Kathryn A. Uckele, Oscar M. Vargas, Kathleen M. Kay
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>A growing body of research suggests that hybridization is more prevalent across the tree of life than previously thought, challenging traditional views of speciation as a strictly bifurcating process (Mallet <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Dagilis <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Genome-scale data have illuminated the extent to which ancient hybridization has reshaped the genomes of many extant species (Moran <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>), including our own (Sankararaman <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>), spurring interest in the evolutionary causes and consequences of hybridization.</p> <p>Hybridization is common in plants (Stebbins, <span>1969</span>; Whitney <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>) and has shaped genetic variation across numerous plant lineages (Arnold, <span>1997</span>). However, varying rates of hybridization among different plant clades suggest this process has played a more significant role in some lineages than others (Whitney <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>; Barker <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). In angiosperms, hybridization frequently precedes evolutionary innovations and the origin of new lineages. Allopolyploidization, a prevalent mode of hybrid speciation in plants, is implicated in the origin of over 10% of species in a survey of 47 vascular plant genera (Barker <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). By contrast, homoploid hybrid species, which arise without a change in ploidy, are thought to be rarer and require strong extrinsic barriers to occur (Buerkle <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>; Abbott <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>).</p> <p>Introgression, another common outcome of hybridization, has been the focus of recent research on adaptation and speciation in plants (Le Corre <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Todesco <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Nelson <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). Introgression involves the transfer of genetic material through backcrossing, where hybrids mate with pure individuals. The extent and direction of introgression can inform our understanding of reproductive isolation and adaptation. For example, asymmetric introgression, where backcrossing favors one parental species over the other, can reflect asymmetry in reproductive isolation (Arnold <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>). Additionally, the proportion of the genome inherited through interspecific gene flow can shed light on the strength and genetic basis of reproductive barriers (Borge <i>et al</i>., <span>2005</span>; Currat & Excoffier, <span>2011</span>), though neutral abiotic factors and demographic and genetic processes may also influence the extent and direction of introgression (Currat <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>; Bertola <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>).</p> <p>Recent studies increasingly highlight the adaptive role of introgression in transferring beneficial alleles among species (Stankowski & Streisfeld, <span>2015</span>; Lewis <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Todesco <i>e
然而，当大量相关测试结果显著时，这些方法就难以解释了。在本研究中，我们利用基于模型和基于检验的方法来检测中美洲和南美洲螺旋姜（Costus，姜科）辐射（以下简称美洲螺旋姜）的引种情况。螺旋姜是已知植物辐射速度最快的植物之一，最近的估计表明，在过去约 300 万年（Myr）的时间里，已经出现了 78 个物种（Vargas 等人，2020 年；Maas 等人，2023 年）。最近的系统发育分析（Valderrama 等人，2020 年；Vargas 等人，2020 年）为这一支系提供了很好的假说支持，尽管在谱系上存在广泛的不一致。然而，杂交在多大程度上导致了所观察到的基因树冲突水平尚不清楚。在实验杂交中，美洲柯斯特斯物种广泛互交（Kay & Schemske, 2008），并在最深的系统发育节点上保持一致的倍性和高基因组同源性（Harenčár 等人，2023 年）。虽然 Costus 物种经常被发现在广泛的地理上共生（Vargas 等人，2020 年），但杂交区在野外却很罕见（Chen & Schemske, 2015 年），仅偶尔在人为干扰地区形成（Sytsma & Pippen, 1985 年；Surget-Groba & Kay, 2013 年）。在科斯特斯属中，杂交可能主要受到同父异母前生殖隔离障碍的限制，特别是生态地理隔离和花隔离，这在科斯特斯属中已被广泛研究（Kay & Schemske, 2003; Kay, 2006; Chen & Schemske, 2015）。先前的研究表明，同域物种之间的潜在花粉流在授粉方式不同（蜜蜂与蜂鸟）的物种之间会显著减少（Kay & Schemske, 2003），甚至在共享授粉者的形态不同物种之间也会减少（Kay, 2006; Chen, 2013）。最近对传粉综合征的祖先状态重建表明，从蜜蜂传粉到蜂鸟传粉存在多次独立的过渡，其特点是关键花卉性状的进化趋同，这些性状增加了蜂鸟的造访或阻止了蜜蜂的造访（Kay & Grossenbacher, 2022）。我们的分析包括从简单的四分类群测试到参数丰富的基于模型的方法。我们在美洲柯斯特斯类群中发现了一定数量的引种事件，其中一个事件与辐射中最早的分化之一相吻合。除一次外，所有这些事件都发生在具有相同授粉综合征的类群或品系之间（如都由蜜蜂授粉或都由蜂鸟授粉），这表明授粉者的专业化在维持物种边界方面发挥了重要作用。
