Beatrice L. Harrison Day, Craig R. Brodersen, Timothy J. Brodribb
SummaryResolving the position of roots in the whole‐plant hierarchy of drought‐induced xylem embolism resistance is fundamental for predicting when species become isolated from soil water resources. Published research generally suggests that roots are the most vulnerable organ of the plant vascular system, although estimates vary significantly. However, our knowledge of root embolism excludes the fine roots (< 2 mm diameter) that form the bulk of total absorptive surface area of the root network for water and nutrient uptake.We measured fine root and stem xylem vulnerability in 10 vascular plant species from the major land plant clades (five angiosperms, three conifers, a fern and lycophyte), using standardised in situ methods (Optical Methods and MicroCT).Mean fine root embolism resistance across the network matched or exceeded stems in all study species. In six of these species (one fern, one lycophyte, three conifers and one angiosperm), fine roots were significantly more embolism resistant than stems. No clear relationship was found between root xylem conduit diameter and vulnerability.These results provide insight into the resistance of the plant hydraulic pathway at the site of water and nutrient uptake, and challenge the long‐standing assumption that fine roots are more vulnerable than stems.
{"title":"Weak link or strong foundation? Vulnerability of fine root networks and stems to xylem embolism","authors":"Beatrice L. Harrison Day, Craig R. Brodersen, Timothy J. Brodribb","doi":"10.1111/nph.20115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20115","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Resolving the position of roots in the whole‐plant hierarchy of drought‐induced xylem embolism resistance is fundamental for predicting when species become isolated from soil water resources. Published research generally suggests that roots are the most vulnerable organ of the plant vascular system, although estimates vary significantly. However, our knowledge of root embolism excludes the fine roots (< 2 mm diameter) that form the bulk of total absorptive surface area of the root network for water and nutrient uptake.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We measured fine root and stem xylem vulnerability in 10 vascular plant species from the major land plant clades (five angiosperms, three conifers, a fern and lycophyte), using standardised <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> methods (Optical Methods and MicroCT).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Mean fine root embolism resistance across the network matched or exceeded stems in all study species. In six of these species (one fern, one lycophyte, three conifers and one angiosperm), fine roots were significantly more embolism resistant than stems. No clear relationship was found between root xylem conduit diameter and vulnerability.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>These results provide insight into the resistance of the plant hydraulic pathway at the site of water and nutrient uptake, and challenge the long‐standing assumption that fine roots are more vulnerable than stems.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hong Wang, Xiujun Xie, Wenhui Gu, Zhenbing Zheng, Jintao Zhuo, Zhizhuo Shao, Li Huan, Baoyu Zhang, Jianfeng Niu, Shan Gao, Xulei Wang, Guangce Wang
{"title":"Gene editing of economic macroalga Neopyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) will promote its development into a model species of marine algae","authors":"Hong Wang, Xiujun Xie, Wenhui Gu, Zhenbing Zheng, Jintao Zhuo, Zhizhuo Shao, Li Huan, Baoyu Zhang, Jianfeng Niu, Shan Gao, Xulei Wang, Guangce Wang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xylem air embolism is the primary cause of drought-related tree mortality. Phenotypic plasticity of xylem traits is key for species acclimation to environmental variability and evolution. It is widely believed that plants increase xylem embolism resistance in response to drought. However, I argue that this hypothesis, based on extensive literature, relies on sampling methods that overlook predictable anatomical patterns, potentially biasing our understanding of acclimation and adaptation strategies.
