Kyle T. Rizzo, Tong Lei, Thomas N. Buckley, Brian N. Bailey
Summary Stomatal conductance models are essential components of crop and land surface models, but collecting data to calibrate them remains challenging due to large leaf‐to‐leaf variability, slow stomatal kinetics, and a lack of consistent measurement protocols, leading to unknown reliability and representativeness of calibrated model parameter estimates. We combined field measurements, 3D biophysical simulations, and statistical power analyses to quantify parameter calibration discrepancies with different instruments under different conditions to provide recommendations for protocol development. Leaf‐to‐leaf physiological variability in measured steady‐state stomatal conductance exceeded threefold under identical conditions, calling into question the use of few steady‐state response curves to represent a canopy. Stomatal kinetics introduce systematic error in parameter calibration, and slower stomatal response times necessitated larger survey sample sizes to recover known stomatal model parameters of simulated data. Primary recommendations are as follows: survey measurements ( c. 100 samples) are needed to sample leaf‐to‐leaf variability and can be supplemented by steady‐state measurements to better represent environmental responses, survey measurements should maximize the range of leaf‐level environmental conditions while minimizing transient effects, and steady‐state measurements with controlled environmental conditions should maintain constant conditions for 15–45 min before measurement to allow for true stomatal steady state and not just instrument equilibrium.
{"title":"Leaf gas exchange measurement for steady‐state stomatal conductance model calibration","authors":"Kyle T. Rizzo, Tong Lei, Thomas N. Buckley, Brian N. Bailey","doi":"10.1111/nph.70949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70949","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> Stomatal conductance models are essential components of crop and land surface models, but collecting data to calibrate them remains challenging due to large leaf‐to‐leaf variability, slow stomatal kinetics, and a lack of consistent measurement protocols, leading to unknown reliability and representativeness of calibrated model parameter estimates. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We combined field measurements, 3D biophysical simulations, and statistical power analyses to quantify parameter calibration discrepancies with different instruments under different conditions to provide recommendations for protocol development. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Leaf‐to‐leaf physiological variability in measured steady‐state stomatal conductance exceeded threefold under identical conditions, calling into question the use of few steady‐state response curves to represent a canopy. Stomatal kinetics introduce systematic error in parameter calibration, and slower stomatal response times necessitated larger survey sample sizes to recover known stomatal model parameters of simulated data. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Primary recommendations are as follows: survey measurements ( <jats:italic>c.</jats:italic> 100 samples) are needed to sample leaf‐to‐leaf variability and can be supplemented by steady‐state measurements to better represent environmental responses, survey measurements should maximize the range of leaf‐level environmental conditions while minimizing transient effects, and steady‐state measurements with controlled environmental conditions should maintain constant conditions for 15–45 min before measurement to allow for true stomatal steady state and not just instrument equilibrium. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"300 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaqi Jia, Yixian Zhang, Xiaoxue Ye, Liangyu Guo, Han Li, Yixin Guo, Jue Wang, Shuo Wang, Wenwu Wu
Summary Angiosperms have colonized diverse climates, ranging from tropical to temperate and polar regions. While the C‐repeat binding factor (CBF)‐mediated regulatory network is a well‐established mechanism in plant cold responses, the existence of other evolutionarily conserved pathways remains poorly understood. We conducted comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses of 10 representative angiosperms exposed to cold stress, followed by functional characterization of selected regulatory factors in both the herbaceous model Arabidopsis thaliana and the woody species Betula platyphylla (birch) through genetic and molecular approaches. We identified 22 conserved cold‐responsive transcription factor orthogroups (CCRTFOs), including members of the CBF, WRKY, ERF and NAC families. Genetic analysis of the WRKY25/26/33 orthogroup revealed that WRKY25 and WRKY33 confer cold responses via a CBF‐independent pathway. Mechanistically, WRKY33 directly regulates the expression of NAC032 , a member of another CCRTFO, which we also functionally validated as a positive regulator of cold tolerance. Moreover, cross‐species validation confirmed that the birch orthologs, BpWRKY33 and BpNAC032, similarly improve cold tolerance. Collectively, our findings identify a core set of CCRTFOs and demonstrate the evolutionary conservation and functional significance of the WRKY33‐NAC032 module in angiosperm cold resistance, highlighting a broader molecular network beyond the canonical CBF pathway.
