Zoe Amie Pierrat, Troy S. Magney, Will P. Richardson, Benjamin R. K. Runkle, Jen L. Diehl, Xi Yang, William Woodgate, William K. Smith, Miriam R. Johnston, Yohanes R. S. Ginting, Gerbrand Koren, Loren P. Albert, Christopher L. Kibler, Bryn E. Morgan, Mallory Barnes, Adriana Uscanga, Charles Devine, Mostafa Javadian, Karem Meza, Tommaso Julitta, Giulia Tagliabue, Matthew P. Dannenberg, Michal Antala, Christopher Y. S. Wong, Andre L. D. Santos, Koen Hufkens, Julia K. Marrs, Atticus E. L. Stovall, Yujie Liu, Joshua B. Fisher, John A. Gamon, Kerry Cawse-Nicholson
A new proliferation of optical instruments that can be attached to towers over or within ecosystems, or ‘proximal’ remote sensing, enables a comprehensive characterization of terrestrial ecosystem structure, function, and fluxes of energy, water, and carbon. Proximal remote sensing can bridge the gap between individual plants, site-level eddy-covariance fluxes, and airborne and spaceborne remote sensing by providing continuous data at a high-spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we review recent advances in proximal remote sensing for improving our mechanistic understanding of plant and ecosystem processes, model development, and validation of current and upcoming satellite missions. We provide current best practices for data availability and metadata for proximal remote sensing: spectral reflectance, solar-induced fluorescence, thermal infrared radiation, microwave backscatter, and LiDAR. Our paper outlines the steps necessary for making these data streams more widespread, accessible, interoperable, and information-rich, enabling us to address key ecological questions unanswerable from space-based observations alone and, ultimately, to demonstrate the feasibility of these technologies to address critical questions in local and global ecology.
{"title":"Proximal remote sensing: an essential tool for bridging the gap between high-resolution ecosystem monitoring and global ecology","authors":"Zoe Amie Pierrat, Troy S. Magney, Will P. Richardson, Benjamin R. K. Runkle, Jen L. Diehl, Xi Yang, William Woodgate, William K. Smith, Miriam R. Johnston, Yohanes R. S. Ginting, Gerbrand Koren, Loren P. Albert, Christopher L. Kibler, Bryn E. Morgan, Mallory Barnes, Adriana Uscanga, Charles Devine, Mostafa Javadian, Karem Meza, Tommaso Julitta, Giulia Tagliabue, Matthew P. Dannenberg, Michal Antala, Christopher Y. S. Wong, Andre L. D. Santos, Koen Hufkens, Julia K. Marrs, Atticus E. L. Stovall, Yujie Liu, Joshua B. Fisher, John A. Gamon, Kerry Cawse-Nicholson","doi":"10.1111/nph.20405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20405","url":null,"abstract":"A new proliferation of optical instruments that can be attached to towers over or within ecosystems, or ‘proximal’ remote sensing, enables a comprehensive characterization of terrestrial ecosystem structure, function, and fluxes of energy, water, and carbon. Proximal remote sensing can bridge the gap between individual plants, site-level eddy-covariance fluxes, and airborne and spaceborne remote sensing by providing continuous data at a high-spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we review recent advances in proximal remote sensing for improving our mechanistic understanding of plant and ecosystem processes, model development, and validation of current and upcoming satellite missions. We provide current best practices for data availability and metadata for proximal remote sensing: spectral reflectance, solar-induced fluorescence, thermal infrared radiation, microwave backscatter, and LiDAR. Our paper outlines the steps necessary for making these data streams more widespread, accessible, interoperable, and information-rich, enabling us to address key ecological questions unanswerable from space-based observations alone and, ultimately, to demonstrate the feasibility of these technologies to address critical questions in local and global ecology.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143020977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heat stress (HS) poses a major challenge to plants and agriculture, especially during climate change-induced heatwaves. Plants have evolved mechanisms to combat HS and remember past stress. This memory involves lasting changes in specific stress responses, enabling plants to better anticipate and react to future heat events. HS memory is a multi-layered cellular phenomenon that, in addition to epigenetic modifications, involves changes in protein quality control, metabolic pathways and broader physiological adjustments. An essential aspect of modulating stress memory is timely resetting, which restores defense responses to baseline levels and optimizes resource allocation for growth. Balancing stress memory with resetting enables plants to withstand stress while maintaining growth and reproductive capacity. In this review, we discuss mechanisms and regulatory layers of HS memory and resetting, highlighting their critical balance for enhancing stress resilience and plant fitness. We primarily focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana due to the limited research on other species and outline key areas for future study.