{"title":"An appreciation of apex-to-base variation in xylem traits will lead to more precise understanding of xylem phenotypic plasticity","authors":"Giai Petit","doi":"10.1111/nph.20109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20109","url":null,"abstract":"Xylem air embolism is the primary cause of drought-related tree mortality. Phenotypic plasticity of xylem traits is key for species acclimation to environmental variability and evolution. It is widely believed that plants increase xylem embolism resistance in response to drought. However, I argue that this hypothesis, based on extensive literature, relies on sampling methods that overlook predictable anatomical patterns, potentially biasing our understanding of acclimation and adaptation strategies.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142171416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haichuan Le, Jiangtao Mao, Jeannine Cavender‐Bares, Jesús N. Pinto‐Ledezma, Ying Deng, Changming Zhao, Gaoming Xiong, Wenting Xu, Zongqiang Xie
SummaryDarwin's two opposing hypotheses, proposing that non‐native species closely or distantly related to native species are more likely to succeed, are known as ‘Darwin's Naturalization Conundrum’. Recently, invasion ecologists have sought to unravel these hypotheses. Studies that incorporate rich observational data in disturbed ecosystems that integrate phylogenetic and functional perspectives have potential to shed light on the conundrum.Using 313 invaded plant communities including 46 invasive plant species and 531 native plant species across the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China, we aim to evaluate the coexistence mechanisms of invasive and native plants by integrating phylogenetic and functional dimensions at spatial and temporal scales.Our findings revealed that invasive plants tended to co‐occur more frequently with native plant species that were phylogenetically distant but functionally similar in the reservoir riparian zone. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that the filtering of flood‐dry‐flood cycles played a significant role in deepening functional similarities of native communities and invasive‐native species over time.Our study highlights the contrasting effects of phylogenetic relatedness and functional similarity between invasive and native species in highly flood‐disturbed habitats, providing new sights into Darwin's Naturalization Conundrum.
{"title":"Non‐native plants tend to be phylogenetically distant but functionally similar to native plants under intense disturbance at the Three Gorges Reservoir Area","authors":"Haichuan Le, Jiangtao Mao, Jeannine Cavender‐Bares, Jesús N. Pinto‐Ledezma, Ying Deng, Changming Zhao, Gaoming Xiong, Wenting Xu, Zongqiang Xie","doi":"10.1111/nph.20126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20126","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Darwin's two opposing hypotheses, proposing that non‐native species closely or distantly related to native species are more likely to succeed, are known as ‘Darwin's Naturalization Conundrum’. Recently, invasion ecologists have sought to unravel these hypotheses. Studies that incorporate rich observational data in disturbed ecosystems that integrate phylogenetic and functional perspectives have potential to shed light on the conundrum.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Using 313 invaded plant communities including 46 invasive plant species and 531 native plant species across the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China, we aim to evaluate the coexistence mechanisms of invasive and native plants by integrating phylogenetic and functional dimensions at spatial and temporal scales.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our findings revealed that invasive plants tended to co‐occur more frequently with native plant species that were phylogenetically distant but functionally similar in the reservoir riparian zone. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that the filtering of flood‐dry‐flood cycles played a significant role in deepening functional similarities of native communities and invasive‐native species over time.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our study highlights the contrasting effects of phylogenetic relatedness and functional similarity between invasive and native species in highly flood‐disturbed habitats, providing new sights into Darwin's Naturalization Conundrum.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guang‐Jiu Hao, Jun Ying, Lu‐Shen Li, Fei Yu, Shan‐Shan Dun, Le‐Yan Su, Xin‐Ying Zhao, Sha Li, Yan Zhang
SummaryStyle penetration by pollen tubes is essential for reproductive success, a process requiring canonical Rab5s in Arabidopsis. However, functional loss of Arabidopsis Vps9a, the gene encoding for guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of Rab5s, did not affect male transmission, implying the presence of a compensation program or redundancy.By combining genetic, cytological, and molecular approaches, we report that Arabidopsis Vps9b is a pollen‐preferential gene, redundantly mediating pollen tube penetration of style with Vps9a.Vps9b is functionally interchangeable with Vps9a, whose functional distinction results from distinct expression profiles.Functional loss of Vps9a and Vps9b results in the mis‐targeting of Rab5‐dependent tonoplast proteins, defective vacuolar biogenesis, disturbed distribution of post‐Golgi vesicles, increased cellular turgor, cytosolic acidification, and disrupted organization of actin microfilaments (MF) in pollen tubes, which collectively lead to the failure of pollen tubes to grow through style.