{"title":"Evolutionary and functional analyses in angiosperms reveal a conserved cold‐responsive WRKY 33‐ NAC 032 module","authors":"Yaqi Jia, Yixian Zhang, Xiaoxue Ye, Liangyu Guo, Han Li, Yixin Guo, Jue Wang, Shuo Wang, Wenwu Wu","doi":"10.1111/nph.71013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.71013","url":null,"abstract":"Summary <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item> Angiosperms have colonized diverse climates, ranging from tropical to temperate and polar regions. While the C‐repeat binding factor (CBF)‐mediated regulatory network is a well‐established mechanism in plant cold responses, the existence of other evolutionarily conserved pathways remains poorly understood. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We conducted comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses of 10 representative angiosperms exposed to cold stress, followed by functional characterization of selected regulatory factors in both the herbaceous model <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</jats:italic> and the woody species <jats:italic>Betula platyphylla</jats:italic> (birch) through genetic and molecular approaches. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> We identified 22 conserved cold‐responsive transcription factor orthogroups (CCRTFOs), including members of the CBF, WRKY, ERF and NAC families. Genetic analysis of the <jats:italic>WRKY25/26/33</jats:italic> orthogroup revealed that WRKY25 and WRKY33 confer cold responses via a CBF‐independent pathway. Mechanistically, WRKY33 directly regulates the expression of <jats:italic>NAC032</jats:italic> , a member of another CCRTFO, which we also functionally validated as a positive regulator of cold tolerance. Moreover, cross‐species validation confirmed that the birch orthologs, BpWRKY33 and BpNAC032, similarly improve cold tolerance. </jats:list-item> <jats:list-item> Collectively, our findings identify a core set of CCRTFOs and demonstrate the evolutionary conservation and functional significance of the WRKY33‐NAC032 module in angiosperm cold resistance, highlighting a broader molecular network beyond the canonical CBF pathway. </jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146169926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All relevant data can be found within the manuscript and its Supporting Information (Figs S1–S17; Tables S1, S2). Sequence data from this paper can be found in the Solanaceae Genomics Network (https://solgenomics.net/) or GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) data libraries under accession numbers NbLRRP1 (Niben101Scf02230g01003.1), MdLRRP1 (XP_008385628.2), PaLRRP1 (XP_034921095.1), AtLRRP1 (NP_197608.1), TaLRRP1 (XP_044358203.1), and OsLRRP1 (NP_001393293.1).
{"title":"A conserved extracellular LRR-only protein disrupts BAK1-mediated immune receptor formation to negatively regulate plant immunity","authors":"Liangliang Zhu, Yayuan Bai, Jianying Liu, Tao Jiang, Cong Jiang, Lili Huang","doi":"10.1111/nph.70965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70965","url":null,"abstract":"<h2>Data availability</h2>\u0000<p>All relevant data can be found within the manuscript and its Supporting Information (Figs S1–S17; Tables S1, S2). Sequence data from this paper can be found in the Solanaceae Genomics Network (https://solgenomics.net/) or GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) data libraries under accession numbers <i>NbLRRP1</i> (Niben101Scf02230g01003.1), <i>MdLRRP1</i> (XP_008385628.2), <i>PaLRRP1</i> (XP_034921095.1), <i>AtLRRP1</i> (NP_197608.1), <i>TaLRRP1</i> (XP_044358203.1), and <i>OsLRRP1</i> (NP_001393293.1).</p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants are masters of perception, reacting to a myriad of biochemical and physical cues in a constantly changing environment. Plants rely on local cell-based signal processing to perceive and react sufficiently fast to a multitude of stimuli. The ability to respond quickly is crucial for sustaining growth, defense, and metabolism and thereby the ability to survive challenges associated with pathogens, resource limitations, environmental fluctuations, and mechanical perturbations. Protein phosphorylation networks are prominent in mediating these fast responses, shaping the cellular response. In the past decade, plant sciences have moved our understanding of these networks further; however, current understanding is largely limited to minutes- and hour-long timescales, and hardly illuminates the (sub-)second timescales at which the initial signaling processes take place. In this Tansley insight, we discuss how quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics can be utilized to study the rapid and dynamic initial steps of protein phosphorylation networks in plants. We highlight rapid responses and show how bioinformatic approaches and the integration of other proteomics approaches can be utilized to deconvolve phosphorylation-based signaling in a data-driven approach. We offer an outlook on how to experimentally address rapid signaling and hope to inspire new approaches in the study of phosphorylation-dependent plant signaling networks.