{"title":"Prezygotic barriers effectively limit hybridization in a rapid evolutionary radiation","authors":"Kathryn A. Uckele, Oscar M. Vargas, Kathleen M. Kay","doi":"10.1111/nph.20187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20187","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>A growing body of research suggests that hybridization is more prevalent across the tree of life than previously thought, challenging traditional views of speciation as a strictly bifurcating process (Mallet <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Dagilis <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Genome-scale data have illuminated the extent to which ancient hybridization has reshaped the genomes of many extant species (Moran <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>), including our own (Sankararaman <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>), spurring interest in the evolutionary causes and consequences of hybridization.</p>\u0000<p>Hybridization is common in plants (Stebbins, <span>1969</span>; Whitney <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>) and has shaped genetic variation across numerous plant lineages (Arnold, <span>1997</span>). However, varying rates of hybridization among different plant clades suggest this process has played a more significant role in some lineages than others (Whitney <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>; Barker <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). In angiosperms, hybridization frequently precedes evolutionary innovations and the origin of new lineages. Allopolyploidization, a prevalent mode of hybrid speciation in plants, is implicated in the origin of over 10% of species in a survey of 47 vascular plant genera (Barker <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). By contrast, homoploid hybrid species, which arise without a change in ploidy, are thought to be rarer and require strong extrinsic barriers to occur (Buerkle <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>; Abbott <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>).</p>\u0000<p>Introgression, another common outcome of hybridization, has been the focus of recent research on adaptation and speciation in plants (Le Corre <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Todesco <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Nelson <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). Introgression involves the transfer of genetic material through backcrossing, where hybrids mate with pure individuals. The extent and direction of introgression can inform our understanding of reproductive isolation and adaptation. For example, asymmetric introgression, where backcrossing favors one parental species over the other, can reflect asymmetry in reproductive isolation (Arnold <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>). Additionally, the proportion of the genome inherited through interspecific gene flow can shed light on the strength and genetic basis of reproductive barriers (Borge <i>et al</i>., <span>2005</span>; Currat & Excoffier, <span>2011</span>), though neutral abiotic factors and demographic and genetic processes may also influence the extent and direction of introgression (Currat <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>; Bertola <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>).</p>\u0000<p>Recent studies increasingly highlight the adaptive role of introgression in transferring beneficial alleles among species (Stankowski & Streisfeld, <span>2015</span>; Lewis <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Todesco <i>e","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SummaryPlant physiological responses to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration (iCO2), including enhanced photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance, impact regional and global climate. Here, I describe recent advances in understanding these effects through Earth system models (ESMs). Idealized simulations of a 1% annual iCO2 show that despite fertilization, CO2 physiological forcing contributes to 10% of warming and at least 30% of future precipitation decline in Amazonia. This reduces aboveground vegetation carbon storage and triggers positive carbon–climate feedback. ESM simulations indicate that reduced transpiration and increased heat stress from iCO2 could amplify meteorological drought and wildfire risks. Understanding these climate feedbacks is essential for improving carbon accounting in natural climate solutions, such as avoiding deforestation and reforestation, as iCO2 complicates assessing their climate benefits.
