive correlation of GC <jats:italic>GDC‐H</jats:italic> expression with growth, photosynthesis and carbohydrate biosynthesis, suggesting photorespiration is involved in stomatal regulation. Gas exchange measurements support this view, as optimized GC photorespiration improved plant acclimation toward conditions requiring a high photorespiratory capacity. Microscopic analysis revealed that altered photorespiratory flux also affected GC starch accumulation patterns, eventually serving as an underlying mechanism for altered stomatal behavior.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Collectively, our data suggest photorespiration is involved in the regulatory circuit that coordinates stomatal movements with CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> availability. Thus, the manipulation of photorespiration in GC has the potential to engineer crops maintaining growth and photosynthesis under future climates.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SummarySilicon (Si) has been hypothesized to be a metabolically cheaper substitute for carbon‐based cell wall components to support leaves. However, how the biomechanical function of Si, deposited as amorphous silica, differs from cell wall components remains untested. Here, we tested the hypothesis that species with higher leaf Si concentrations have stiffer but more brittle leaf lamina.We measured the mechanical properties, including modulus of elasticity (E), tensile strength (σmax), and maximum strain (εmax), tissue density, and the concentrations of Si and cell wall components for 33 deciduous broad‐leaved woody species.Multiple regression results showed that tissue density, Si concentration, and cellulose concentration contributed positively to E and negatively to εmax. By contrast, tissue density and cellulose concentration, but not Si concentration, contributed to σmax. No significant contribution of lignin concentration to mechanical properties was detected.These results suggest that Si might function as a substitute for cellulose to increase stiffness but not the strength of a lamina. Greater Si concentration decreased εmax without increasing σmax, which made the lamina more brittle. The brittleness associated with Si might explain a potential cost or disadvantage of using Si, which would elucidate the trade‐offs between species with different leaf Si concentrations.
{"title":"Across 33 broad‐leaved deciduous woody species, silicon enhances leaf lamina stiffness but not tensile strength whereas cellulose enhances both","authors":"Hirofumi Kajino, Yusuke Onoda, Kaoru Kitajima","doi":"10.1111/nph.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70079","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Silicon (Si) has been hypothesized to be a metabolically cheaper substitute for carbon‐based cell wall components to support leaves. However, how the biomechanical function of Si, deposited as amorphous silica, differs from cell wall components remains untested. Here, we tested the hypothesis that species with higher leaf Si concentrations have stiffer but more brittle leaf lamina.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We measured the mechanical properties, including modulus of elasticity (<jats:italic>E</jats:italic>), tensile strength (<jats:italic>σ</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub>), and maximum strain (<jats:italic>ε</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub>), tissue density, and the concentrations of Si and cell wall components for 33 deciduous broad‐leaved woody species.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Multiple regression results showed that tissue density, Si concentration, and cellulose concentration contributed positively to <jats:italic>E</jats:italic> and negatively to <jats:italic>ε</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub>. By contrast, tissue density and cellulose concentration, but not Si concentration, contributed to <jats:italic>σ</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub>. No significant contribution of lignin concentration to mechanical properties was detected.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>These results suggest that Si might function as a substitute for cellulose to increase stiffness but not the strength of a lamina. Greater Si concentration decreased <jats:italic>ε</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub> without increasing <jats:italic>σ</jats:italic><jats:sub>max</jats:sub>, which made the lamina more brittle. The brittleness associated with Si might explain a potential cost or disadvantage of using Si, which would elucidate the trade‐offs between species with different leaf Si concentrations.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143819219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan D. Phillips, Seeger van Kints, Ben Ong, Alyssa M. Weinstein, Rod Peakall, Gavin R. Flematti, Björn Bohman
<h2> Introduction</h2><p>Most plant species worldwide depend on insects for pollination (Ollerton <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>), with volatile organic compounds being pivotal for mediating pollinator attraction in many of these plants (Raguso, <span>2008</span>; Dötterl & Gershenzon, <span>2023</span>). Among plants, orchids are exceptional in their extraordinary range of pollinators, pollination strategies, and floral volatiles (Ackerman <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>; Perkins <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). One of the most remarkable pollination strategies is that of sexual deception, where the flower imitates female insects to attract male pollinators, with sex pheromone mimicry typically being key to pollinator attraction (Schiestl <span>2005</span>; Ayasse <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>). While the chemical basis of the sexual mimicry and the extreme pollinator specificity has been confirmed by field bioassays with synthetic compounds for a growing number of sexually deceptive orchids (see Bohman <i>et al</i>., <span>2016a</span>; Bohman <i>et al</i>., <span>2020a</span>; Peakall <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>), these examples represent just a tiny fraction of the hundreds of known cases of orchids employing this pollination strategy (Johnson and Schiestl <span>2016</span>; Peakall, <span>2023</span>).