{"title":"Stress resilience in plants: the complex interplay between heat stress memory and resetting","authors":"Tobias Staacke, Bernd Mueller-Roeber, Salma Balazadeh","doi":"10.1111/nph.20377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20377","url":null,"abstract":"Heat stress (HS) poses a major challenge to plants and agriculture, especially during climate change-induced heatwaves. Plants have evolved mechanisms to combat HS and remember past stress. This memory involves lasting changes in specific stress responses, enabling plants to better anticipate and react to future heat events. HS memory is a multi-layered cellular phenomenon that, in addition to epigenetic modifications, involves changes in protein quality control, metabolic pathways and broader physiological adjustments. An essential aspect of modulating stress memory is timely resetting, which restores defense responses to baseline levels and optimizes resource allocation for growth. Balancing stress memory with resetting enables plants to withstand stress while maintaining growth and reproductive capacity. In this review, we discuss mechanisms and regulatory layers of HS memory and resetting, highlighting their critical balance for enhancing stress resilience and plant fitness. We primarily focus on the model plant <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> due to the limited research on other species and outline key areas for future study.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steven A. Kannenberg, Flurin Babst, Mallory L. Barnes, Antoine Cabon, Matthew P. Dannenberg, Miriam R. Johnston, William R. L. Anderegg
The partitioning of photosynthate among various forest carbon pools is a key process regulating long-term carbon sequestration, with allocation to aboveground woody biomass carbon (AGBC) in particular playing an outsized role in the global carbon cycle due to its slow residence time. However, directly estimating the fraction of gross primary productivity (GPP) that goes to AGBC has historically been difficult and time-consuming, leaving us with persistent uncertainties.
We used an extensive dataset of tree-ring chronologies co-located at flux towers to assess the coupling between AGBC and GPP, calculate the fraction of fixed carbon that is allocated to AGBC, and understand the drivers of variability in this fraction.
We found that annual AGBC and GPP were rarely correlated, and that annual AGBC represented only a small fraction (c. 9%) of fixed carbon. This fraction varied considerably across sites and was driven by differences in stand density and site climate. Annual AGBC was suppressed by c. 30% during drought and remained below average for years afterward.
These results imply that assumptions of relatively stationary allocation of GPP to woody biomass and other plant tissues could lead to systematic biases in modeled carbon accumulation in different plant pools and thus in carbon residence time.