{"title":"Climate feedback from plant physiological responses to increasing atmospheric CO2 in Earth system models","authors":"Yue Li","doi":"10.1111/nph.20184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20184","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryPlant physiological responses to increasing atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> concentration (iCO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>), including enhanced photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance, impact regional and global climate. Here, I describe recent advances in understanding these effects through Earth system models (ESMs). Idealized simulations of a 1% annual iCO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> show that despite fertilization, CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> physiological forcing contributes to 10% of warming and at least 30% of future precipitation decline in Amazonia. This reduces aboveground vegetation carbon storage and triggers positive carbon–climate feedback. ESM simulations indicate that reduced transpiration and increased heat stress from iCO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> could amplify meteorological drought and wildfire risks. Understanding these climate feedbacks is essential for improving carbon accounting in natural climate solutions, such as avoiding deforestation and reforestation, as iCO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> complicates assessing their climate benefits.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142415648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nattiwong Pankasem, Po‐Kai Hsu, Bryn N. K. Lopez, Peter J. Franks, Julian I. Schroeder
SummaryPlants integrate environmental stimuli to optimize photosynthesis vs water loss by controlling stomatal apertures. However, stomatal responses to temperature elevation and the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms remain less studied.We developed an approach for clamping leaf‐to‐air vapor pressure difference (VPDleaf) to fixed values, and recorded robust reversible warming‐induced stomatal opening in intact plants. We analyzed stomatal temperature responses of mutants impaired in guard cell signaling pathways for blue light, abscisic acid (ABA), CO2, and the temperature‐sensitive proteins, Phytochrome B (phyB) and EARLY‐FLOWERING‐3 (ELF3).We confirmed that phot1‐5/phot2‐1 leaves lacking blue‐light photoreceptors showed partially reduced warming‐induced stomatal opening. Furthermore, ABA‐biosynthesis, phyB, and ELF3 were not essential for the stomatal warming response. Strikingly, Arabidopsis (dicot) and Brachypodium distachyon (monocot) mutants lacking guard cell CO2 sensors and signaling mechanisms, including ht1, mpk12/mpk4‐gc, and cbc1/cbc2 abolished the stomatal warming response, suggesting a conserved mechanism across diverse plant lineages. Moreover, warming rapidly stimulated photosynthesis, resulting in a reduction in intercellular (CO2). Interestingly, further enhancing heat stress caused stomatal opening uncoupled from photosynthesis.We provide genetic and physiological evidence that the stomatal warming response is triggered by increased CO2 assimilation and stomatal CO2 sensing. Additionally, increasing heat stress functions via a distinct photosynthesis‐uncoupled stomatal opening pathway.
{"title":"Warming triggers stomatal opening by enhancement of photosynthesis and ensuing guard cell CO2 sensing, whereas higher temperatures induce a photosynthesis‐uncoupled response","authors":"Nattiwong Pankasem, Po‐Kai Hsu, Bryn N. K. Lopez, Peter J. Franks, Julian I. Schroeder","doi":"10.1111/nph.20121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20121","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Plants integrate environmental stimuli to optimize photosynthesis vs water loss by controlling stomatal apertures. However, stomatal responses to temperature elevation and the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms remain less studied.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We developed an approach for clamping leaf‐to‐air vapor pressure difference (VPD<jats:sub>leaf</jats:sub>) to fixed values, and recorded robust reversible warming‐induced stomatal opening in intact plants. We analyzed stomatal temperature responses of mutants impaired in guard cell signaling pathways for blue light, abscisic acid (ABA), CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, and the temperature‐sensitive proteins, Phytochrome B (phyB) and EARLY‐FLOWERING‐3 (ELF3).</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We confirmed that <jats:italic>phot1‐5/phot2‐1</jats:italic> leaves lacking blue‐light photoreceptors showed partially reduced warming‐induced stomatal opening. Furthermore, ABA‐biosynthesis, phyB, and ELF3 were not essential for the stomatal warming response. Strikingly, <jats:italic>Arabidopsis</jats:italic> (dicot) and <jats:italic>Brachypodium distachyon</jats:italic> (monocot) mutants lacking guard cell CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> sensors and signaling mechanisms, including <jats:italic>ht1</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mpk12/mpk4‐gc</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>cbc1/cbc2</jats:italic> abolished the stomatal warming response, suggesting a conserved mechanism across diverse plant lineages. Moreover, warming rapidly stimulated photosynthesis, resulting in a reduction in intercellular (CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>). Interestingly, further enhancing heat stress caused stomatal opening uncoupled from photosynthesis.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We provide genetic and physiological evidence that the stomatal warming response is triggered by increased CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> assimilation and stomatal CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> sensing. Additionally, increasing heat stress functions via a distinct photosynthesis‐uncoupled stomatal opening pathway.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"203 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>The chemical language between plants and microbes, also known as interspecies chemical communication, is a sophisticated system of signal exchange involving a diverse array of molecular compounds that regulate and mediate complex host–microbe interactions and drive high-level biological organization. This intricate communication network encompasses primary and specialized metabolites that underpin host–microbe nutrient exchange, host–microbe assembly processes, or plant–soil feedbacks that ultimately explain host–microbiota associations, as well as plant health and disease states. Some of these metabolites (such as phytohormones, specialized metabolites, volatile organic compounds, and peptides) can act as signaling molecules, which plants and microbes produce, perceive, and respond to, thereby facilitating symbiotic relationships, pathogen defense, and environmental adaptation. Co-evolution between plants and microbiota members, as well as between microbiota members that show stable associations with plants over evolutionary time, is a critical aspect of their chemical communication strategies, where co-adapted organisms undergo reciprocal evolutionary changes selecting or counter-selecting for specific associations. This dynamic process is expected to shape both host and microbial genomes, behaviors, and ecological roles, leading to interdependent and sometimes highly specialized relationships explaining the diversity, specificity, and stability of plant–microbiota interactions. This dynamic and complex chemical dialogue is also predicted to be modulated by environmental factors and specific biological contexts, reflecting eco-evolutionary adaptations that ultimately influence ecosystem functions and stability.