</p><p>Australia is home to a high proportion of sexually deceptive orchids, where several hundred species spanning 11 genera are now known to use this strategy (Gaskett, <span>2011</span>; Peakall, <span>2023</span>). <i>Cryptostylis</i> was the first Australian orchid genus discovered to be sexually deceptive (Coleman, <span>1927</span>), with all five Australian species dependent on the same pollinator, the orchid dupe wasp, <i>Lissopimpla excelsa</i> Costa (Ichneumonidae) (Coleman, <span>1927</span>, <span>1929</span>, <span>1930a</span>, <span>1930b</span>; Nicholls, <span>1938</span>). While attempted copulation (pseudocopulation) is not always necessary for pollination (Peakall, <span>2023</span>), <i>Cryptostylis</i> represents an extreme amongst sexually deceptive plants as one of only two confirmed cases (the other being the beetle-pollinated <i>Disa forficaria</i> (Cohen <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>)) where flowers induce ejaculation by some male pollinators (Coleman, <span>1930b</span>; Gaskett <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>). While it is almost 100 yr since Coleman conducted simple experiments with <i>Cryptostylis</i> revealing that wasps could locate hidden flowers, leading to her astute conclusion that scent and mimicry were involved in this case of pollination by sexual deception (Coleman, <span>1930a</span>), the compounds responsible for pollinator attraction have only just started to be elucidated. In previous experiments with (<i>S</i>)-2-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetic acid from <i>Cryptostylis ovata</i> R.Br, only close approaches by <i>L. excelsa</i> have been observed (Bohman <i>et al</i>., <span>20
{"title":"Pollination by sexual deception via pro-pheromone mimicry?","authors":"Ryan D. Phillips, Seeger van Kints, Ben Ong, Alyssa M. Weinstein, Rod Peakall, Gavin R. Flematti, Björn Bohman","doi":"10.1111/nph.70131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70131","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Most plant species worldwide depend on insects for pollination (Ollerton <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>), with volatile organic compounds being pivotal for mediating pollinator attraction in many of these plants (Raguso, <span>2008</span>; Dötterl & Gershenzon, <span>2023</span>). Among plants, orchids are exceptional in their extraordinary range of pollinators, pollination strategies, and floral volatiles (Ackerman <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>; Perkins <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). One of the most remarkable pollination strategies is that of sexual deception, where the flower imitates female insects to attract male pollinators, with sex pheromone mimicry typically being key to pollinator attraction (Schiestl <span>2005</span>; Ayasse <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>). While the chemical basis of the sexual mimicry and the extreme pollinator specificity has been confirmed by field bioassays with synthetic compounds for a growing number of sexually deceptive orchids (see Bohman <i>et al</i>., <span>2016a</span>; Bohman <i>et al</i>., <span>2020a</span>; Peakall <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>), these examples represent just a tiny fraction of the hundreds of known cases of orchids employing this pollination strategy (Johnson and Schiestl <span>2016</span>; Peakall, <span>2023</span>).</p>\u0000<p>Australia is home to a high proportion of sexually deceptive orchids, where several hundred species spanning 11 genera are now known to use this strategy (Gaskett, <span>2011</span>; Peakall, <span>2023</span>). <i>Cryptostylis</i> was the first Australian orchid genus discovered to be sexually deceptive (Coleman, <span>1927</span>), with all five Australian species dependent on the same pollinator, the orchid dupe wasp, <i>Lissopimpla excelsa</i> Costa (Ichneumonidae) (Coleman, <span>1927</span>, <span>1929</span>, <span>1930a</span>, <span>1930b</span>; Nicholls, <span>1938</span>). While attempted copulation (pseudocopulation) is not always necessary for pollination (Peakall, <span>2023</span>), <i>Cryptostylis</i> represents an extreme amongst sexually deceptive plants as one of only two confirmed cases (the other being the beetle-pollinated <i>Disa forficaria</i> (Cohen <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>)) where flowers induce ejaculation by some male pollinators (Coleman, <span>1930b</span>; Gaskett <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>). While it is almost 100 yr since Coleman conducted simple experiments with <i>Cryptostylis</i> revealing that wasps could locate hidden flowers, leading to her astute conclusion that scent and mimicry were involved in this case of pollination by sexual deception (Coleman, <span>1930a</span>), the compounds responsible for pollinator attraction have only just started to be elucidated. In previous experiments with (<i>S</i>)-2-(tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)acetic acid from <i>Cryptostylis ovata</i> R.Br, only close approaches by <i>L. excelsa</i> have been observed (Bohman <i>et al</i>., <span>20","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143819928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：