{"title":"Masters of perception: phosphorylation-dependent signaling in plants","authors":"Mark Roosjen, Justin W. Walley, Dolf Weijers","doi":"10.1111/nph.70987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70987","url":null,"abstract":"Plants are masters of perception, reacting to a myriad of biochemical and physical cues in a constantly changing environment. Plants rely on local cell-based signal processing to perceive and react sufficiently fast to a multitude of stimuli. The ability to respond quickly is crucial for sustaining growth, defense, and metabolism and thereby the ability to survive challenges associated with pathogens, resource limitations, environmental fluctuations, and mechanical perturbations. Protein phosphorylation networks are prominent in mediating these fast responses, shaping the cellular response. In the past decade, plant sciences have moved our understanding of these networks further; however, current understanding is largely limited to minutes- and hour-long timescales, and hardly illuminates the (sub-)second timescales at which the initial signaling processes take place. In this Tansley insight, we discuss how quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics can be utilized to study the rapid and dynamic initial steps of protein phosphorylation networks in plants. We highlight rapid responses and show how bioinformatic approaches and the integration of other proteomics approaches can be utilized to deconvolve phosphorylation-based signaling in a data-driven approach. We offer an outlook on how to experimentally address rapid signaling and hope to inspire new approaches in the study of phosphorylation-dependent plant signaling networks.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marian Schubert, Jill C. Preston, Jamie L. Kostyun, Erica Leder, Jinshun Zhong, Ben Trevaskis, Torgeir R. Hvidsten, Siri Fjellheim
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available in the Supporting Information of this article. Phylogenetic placement of GF14h is shown in Fig. S1, edited GF14h sequences are detailed in Fig. S2, comprehensive results of the multi-species growth experiment are reported in Figs S3 and S4–S8 contain detailed results of the transcriptomic and gene expression analyses. Accessions of the study species are listed in Table S1, a list of primers used for mutant screening and RNA quantification is contained in Table S2. A comprehensive list of the differential gene expression results is shown in Table S3. Sequences from the transcriptome experiments have been deposited at the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) under the project PRJEB76993 (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB76993).
{"title":"Conservation of the short-day vernalization flowering response pathway in temperate Pooideae grasses","authors":"Marian Schubert, Jill C. Preston, Jamie L. Kostyun, Erica Leder, Jinshun Zhong, Ben Trevaskis, Torgeir R. Hvidsten, Siri Fjellheim","doi":"10.1111/nph.71009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.71009","url":null,"abstract":"<h2>Data availability</h2>\u0000<p>The data that support the findings of this study are available in the Supporting Information of this article. Phylogenetic placement of <i>GF14h</i> is shown in Fig. S1, edited <i>GF14h</i> sequences are detailed in Fig. S2, comprehensive results of the multi-species growth experiment are reported in Figs S3 and S4–S8 contain detailed results of the transcriptomic and gene expression analyses. Accessions of the study species are listed in Table S1, a list of primers used for mutant screening and RNA quantification is contained in Table S2. A comprehensive list of the differential gene expression results is shown in Table S3. Sequences from the transcriptome experiments have been deposited at the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) under the project PRJEB76993 (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB76993).</p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The restoration of terrestrial ecosystems often requires the reestablishment of plant communities, but restorations often overlook microbial communities, which directly and indirectly structure plant diversity. Legacies of anthropogenic disturbance radically alter microbial diversity and, contrary to previous assumptions, the natural recovery of microbial communities is not guaranteed, even after decades. This necessitates established and novel forms of microbial restoration, such as the addition of key microbial taxa to boost plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. Here, we review why anthropogenically disturbed microbial communities need restoration, the positive outcomes of doing so for plant conservation, community dynamics, and ecosystem functioning, and best practices when taking these approaches. We also highlight knowledge gaps in this emerging field, such as the mechanisms underlying successful microbially based restoration of plant communities, how shifting climate conditions will impact global microbiomes, and the potential for off-target effects. Our goal is to shift the perspective of microbes as passive measures of restoration success to the restoration of microbial communities as a major objective and driver of restoration outcomes.