</p><p>In this Virtual Issue, we aim to showcase <i>New Phytologist</i>'s commitment to plant microbiome research by highlighting recent articles and reviews that aim to unravel the chemical language of plant–microbe–microbe associations. Experts in this field explore open questions and future research lines, including: <i>How do plant exudates shape the phylogenetic diversity and physiology of plant microbiota? Which host or microbial metabolites shape microbiota establishment or drive host-specific signatures in microbiota assemblies across plant species? Which microbial and host metabolites/antimicrobials protect against pests and pathogens and how can they be used to promote plant health in agriculture? Are specialized plant metabolites involved in more complex feedback loops with microbiota members that drive host phenotypes and/or stress adaptation? What are the current open questions, research needs and priorities?</i> This Virtual Issue illustrates that the chemical language between plants and microbes, as well as among microbes, is not only critical for understanding high-level biological organization and beneficial plant–microbiota associations, but also a prerequisite for advancing agricultural sustainability and innovation
{"title":"The chemical language of plant–microbe–microbe associations: an introduction to a Virtual Issue","authors":"Stéphane Hacquard, Francis M. Martin","doi":"10.1111/nph.20124","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20124","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The chemical language between plants and microbes, also known as interspecies chemical communication, is a sophisticated system of signal exchange involving a diverse array of molecular compounds that regulate and mediate complex host–microbe interactions and drive high-level biological organization. This intricate communication network encompasses primary and specialized metabolites that underpin host–microbe nutrient exchange, host–microbe assembly processes, or plant–soil feedbacks that ultimately explain host–microbiota associations, as well as plant health and disease states. Some of these metabolites (such as phytohormones, specialized metabolites, volatile organic compounds, and peptides) can act as signaling molecules, which plants and microbes produce, perceive, and respond to, thereby facilitating symbiotic relationships, pathogen defense, and environmental adaptation. Co-evolution between plants and microbiota members, as well as between microbiota members that show stable associations with plants over evolutionary time, is a critical aspect of their chemical communication strategies, where co-adapted organisms undergo reciprocal evolutionary changes selecting or counter-selecting for specific associations. This dynamic process is expected to shape both host and microbial genomes, behaviors, and ecological roles, leading to interdependent and sometimes highly specialized relationships explaining the diversity, specificity, and stability of plant–microbiota interactions. This dynamic and complex chemical dialogue is also predicted to be modulated by environmental factors and specific biological contexts, reflecting eco-evolutionary adaptations that ultimately influence ecosystem functions and stability.</p><p>In this Virtual Issue, we aim to showcase <i>New Phytologist</i>'s commitment to plant microbiome research by highlighting recent articles and reviews that aim to unravel the chemical language of plant–microbe–microbe associations. Experts in this field explore open questions and future research lines, including: <i>How do plant exudates shape the phylogenetic diversity and physiology of plant microbiota? Which host or microbial metabolites shape microbiota establishment or drive host-specific signatures in microbiota assemblies across plant species? Which microbial and host metabolites/antimicrobials protect against pests and pathogens and how can they be used to promote plant health in agriculture? Are specialized plant metabolites involved in more complex feedback loops with microbiota members that drive host phenotypes and/or stress adaptation? What are the current open questions, research needs and priorities?</i> This Virtual Issue illustrates that the chemical language between plants and microbes, as well as among microbes, is not only critical for understanding high-level biological organization and beneficial plant–microbiota associations, but also a prerequisite for advancing agricultural sustainability and innovation ","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"244 3","pages":"739-742"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142367118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rebecca A. Bunn, Ana Corrêa, Jaya Joshi, Christina Kaiser, Ylva Lekberg, Cindy E. Prescott, Anna Sala, Justine Karst
Biological Market Models are common evolutionary frameworks to understand the maintenance of mutualism in mycorrhizas. ‘Surplus C’ hypotheses provide an alternative framework where stoichiometry and source–sink dynamics govern mycorrhizal function. A critical difference between these frameworks is whether carbon transfer from plants is regulated by nutrient transfer from fungi or through source–sink dynamics. In this review, we: provide a historical perspective; summarize studies that asked whether plants transfer more carbon to fungi that transfer more nutrients; conduct a meta-analysis to assess whether mycorrhizal plant growth suppressions are related to carbon transfer; and review literature on cellular mechanisms for carbon transfer. In sum, current knowledge does not indicate that carbon transfer from plants is directly regulated by nutrient delivery from fungi. Further, mycorrhizal plant growth responses were linked to nutrient uptake rather than carbon transfer. These findings are more consistent with ‘Surplus C’ hypotheses than Biological Market Models. However, we also identify research gaps, and future research may uncover a mechanism directly linking carbon and nutrient transfer. Until then, we urge caution when applying economic terminology to describe mycorrhizas. We present a synthesis of ideas, consider knowledge gaps, and suggest experiments to advance the field.