{"title":"Two functionally interchangeable Vps9 isoforms mediate pollen tube penetration of style","authors":"Guang‐Jiu Hao, Jun Ying, Lu‐Shen Li, Fei Yu, Shan‐Shan Dun, Le‐Yan Su, Xin‐Ying Zhao, Sha Li, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20088","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Style penetration by pollen tubes is essential for reproductive success, a process requiring canonical Rab5s in Arabidopsis. However, functional loss of Arabidopsis Vps9a, the gene encoding for guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of Rab5s, did not affect male transmission, implying the presence of a compensation program or redundancy.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>By combining genetic, cytological, and molecular approaches, we report that Arabidopsis <jats:italic>Vps9b</jats:italic> is a pollen‐preferential gene, redundantly mediating pollen tube penetration of style with <jats:italic>Vps9a</jats:italic>.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Vps9b is functionally interchangeable with Vps9a, whose functional distinction results from distinct expression profiles.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Functional loss of <jats:italic>Vps9a</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Vps9b</jats:italic> results in the mis‐targeting of Rab5‐dependent tonoplast proteins, defective vacuolar biogenesis, disturbed distribution of post‐Golgi vesicles, increased cellular turgor, cytosolic acidification, and disrupted organization of actin microfilaments (MF) in pollen tubes, which collectively lead to the failure of pollen tubes to grow through style.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bingbing Lv, Huaiyu Deng, Jia Wei, Qiaoqiao Feng, Bo Liu, Anqi Zuo, Yichen Bai, Jingying Liu, Juane Dong, Pengda Ma
SummarySalvia miltiorrhiza holds significant importance in traditional Chinese medicine. Stress‐associated proteins (SAP), identified by A20/AN1 zinc finger structural domains, play crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and hormone responses.Herein, we conducted a genome‐wide identification of the SAP gene family in S. miltiorrhiza. The expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of SmSAP4 under methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salt stress. Overexpressing SmSAP4 in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots increased tanshinones content while decreasing salvianolic acids content, while RNAi‐silencing SmSAP4 had the opposite effect. SmSAP4 overexpression in both Arabidopsis thaliana and S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots decreased their salt stress tolerance, accompanied by increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and a hindered ability to maintain the Na+ : K+ ratio.Further investigations demonstrated that MeJA alleviated the inhibitory effect of SmJAZ3 on SmSAP4 activation by SmbHLH37 and SmERF73. However, MeJA did not affect the inhibition of SmSAP4 activation by SmJAZ8 through SmbHLH37.In summary, our research reveals that SmSAP4 negatively regulates the accumulation of salvianic acid through the SmJAZs‐SmbHLH37/SmERF73‐SmSAP4 module and positively impacting the accumulation of tanshinones. Additionally, it functions as a negative regulator under salt stress.
{"title":"SmJAZs‐SmbHLH37/SmERF73‐SmSAP4 module mediates jasmonic acid signaling to balance biosynthesis of medicinal metabolites and salt tolerance in Salvia miltiorrhiza","authors":"Bingbing Lv, Huaiyu Deng, Jia Wei, Qiaoqiao Feng, Bo Liu, Anqi Zuo, Yichen Bai, Jingying Liu, Juane Dong, Pengda Ma","doi":"10.1111/nph.20110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20110","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item><jats:italic>Salvia miltiorrhiza</jats:italic> holds significant importance in traditional Chinese medicine. Stress‐associated proteins (SAP), identified by A20/AN1 zinc finger structural domains, play crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and hormone responses.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Herein, we conducted a genome‐wide identification of the SAP gene family in <jats:italic>S. miltiorrhiza</jats:italic>. The expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of <jats:italic>SmSAP4</jats:italic> under methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salt stress. Overexpressing <jats:italic>SmSAP4</jats:italic> in <jats:italic>S. miltiorrhiza</jats:italic> hairy roots increased tanshinones content while decreasing salvianolic acids content, while RNAi‐silencing <jats:italic>SmSAP4</jats:italic> had the opposite effect. <jats:italic>SmSAP4</jats:italic> overexpression in both <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. miltiorrhiza</jats:italic> hairy roots decreased their salt stress tolerance, accompanied by increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and a hindered ability to maintain the Na<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> : K<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> ratio.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Further investigations demonstrated that MeJA alleviated the inhibitory effect of SmJAZ3 on <jats:italic>SmSAP4</jats:italic> activation by SmbHLH37 and SmERF73. However, MeJA did not affect the inhibition of <jats:italic>SmSAP4</jats:italic> activation by SmJAZ8 through SmbHLH37.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In summary, our research reveals that <jats:italic>SmSAP4</jats:italic> negatively regulates the accumulation of salvianic acid through the SmJAZs‐SmbHLH37/SmERF73‐<jats:italic>SmSAP4</jats:italic> module and positively impacting the accumulation of tanshinones. Additionally, it functions as a negative regulator under salt stress.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chung-Ting Kao, Fan-Wei Yang, Meng-Chen Wu, Tzu-Huan Hung, Chen-Wei Hu, Chiu-Hua Chen, Pin-Chien Liou, Te-Lun Mai, Chia-Chih Chang, Tung-Yi Lin, Ying-Lan Chen, Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin, Jung-Chen Su
Monolignol serves as the building blocks to constitute lignin, the second abundant polymer on Earth. Despite two decades of diligent efforts, complete identification of all metabolites in the currently proposed monolignol biosynthesis pathway has proven elusive. This limitation also hampers their potential application. One of the primary obstacles is the challenge of assembling a collection of all molecules, because many are commercially unavailable or prohibitively costly. In this study, we established systematic pipelines to synthesize all 24 molecules through the conversions between functional groups on a core structure followed by the application to other core structures. We successfully identified all of them in Populus trichocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis, two representative species respectively from malpighiales and myrtales in angiosperms. Knowledge about monolignol metabolite chemosynthesis and identification will form the foundation for future studies.