{"title":"Why, when, and how microbes can benefit ecological restorations: current approaches and future directions","authors":"Kerri M. Crawford, Collin G. Dice, G. Scott Clark","doi":"10.1111/nph.70995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70995","url":null,"abstract":"The restoration of terrestrial ecosystems often requires the reestablishment of plant communities, but restorations often overlook microbial communities, which directly and indirectly structure plant diversity. Legacies of anthropogenic disturbance radically alter microbial diversity and, contrary to previous assumptions, the natural recovery of microbial communities is not guaranteed, even after decades. This necessitates established and novel forms of microbial restoration, such as the addition of key microbial taxa to boost plant diversity and ecosystem functioning. Here, we review why anthropogenically disturbed microbial communities need restoration, the positive outcomes of doing so for plant conservation, community dynamics, and ecosystem functioning, and best practices when taking these approaches. We also highlight knowledge gaps in this emerging field, such as the mechanisms underlying successful microbially based restoration of plant communities, how shifting climate conditions will impact global microbiomes, and the potential for off-target effects. Our goal is to shift the perspective of microbes as passive measures of restoration success to the restoration of microbial communities as a major objective and driver of restoration outcomes.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinjin Ding, Brendan Fahy, Ryo Matsushima, Qiantao Jiang, David Seung
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Starch is the principal component of cereal grains, in terms of both mass and calories. It is composed of glucose polymers (amylopectin and amylose) that are organised into semicrystalline, insoluble starch granules (Smith & Zeeman, <span>2020</span>; Apriyanto <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). The starch of Triticeae cereals (e.g. wheat, barley and rye) is unique in that it has a bimodal distribution of starch granules in the endosperm, containing large A-type starch granules and small B-type granules (Tetlow & Emes, <span>2017</span>; Seung & Smith, <span>2019</span>). This distribution results from a distinct pattern of starch granule initiation during grain development. During the early stages of grain development (between <i>c</i>. 4 and 15 d post anthesis – dpa), a single large A-type granule is initiated and synthesised in each amyloplast (Parker, <span>1985</span>; Esch <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). The A-type granules undergo a morphogenesis program, starting as a spherical granule, then developing annular outgrowths around the equatorial plane to form lenticular morphology (Evers, <span>1971</span>). B-type granules are initiated between 15 and 20 dpa, and at least partially in amyloplast stromules (Parker, <span>1985</span>; Bechtel <i>et al</i>., <span>1990</span>; Langeveld <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>; Chen <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>). Although > 90% of the granules in the endosperm are B-type granules, they comprise only 8–30% of the total volume of starch due to their small size (Lindeboom <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>; Kamble <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>; Chen <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>; McNelly <i>et al</i>., <span>2025</span>).