{"title":"What determines transfer of carbon from plants to mycorrhizal fungi?","authors":"Rebecca A. Bunn, Ana Corrêa, Jaya Joshi, Christina Kaiser, Ylva Lekberg, Cindy E. Prescott, Anna Sala, Justine Karst","doi":"10.1111/nph.20145","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20145","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biological Market Models are common evolutionary frameworks to understand the maintenance of mutualism in mycorrhizas. ‘Surplus C’ hypotheses provide an alternative framework where stoichiometry and source–sink dynamics govern mycorrhizal function. A critical difference between these frameworks is whether carbon transfer from plants is regulated by nutrient transfer from fungi or through source–sink dynamics. In this review, we: provide a historical perspective; summarize studies that asked whether plants transfer more carbon to fungi that transfer more nutrients; conduct a meta-analysis to assess whether mycorrhizal plant growth suppressions are related to carbon transfer; and review literature on cellular mechanisms for carbon transfer. In sum, current knowledge does not indicate that carbon transfer from plants is directly regulated by nutrient delivery from fungi. Further, mycorrhizal plant growth responses were linked to nutrient uptake rather than carbon transfer. These findings are more consistent with ‘Surplus C’ hypotheses than Biological Market Models. However, we also identify research gaps, and future research may uncover a mechanism directly linking carbon and nutrient transfer. Until then, we urge caution when applying economic terminology to describe mycorrhizas. We present a synthesis of ideas, consider knowledge gaps, and suggest experiments to advance the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"244 4","pages":"1199-1215"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142330527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Do invasive plant species profit from pollution with synthetic organic chemicals?","authors":"Yudi M. Lozano, Matthias C. Rillig","doi":"10.1111/nph.20155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20155","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142329013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The functional relevance of plant-associated microorganisms is theoretically framed within the holobiont concept. The role of viruses in plant holobionts is being recognized both for their direct effects when hosted in plants (cryptic plant viruses) and for their indirect effects when infecting microorganisms associated with plants in tripartite interactions (e.g. mycoviruses and bacteriophages). We argue that viroids, the smallest infectious agents typically infecting only plant hosts, must also be included in plant holobiont studies. The same applies to the recently discovered large number of viroid-like elements infecting hosts of other life kingdoms that are closely associated with plants. Here we also describe in depth the diversity of such viroid-like elements and their initial functional characterization in plant-associated fungi.
{"title":"Viroid and viroid-like elements in plants and plant-associated microbiota: a new layer of biodiversity for plant holobionts","authors":"Beatriz Navarro, Massimo Turina","doi":"10.1111/nph.20156","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20156","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The functional relevance of plant-associated microorganisms is theoretically framed within the holobiont concept. The role of viruses in plant holobionts is being recognized both for their direct effects when hosted in plants (cryptic plant viruses) and for their indirect effects when infecting microorganisms associated with plants in tripartite interactions (e.g. mycoviruses and bacteriophages). We argue that viroids, the smallest infectious agents typically infecting only plant hosts, must also be included in plant holobiont studies. The same applies to the recently discovered large number of viroid-like elements infecting hosts of other life kingdoms that are closely associated with plants. Here we also describe in depth the diversity of such viroid-like elements and their initial functional characterization in plant-associated fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"244 4","pages":"1216-1222"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142329016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Centromeres are specific regions of the chromosomes that play a pivotal role in the segregation of chromosomes, by facilitating the loading of the kinetochore, which forms the link between the chromosomes to the spindle fibres during cell division. In plants and animals, these regions often form megabase-scale loci of tandemly repeated DNA sequences, which have presented a challenge to genomic studies even in model species. The functional designation of centromeres is determined epigenetically by the incorporation of a centromere-specific variant of histone H3. Recent developments in long-read sequencing technology have allowed the assembly of these regions for the first time and have prompted a reassessment of fidelity of centromere function and the evolutionary dynamics of these regions.