{"title":"Systematic synthesis and identification of monolignol pathway metabolites","authors":"Chung-Ting Kao, Fan-Wei Yang, Meng-Chen Wu, Tzu-Huan Hung, Chen-Wei Hu, Chiu-Hua Chen, Pin-Chien Liou, Te-Lun Mai, Chia-Chih Chang, Tung-Yi Lin, Ying-Lan Chen, Ying-Chung Jimmy Lin, Jung-Chen Su","doi":"10.1111/nph.20101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20101","url":null,"abstract":"Monolignol serves as the building blocks to constitute lignin, the second abundant polymer on Earth. Despite two decades of diligent efforts, complete identification of all metabolites in the currently proposed monolignol biosynthesis pathway has proven elusive. This limitation also hampers their potential application. One of the primary obstacles is the challenge of assembling a collection of all molecules, because many are commercially unavailable or prohibitively costly. In this study, we established systematic pipelines to synthesize all 24 molecules through the conversions between functional groups on a core structure followed by the application to other core structures. We successfully identified all of them in <i>Populus trichocarpa</i> and <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i>, two representative species respectively from malpighiales and myrtales in angiosperms. Knowledge about monolignol metabolite chemosynthesis and identification will form the foundation for future studies.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142198221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Making yourself heard: why well-exposed flowers are an adaptation for bat pollination.","authors":"Nathan Muchhala,Juan Moreira-Hernández,Alejandro Zuluaga","doi":"10.1111/nph.20075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20075","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142170691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first step in carbon (C) turnover, where senesced plant biomass is converted through various pathways into compounds that are released to the atmosphere or incorporated into the soil, is termed litter decomposition. This review is focused on recent advances of how solar radiation can affect this important process in terrestrial ecosystems. We explore the photochemical degradation of plant litter and its consequences for biotic decomposition and C cycling. The ubiquitous presence of lignin in plant tissues poses an important challenge for enzymatic litter decomposition due to its biological recalcitrance, creating a substantial bottleneck for decomposer organisms. The recognition that lignin is also photolabile and can be rapidly altered by natural doses of sunlight to increase access to cell wall carbohydrates and even bolster the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes highlights a novel role for lignin in modulating rates of litter decomposition. Lignin represents a key functional connector between photochemistry and biochemistry with important consequences for our understanding of how sunlight exposure may affect litter decomposition in a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems. A mechanistic understanding of how sunlight controls litter decomposition and C turnover can help inform management and other decisions related to mitigating human impact on the planet.