</p> <p>The control of this distinctive starch granule initiation and morphogenesis pattern in wheat is not fully understood. However, some important molecular components involved in the process have been identified. For example, STARCH SYNTHASE 4 (SS4) and B-GRANULE CONTENT 1 (BGC1) are important for establishing the single initiation during early grain development that leads to an A-type starch granule (Hawkins <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). SS4 is a glucosyltransferase, whereas BGC1 is the wheat ortholog of PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH 2 of Arabidopsis, a nonenzymatic protein with a coiled coil and a Carbohydrate Binding Module 48 (CBM48) domain (Seung <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>). Mutations in either SS4 or BGC1 in wheat (or the BGC1 ortholog, FLO6, in barley) lead to multiple initiations in most amyloplasts, often packing into ‘compound’ granule structures (Chia <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Hawkins <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Matsushima <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>, <span>2024</span>). In the barley mutant <i>Franubet</i> defective in FLO6, some of these multiple initiations form ‘semicompound’ granules, in which the internal structure is made from multiple initiations but is covered by a smooth exterior surf
就质量和卡路里而言，淀粉是谷类的主要成分。它由葡萄糖聚合物（支链淀粉和直链淀粉）组成，它们被组织成半结晶的不溶性淀粉颗粒（Smith & Zeeman, 2020; Apriyanto et al., 2022）。小麦科谷物（如小麦、大麦和黑麦）淀粉的独特之处在于其淀粉颗粒在胚乳中呈双峰分布，含有大的a型淀粉颗粒和小的b型淀粉颗粒（teflow & Emes, 2017; Seung & Smith, 2019）。这种分布源于籽粒发育过程中淀粉粒形成的独特模式。在籽粒发育的早期阶段（开花后c. 4至15 d - dpa），在每个淀粉质体中启动并合成一个大的a型颗粒（Parker, 1985; Esch et al., 2023）。a型颗粒经历了一个形态发生过程，从球形颗粒开始，然后在赤道面周围形成环状生长，形成透镜状形态（Evers, 1971）。b型颗粒在15 - 20dpa之间形成，至少部分在淀粉体基质中形成（Parker, 1985； Bechtel等，1990；Langeveld等，2000；Chen等，2024）。虽然胚乳中90%的颗粒为b型颗粒，但由于其体积小，仅占淀粉总体积的8-30% （Lindeboom et al., 2004; Kamble et al., 2023; Chen et al., 2024; McNelly et al., 2025）。小麦中这种独特的淀粉粒起始和形态发生模式的控制尚不完全清楚。然而，已经确定了参与该过程的一些重要分子成分。例如，淀粉合成酶4 （SS4）和b -颗粒CONTENT 1 （BGC1）对于在籽粒发育早期形成a型淀粉颗粒的单次起始很重要（Hawkins et al., 2021）。SS4是一种葡萄糖基转移酶，而BGC1是拟南芥中靶向TO淀粉2蛋白的小麦同源物，这是一种具有卷曲线圈和碳水化合物结合模块48 （CBM48）结构域的非酶蛋白（Seung et al., 2017）。小麦中SS4或BGC1（或大麦中BGC1同源物FLO6）的突变导致大多数淀粉体的多次起始，通常包装成“复合”颗粒结构（Chia等人，2020；Hawkins等人，2021；Matsushima等人，2023,2024）。在FLO6缺陷的大麦突变体Franubet中，其中一些多重起始形成“半复合”颗粒，其中内部结构由多重起始组成，但被光滑的外表面覆盖（Suh et al., 2004）。BGC1对于籽粒发育后期的b型颗粒形成也至关重要，因为小麦中BGC1基因剂量的减少减少了b型颗粒的数量，这与籽粒发育早期BGC1功能完全丧失导致的多重初始化和复合颗粒形成形成对比（Chia et al., 2020）。BGC1与plastidial磷酸化酶一起参与b型颗粒的形成，PHS1 -小麦中PHS1的缺失减少了b型颗粒的数量（Kamble等，2023）。此外，MYOSIN类似于叶绿体蛋白（MRC）可能通过调节BGC1在颗粒起始的正确时机中发挥重要作用（Chen et al., 2024; Fahy et al., 2025）。有趣的是，所有这些蛋白质都与拟南芥叶片叶绿体中淀粉颗粒的形成有关（Roldán等人，2007；Malinova等人，2017；Seung等人，2017,2018；Vandromme等人，2019），尽管物种/组织之间的突变影响存在差异（Watson-Lazowski等人，2022；uway等人，2025）。例如，虽然小麦中的ss4或bgc1突变增加了早期籽粒发育过程中的起始频率（Hawkins等人，2021），但拟南芥中的ss4或ptst2突变减少了每个叶绿体的颗粒数量（Roldán等人，2007；Seung等人，2017）。然而，在这两种情况下，这些突变一致地影响颗粒数。综上所述，这些发现表明小麦淀粉质体颗粒起始的独特时空模式是通过适应现有的颗粒起始蛋白而形成的。植物含有多种淀粉合成酶（SS）异构体，其中SS3异构体与SS4的序列同源性最高（Patron & Keeling, 2005）。SS3异构体在C端有一个保守的SS（葡萄糖基转移酶）结构域，但它们与其他SS异构体的区别在于它们的长n端延伸包含三个串联的碳水化合物结合模块（Pfister & Zeeman, 2016）。谷类有两种SS3亚型——SS3a和SS3b。SS3a是胚乳中的主要同工异构体，与dicots中的SS3序列不同之处在于它们具有更长的n端区域，包含氨基酸重复基序（Gao et al., 1998; Li et al., 2000; Pfister & Zeeman, 2016）。SS3主要参与支链淀粉的合成。