中心粒是染色体上的特定区域，在染色体的分离过程中起着关键作用，它有利于动核的装载，而动核是细胞分裂过程中染色体与纺锤体纤维之间的纽带。在植物和动物中，这些区域通常由串联重复的 DNA 序列构成巨碱基规模的位点，即使在模式物种中也给基因组研究带来了挑战。中心粒的功能定位是由组蛋白 H3 的中心粒特异变体的表观遗传决定的。最近，长线程测序技术的发展首次实现了这些区域的组装，并促使人们重新评估中心粒功能的保真度和这些区域的进化动态。
{"title":"Bridging the gap: unravelling plant centromeres in the telomere-to-telomere era","authors":"Matthew Naish","doi":"10.1111/nph.20149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20149","url":null,"abstract":"Centromeres are specific regions of the chromosomes that play a pivotal role in the segregation of chromosomes, by facilitating the loading of the kinetochore, which forms the link between the chromosomes to the spindle fibres during cell division. In plants and animals, these regions often form megabase-scale loci of tandemly repeated DNA sequences, which have presented a challenge to genomic studies even in model species. The functional designation of centromeres is determined epigenetically by the incorporation of a centromere-specific variant of histone H3. Recent developments in long-read sequencing technology have allowed the assembly of these regions for the first time and have prompted a reassessment of fidelity of centromere function and the evolutionary dynamics of these regions.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div>Ferns and lycophytes stand out among land plants for their unique life cycle, featuring two independent generations. By contrast, bryophyte sporophytes are ephemeral and rely on the gametophyte, whereas in seed plants, the gametophyte has been reduced to just a few cells and relies on the sporophyte for resources and protection from the environment. Despite these life cycle differences being well-known for over a century, most research in ferns and lycophytes is still limited to the sporophyte, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of the natural and evolutionary history of these plants, and largely ignoring the enormous research potential of comparing the two generations. Building on previous research on the distribution and physiology of various fern sporophytes, a recent paper in <i>New Phytologist</i> (Blake-Mahmud <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>; doi: 10.1111/nph.19969) addresses this research gap by examining the stress resistance of fern gametophytes with the added layer of comparing species with different ploidy levels. The study subjected gametophytes from two triads of parental sporophyte diploids and their tetraploid offspring to various drought and heat stress conditions, hypothesizing that tetraploids would exhibit greater stress resistance. Although the results did not show as strong a trend as expected, they confirmed that tetraploids were indeed more stress resistant. Even more interestingly, species with widespread sporophytes apparently do not rely on broadly stress-tolerant gametophytes, whereas rare taxa exhibited more flexible or robust gametophyte performance. These findings reinforce the critical need to deepen our understanding of gametophyte ecology and evolution across land plants. <blockquote><p>‘It is intriguing to consider that a single species, with identical genetic material, might employ coordinated yet contrasting evolutionary strategies across its two generations.’</p> <div></div> </blockquote> </div> <p>Fern and lycophyte gametophytes have been historically neglected for several reasons. Their simple and cryptic anatomy, with only a few distinguishing traits at the family level and even fewer at the species level, makes field identification challenging. This difficulty has led to a scarcity of ecological studies, although recent advances in genetic identification via DNA barcoding have begun to change this trend (Nitta & Chambers, <span>2022</span>). Additionally, their small size – no more than a few centimeters in diameter – and, for some species, subterranean life style renders them less visually apparent compared with sporophytes, which can reach sizes of up to several meters. Gametophytes have long been considered the ‘weaker’ generation, perceived as less capable of coping with environmental stress, and thus frequently considered the limiting factor in population establishment and persistence. However, as Proctor (<span>2007</span>) convincingly argued in a previous commentary in <i>New