{"title":"Photodegradation in terrestrial ecosystems","authors":"Amy T. Austin, Carlos L. Ballaré","doi":"10.1111/nph.20105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20105","url":null,"abstract":"The first step in carbon (C) turnover, where senesced plant biomass is converted through various pathways into compounds that are released to the atmosphere or incorporated into the soil, is termed litter decomposition. This review is focused on recent advances of how solar radiation can affect this important process in terrestrial ecosystems. We explore the photochemical degradation of plant litter and its consequences for biotic decomposition and C cycling. The ubiquitous presence of lignin in plant tissues poses an important challenge for enzymatic litter decomposition due to its biological recalcitrance, creating a substantial bottleneck for decomposer organisms. The recognition that lignin is also photolabile and can be rapidly altered by natural doses of sunlight to increase access to cell wall carbohydrates and even bolster the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes highlights a novel role for lignin in modulating rates of litter decomposition. Lignin represents a key functional connector between photochemistry and biochemistry with important consequences for our understanding of how sunlight exposure may affect litter decomposition in a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems. A mechanistic understanding of how sunlight controls litter decomposition and C turnover can help inform management and other decisions related to mitigating human impact on the planet.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142171421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jorad de Vries, Simone Fior, Aksel Pålsson, Alex Widmer, Jake M. Alexander
SummaryLocal adaptation to contrasting environmental conditions along environmental gradients is a widespread phenomenon in plant populations, yet we lack a mechanistic understanding of how individual agents of selection contribute to this evolutionary process.Here, we developed a novel evolutionary functional–structural plant (E‐FSP) model that recreates local adaptation of virtual plants along an environmental gradient. First, we validate the model by testing if it can reproduce two elevational ecotypes of Dianthus carthusianorum occurring in the Swiss Alps. Second, we use the E‐FSP model to disentangle the relative contribution of abiotic (temperature) and biotic (competition and pollination) selection pressures to elevational adaptation in D. carthusianorum.Our results suggest that elevational adaptation in D. carthusianorum is predominantly driven by the abiotic environment. The model reproduced the qualitative differences between the elevational ecotypes in two phenological (germination and flowering time) and one morphological trait (stalk height), as well as qualitative differences in four performance variables that emerge from G × E interactions (flowering time, number of stalks, rosette area and seed production).Our approach shows how E‐FSP models incorporating physiological, ecological and evolutionary mechanisms can be used in combination with experiments to examine hypotheses about patterns of adaptation observed in the field.
摘要 沿环境梯度对不同环境条件的局部适应是植物种群中的一个普遍现象，但我们对单个选择因子如何促进这一进化过程缺乏机制上的了解。在此，我们开发了一种新的植物功能结构进化（E-FSP）模型，该模型再现了虚拟植物沿环境梯度的局部适应性。首先，我们通过测试该模型能否再现瑞士阿尔卑斯山石竹属植物的两种海拔生态型来验证该模型。其次，我们使用 E-FSP 模型来区分非生物（温度）和生物（竞争和授粉）选择压力对石竹属植物海拔适应性的相对贡献。我们的结果表明，D. carthusianorum的海拔适应主要是由非生物环境驱动的。该模型再现了海拔生态型之间在两个表观性状（发芽率和开花时间）和一个形态性状（茎秆高度）上的质的差异，以及由 G × E 相互作用产生的四个性能变量（开花时间、茎秆数量、莲座丛面积和种子产量）上的质的差异。我们的方法展示了如何将包含生理、生态和进化机制的 E-FSP 模型与实验相结合，以检验有关田间观察到的适应模式的假设。
{"title":"Unravelling drivers of local adaptation through evolutionary functional–structural plant modelling","authors":"Jorad de Vries, Simone Fior, Aksel Pålsson, Alex Widmer, Jake M. Alexander","doi":"10.1111/nph.20098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20098","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Local adaptation to contrasting environmental conditions along environmental gradients is a widespread phenomenon in plant populations, yet we lack a mechanistic understanding of how individual agents of selection contribute to this evolutionary process.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Here, we developed a novel evolutionary functional–structural plant (E‐FSP) model that recreates local adaptation of virtual plants along an environmental gradient. First, we validate the model by testing if it can reproduce two elevational ecotypes of <jats:italic>Dianthus carthusianorum</jats:italic> occurring in the Swiss Alps. Second, we use the E‐FSP model to disentangle the relative contribution of abiotic (temperature) and biotic (competition and pollination) selection pressures to elevational adaptation in <jats:italic>D. carthusianorum</jats:italic>.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results suggest that elevational adaptation in <jats:italic>D. carthusianorum</jats:italic> is predominantly driven by the abiotic environment. The model reproduced the qualitative differences between the elevational ecotypes in two phenological (germination and flowering time) and one morphological trait (stalk height), as well as qualitative differences in four performance variables that emerge from G × E interactions (flowering time, number of stalks, rosette area and seed production).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our approach shows how E‐FSP models incorporating physiological, ecological and evolutionary mechanisms can be used in combination with experiments to examine hypotheses about patterns of adaptation observed in the field.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142170557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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