{"title":"Stand density and local climate drive allocation of GPP to aboveground woody biomass","authors":"Steven A. Kannenberg, Flurin Babst, Mallory L. Barnes, Antoine Cabon, Matthew P. Dannenberg, Miriam R. Johnston, William R. L. Anderegg","doi":"10.1111/nph.20414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20414","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>The partitioning of photosynthate among various forest carbon pools is a key process regulating long-term carbon sequestration, with allocation to aboveground woody biomass carbon (AGBC) in particular playing an outsized role in the global carbon cycle due to its slow residence time. However, directly estimating the fraction of gross primary productivity (GPP) that goes to AGBC has historically been difficult and time-consuming, leaving us with persistent uncertainties.</li>\u0000<li>We used an extensive dataset of tree-ring chronologies co-located at flux towers to assess the coupling between AGBC and GPP, calculate the fraction of fixed carbon that is allocated to AGBC, and understand the drivers of variability in this fraction.</li>\u0000<li>We found that annual AGBC and GPP were rarely correlated, and that annual AGBC represented only a small fraction (<i>c</i>. 9%) of fixed carbon. This fraction varied considerably across sites and was driven by differences in stand density and site climate. Annual AGBC was suppressed by <i>c</i>. 30% during drought and remained below average for years afterward.</li>\u0000<li>These results imply that assumptions of relatively stationary allocation of GPP to woody biomass and other plant tissues could lead to systematic biases in modeled carbon accumulation in different plant pools and thus in carbon residence time.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immobility of flowering plants requires them to engage pollen vectors to outcross, introducing considerable inefficiency in the conversion of pollen production into sired seeds. Whether inefficiencies influence the evolution of the relative resource allocation to female and male functions has been debated for more than 40 years. Whereas early models suggested no effect, negative interspecific relations of mean pollen production and pollen : ovule ratios to the proportion of removed pollen that is exported to stigmas (pollen-transfer efficiency) indicate otherwise. Here, we consider theoretically a key condition that determines whether the efficiencies of processes (first derivative of process output with respect to input) affect the evolutionarily stable sex (ESS) allocation. No effect arises if all individuals experience the same efficiency. By contrast, a decline in process efficiency with increasing allocation (diminishing returns) generally reduces the ESS male allocation for a population. Furthermore, differences in the allocation dependence of efficiencies (and hence the ESS sex allocation) among populations/species create a negative relation of realised efficiency to male allocation among species, like that observed empirically. Diminishing returns arise for various processes that affect siring (e.g. pollen export and local pollen competition to fertilise ovules), which may differ in their relative influence on sex allocation among species.
{"title":"Pollination efficiency and the evolution of sex allocation – diminishing returns matter","authors":"Lawrence D. Harder, Steven D. Johnson","doi":"10.1111/nph.20389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20389","url":null,"abstract":"Immobility of flowering plants requires them to engage pollen vectors to outcross, introducing considerable inefficiency in the conversion of pollen production into sired seeds. Whether inefficiencies influence the evolution of the relative resource allocation to female and male functions has been debated for more than 40 years. Whereas early models suggested no effect, negative interspecific relations of mean pollen production and pollen : ovule ratios to the proportion of removed pollen that is exported to stigmas (pollen-transfer efficiency) indicate otherwise. Here, we consider theoretically a key condition that determines whether the efficiencies of processes (first derivative of process output with respect to input) affect the evolutionarily stable sex (ESS) allocation. No effect arises if all individuals experience the same efficiency. By contrast, a decline in process efficiency with increasing allocation (diminishing returns) generally reduces the ESS male allocation for a population. Furthermore, differences in the allocation dependence of efficiencies (and hence the ESS sex allocation) among populations/species create a negative relation of realised efficiency to male allocation among species, like that observed empirically. Diminishing returns arise for various processes that affect siring (e.g. pollen export and local pollen competition to fertilise ovules), which may differ in their relative influence on sex allocation among species.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143020978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haihua Wang, Kaile Zhang, Ryan Tappero, Tiffany W. Victor, Jennifer M. Bhatnagar, Rytas Vilgalys, Hui-Ling Liao
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) play a crucial role in facilitating plant nutrient uptake from the soil although inorganic nitrogen (N) can potentially diminish this role. However, the effect of inorganic N availability and organic matter on shaping EMF-mediated plant iron (Fe) uptake remains unclear.
To explore this, we performed a microcosm study on Pinus taeda roots inoculated with Suillus cothurnatus treated with +/−Fe-coated sand, +/−organic matter, and a gradient of NH4NO3 concentrations.
Mycorrhiza formation was most favorable under conditions with organic matter, without inorganic N. Synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence imaging on ectomycorrhizal cross-sections suggested that the effect of inorganic N on mycorrhizal Fe acquisition largely depended on organic matter supply. With organic matter, mycorrhizal Fe concentration was significantly decreased as inorganic N levels increased. Conversely, an opposite trend was observed when organic matter was absent. Spatial distribution analysis showed that Fe, zinc, calcium, and copper predominantly accumulated in the fungal mantle across all conditions, highlighting the mantle's critical role in nutrient accumulation and regulation of nutrient transfer to internal compartments.