在陆生植物中，蕨类植物和狼尾草以其独特的生命周期脱颖而出，它们有两个独立的世代。相比之下，红叶植物的孢子体是短暂的，依赖于配子体，而在种子植物中，配子体已经退化到只有几个细胞，依赖于孢子体提供资源和保护。尽管蕨类植物和狼尾草的这些生命周期差异早在一个多世纪前就已为人所知，但大多数研究仍局限于孢子体，使我们对这些植物的自然史和进化史的了解存在很大差距，也在很大程度上忽视了对两代植物进行比较的巨大研究潜力。新植物学家》（New Phytologist）杂志最近发表的一篇论文（Blake-Mahmud et al.该研究将两个三倍体亲本孢子体二倍体及其四倍体后代的配子体置于各种干旱和高温胁迫条件下，假设四倍体会表现出更强的抗胁迫能力。虽然结果并没有显示出预期的强烈趋势，但它们证实了四倍体确实具有更强的抗逆性。更有趣的是，孢子体分布广泛的物种显然并不依赖于配子体的广泛抗逆性，而稀有类群的配子体则表现得更为灵活或强健。这些发现加强了我们加深对陆生植物配子体生态学和进化的理解的迫切需要。蕨类植物和狼尾草的配子体一直被忽视，原因有很多。它们的解剖结构简单而隐蔽，在科一级仅有少数几个特征，在种一级则更少，这使得野外识别具有挑战性。这种困难导致了生态学研究的匮乏，尽管最近通过 DNA 条形码进行遗传鉴定的进展已经开始改变这种趋势（Nitta & Chambers, 2022）。此外，由于孢子体体积小（直径不超过几厘米），而且有些物种的孢子体生活在地下，因此与高达几米的孢子体相比，孢子体的视觉效果并不明显。长期以来，人们一直认为配子体是 "较弱 "的一代，应对环境压力的能力较弱，因此经常被认为是种群建立和持续存在的限制因素。然而，正如 Proctor（2007 年）在《新植物学家》（New Phytologist）上发表的一篇评论中令人信服地指出，"较弱 "世代的概念本身就存在概念上的缺陷。相反，两代应被视为不同的生物，每一代都有独特的生命形式和生态位，每一代都可能限制其物种生物学的不同方面（Pittermann et al.例如，在蕨类植物的分布范围内，配子体的建立和存活可能仅限于特定的微生境（Schneller & Farrar, 2022），这可能会限制该物种在当地的丰度。然而，对热带附生蕨类植物的研究表明，配子体可以存活几十年，而且可能比孢子体更耐旱，有些物种甚至表现出耐旱性（Watkins Jr 等人，2007 年）。在温带地区，配子体也能存活多年，经受住夏季干旱和冬季霜冻的考验（Schneller & Farrar, 2022）。这些发现表明，配子体比以前想象的要坚固，在某些情况下，影响孢子体的环境因素实际上可能会限制它们的分布。因此，现在有越来越多的物种配子体的分布范围比其相应的孢子体的分布范围更广，有些物种甚至只存在配子体而不进行无性繁殖（Pinson 等人，2017 年；Nitta 等人，2021 年）。这种认识上的转变强调，要真正掌握它们的进化和全球分布模式，我们必须将蕨类植物和狼尾草视为完整的大世代生物。采用这种全面的观点至关重要，这不仅是因为这两代生物对于物种的持续存在至关重要，还因为它们经历着截然不同的环境压力（图 1a）。虽然两代生物都依赖于水的供应，但它们对水胁迫的反应却明显不同。
{"title":"The power of independent generations in plants","authors":"Michael Kessler, Daniela Aros-Mualin","doi":"10.1111/nph.20162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20162","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Ferns and lycophytes stand out among land plants for their unique life cycle, featuring two independent generations. By contrast, bryophyte sporophytes are ephemeral and rely on the gametophyte, whereas in seed plants, the gametophyte has been reduced to just a few cells and relies on the sporophyte for resources and protection from the environment. Despite these life cycle differences being well-known for over a century, most research in ferns and lycophytes is still limited to the sporophyte, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of the natural and evolutionary history of these plants, and largely ignoring the enormous research potential of comparing the two generations. Building on previous research on the distribution and physiology of various fern sporophytes, a recent paper in <i>New Phytologist</i> (Blake-Mahmud <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>; doi: 10.1111/nph.19969) addresses this research gap by examining the stress resistance of fern gametophytes with the added layer of comparing species with different ploidy levels. The study subjected gametophytes from two triads of parental sporophyte diploids and their tetraploid offspring to various drought and heat stress conditions, hypothesizing that tetraploids would exhibit greater stress resistance. Although the results did not show as strong a trend as expected, they confirmed that tetraploids were indeed more stress resistant. Even more interestingly, species with widespread sporophytes apparently do not rely on broadly stress-tolerant gametophytes, whereas rare taxa exhibited more flexible or robust gametophyte performance. These findings reinforce the critical need to deepen our understanding of gametophyte ecology and evolution across land plants. <blockquote><p>‘It is intriguing to consider that a single species, with identical genetic material, might employ coordinated yet contrasting evolutionary strategies across its two generations.’