{"title":"Starch Synthase 3 isoforms are essential for normal starch granule initiation in wheat endosperm","authors":"Jinjin Ding, Brendan Fahy, Ryo Matsushima, Qiantao Jiang, David Seung","doi":"10.1111/nph.70973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70973","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Starch is the principal component of cereal grains, in terms of both mass and calories. It is composed of glucose polymers (amylopectin and amylose) that are organised into semicrystalline, insoluble starch granules (Smith & Zeeman, <span>2020</span>; Apriyanto <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). The starch of Triticeae cereals (e.g. wheat, barley and rye) is unique in that it has a bimodal distribution of starch granules in the endosperm, containing large A-type starch granules and small B-type granules (Tetlow & Emes, <span>2017</span>; Seung & Smith, <span>2019</span>). This distribution results from a distinct pattern of starch granule initiation during grain development. During the early stages of grain development (between <i>c</i>. 4 and 15 d post anthesis – dpa), a single large A-type granule is initiated and synthesised in each amyloplast (Parker, <span>1985</span>; Esch <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). The A-type granules undergo a morphogenesis program, starting as a spherical granule, then developing annular outgrowths around the equatorial plane to form lenticular morphology (Evers, <span>1971</span>). B-type granules are initiated between 15 and 20 dpa, and at least partially in amyloplast stromules (Parker, <span>1985</span>; Bechtel <i>et al</i>., <span>1990</span>; Langeveld <i>et al</i>., <span>2000</span>; Chen <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>). Although > 90% of the granules in the endosperm are B-type granules, they comprise only 8–30% of the total volume of starch due to their small size (Lindeboom <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>; Kamble <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>; Chen <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>; McNelly <i>et al</i>., <span>2025</span>).</p>\u0000<p>The control of this distinctive starch granule initiation and morphogenesis pattern in wheat is not fully understood. However, some important molecular components involved in the process have been identified. For example, STARCH SYNTHASE 4 (SS4) and B-GRANULE CONTENT 1 (BGC1) are important for establishing the single initiation during early grain development that leads to an A-type starch granule (Hawkins <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). SS4 is a glucosyltransferase, whereas BGC1 is the wheat ortholog of PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH 2 of Arabidopsis, a nonenzymatic protein with a coiled coil and a Carbohydrate Binding Module 48 (CBM48) domain (Seung <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>). Mutations in either SS4 or BGC1 in wheat (or the BGC1 ortholog, FLO6, in barley) lead to multiple initiations in most amyloplasts, often packing into ‘compound’ granule structures (Chia <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Hawkins <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Matsushima <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>, <span>2024</span>). In the barley mutant <i>Franubet</i> defective in FLO6, some of these multiple initiations form ‘semicompound’ granules, in which the internal structure is made from multiple initiations but is covered by a smooth exterior surf","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad F. Azim, Levi B. Gifford, Mazen Alazem, Jesse D. Woodson, Tessa M. Burch-Smith
Data availability
The RNA seq data were deposited in the NCBI SRA under the accession no. PRJNA1301871.
数据可用性RNA序列数据保存在NCBI SRA中，登录号为：PRJNA1301871。
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