</p>\u0000<div></div>\u0000</blockquote>\u0000</div>\u0000<p>Fern and lycophyte gametophytes have been historically neglected for several reasons. Their simple and cryptic anatomy, with only a few distinguishing traits at the family level and even fewer at the species level, makes field identification challenging. This difficulty has led to a scarcity of ecological studies, although recent advances in genetic identification via DNA barcoding have begun to change this trend (Nitta & Chambers, <span>2022</span>). Additionally, their small size – no more than a few centimeters in diameter – and, for some species, subterranean life style renders them less visually apparent compared with sporophytes, which can reach sizes of up to several meters. Gametophytes have long been considered the ‘weaker’ generation, perceived as less capable of coping with environmental stress, and thus frequently considered the limiting factor in population establishment and persistence. However, as Proctor (<span>2007</span>) convincingly argued in a previous commentary in <i>New ","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The root epidermis of tracheophytes consists of hair-forming cells (HCs) and nonhair cells (NCs). The HC distribution pattern is classified into three types: random (Type I), vertically alternating (Type II), and radial (Type III). Type III is found only in core eudicots and is known to be position-dependent in superrosids with HCs positioned between two underlying cortical cells. However, the evolution of Type III and the universality of its position dependency in eudicots remain unclear. We surveyed the HC distribution in basal and Type III-exhibiting core eudicots and conducted genomic analyses to get insight into whether eudicots share the same genetic network to establish Type III. Our survey revealed no canonical Type III in basal eudicots but a reverse Type III, with NCs between two cortical cells and HCs on a single cortical cell, in Papaveraceae of basal eudicots. Type III-exhibiting species from both superrosids and superasterids showed the canonical position dependency of HCs. However, some key components for Type III determination were absent in the genomes of Papaveraceae and Type III-exhibiting superasterids. Our findings identify a novel position-dependent type of HC patterning, reverse Type III, and suggest that Type III emerged independently or diversified during eudicot evolution.
气管植物的根表皮由成毛细胞（HC）和非成毛细胞（NC）组成。HC的分布模式分为三种：随机分布（I型）、垂直交替分布（II型）和辐射分布（III型）。类型 III 仅存在于核心裸子植物中，而且已知在超微结构中，HC 的位置依赖于两个下层皮层细胞之间的位置。然而，III型的演化及其位置依赖性在裸子植物中的普遍性仍不清楚。我们调查了基生和显示 III 型的核心裸子植物中的 HC 分布情况，并进行了基因组分析，以深入了解裸子植物是否共享相同的遗传网络来建立 III 型。我们的调查显示，在基生真叶植物中没有典型的 III 型，但在基生真叶植物中的罂粟科植物中存在反向 III 型，即 NC 位于两个皮层细胞之间，HC 位于单个皮层细胞上。来自超rosids 和 superasterids 的 III 型表现物种都显示出 HCs 的典型位置依赖性。然而，在罂粟科和显示 III 型的超匍匐类植物的基因组中，并不存在决定 III 型的一些关键成分。我们的研究结果发现了一种新的位置依赖型HC模式，即反向III型，并表明III型是在裸子植物进化过程中独立出现或多样化的。
{"title":"An inquiry into the radial patterning of root hair cell distribution in eudicots.","authors":"Kyeonghoon Lee,Jin-Oh Hyun,Hyung-Taeg Cho","doi":"10.1111/nph.20148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20148","url":null,"abstract":"The root epidermis of tracheophytes consists of hair-forming cells (HCs) and nonhair cells (NCs). The HC distribution pattern is classified into three types: random (Type I), vertically alternating (Type II), and radial (Type III). Type III is found only in core eudicots and is known to be position-dependent in superrosids with HCs positioned between two underlying cortical cells. However, the evolution of Type III and the universality of its position dependency in eudicots remain unclear. We surveyed the HC distribution in basal and Type III-exhibiting core eudicots and conducted genomic analyses to get insight into whether eudicots share the same genetic network to establish Type III. Our survey revealed no canonical Type III in basal eudicots but a reverse Type III, with NCs between two cortical cells and HCs on a single cortical cell, in Papaveraceae of basal eudicots. Type III-exhibiting species from both superrosids and superasterids showed the canonical position dependency of HCs. However, some key components for Type III determination were absent in the genomes of Papaveraceae and Type III-exhibiting superasterids. Our findings identify a novel position-dependent type of HC patterning, reverse Type III, and suggest that Type III emerged independently or diversified during eudicot evolution.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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