Our work illustrated that the liberation of soil mineral Fe and the EMF-mediated plant Fe acquisition are jointly regulated by inorganic N and organic matter in the soil.
{"title":"Inorganic nitrogen and organic matter jointly regulate ectomycorrhizal fungi-mediated iron acquisition","authors":"Haihua Wang, Kaile Zhang, Ryan Tappero, Tiffany W. Victor, Jennifer M. Bhatnagar, Rytas Vilgalys, Hui-Ling Liao","doi":"10.1111/nph.20394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20394","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) play a crucial role in facilitating plant nutrient uptake from the soil although inorganic nitrogen (N) can potentially diminish this role. However, the effect of inorganic N availability and organic matter on shaping EMF-mediated plant iron (Fe) uptake remains unclear.</li>\u0000<li>To explore this, we performed a microcosm study on <i>Pinus taeda</i> roots inoculated with <i>Suillus cothurnatus</i> treated with +/−Fe-coated sand, +/−organic matter, and a gradient of NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub> concentrations.</li>\u0000<li>Mycorrhiza formation was most favorable under conditions with organic matter, without inorganic N. Synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence imaging on ectomycorrhizal cross-sections suggested that the effect of inorganic N on mycorrhizal Fe acquisition largely depended on organic matter supply. With organic matter, mycorrhizal Fe concentration was significantly decreased as inorganic N levels increased. Conversely, an opposite trend was observed when organic matter was absent. Spatial distribution analysis showed that Fe, zinc, calcium, and copper predominantly accumulated in the fungal mantle across all conditions, highlighting the mantle's critical role in nutrient accumulation and regulation of nutrient transfer to internal compartments.</li>\u0000<li>Our work illustrated that the liberation of soil mineral Fe and the EMF-mediated plant Fe acquisition are jointly regulated by inorganic N and organic matter in the soil.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lennart Hoengenaert, Chantal Anders, Jan Van Doorsselaere, Ruben Vanholme, Wout Boerjan
Precise gene-editing methods are valuable tools to enhance genetic traits. Gene editing is commonly achieved via stable integration of a gene-editing cassette in the plant's genome. However, this technique is unfavorable for field applications, especially in vegetatively propagated plants, such as many commercial tree species, where the gene-editing cassette cannot be segregated away without breaking the genetic constitution of the elite variety.
Here, we describe an efficient method for generating gene-edited Populus tremula × P. alba (poplar) trees without incorporating foreign DNA into its genome. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, we expressed a base-editing construct targeting CCoAOMT1 along with the ALS genes for positive selection on a chlorsulfuron-containing medium.
About 50% of the regenerated shoots were derived from transient transformation and were free of T-DNA. Overall, 7% of the chlorsulfuron-resistant shoots were T-DNA free, edited in the CCoAOMT1 gene and nonchimeric.
Long-read whole-genome sequencing confirmed the absence of any foreign DNA in the tested gene-edited lines. Additionally, we evaluated the CodA gene as a negative selection marker to eliminate lines that stably incorporated the T-DNA into their genome. Although the latter negative selection is not essential for selecting transgene-free, gene-edited Populus tremula × P. alba shoots, it may prove valuable for other genotypes or varieties.
{"title":"Transgene-free genome editing in poplar","authors":"Lennart Hoengenaert, Chantal Anders, Jan Van Doorsselaere, Ruben Vanholme, Wout Boerjan","doi":"10.1111/nph.20415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20415","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Precise gene-editing methods are valuable tools to enhance genetic traits. Gene editing is commonly achieved via stable integration of a gene-editing cassette in the plant's genome. However, this technique is unfavorable for field applications, especially in vegetatively propagated plants, such as many commercial tree species, where the gene-editing cassette cannot be segregated away without breaking the genetic constitution of the elite variety.</li>\u0000<li>Here, we describe an efficient method for generating gene-edited <i>Populus tremula × P. alba</i> (poplar) trees without incorporating foreign DNA into its genome. Using <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>, we expressed a base-editing construct targeting <i>CCoAOMT1</i> along with the <i>ALS</i> genes for positive selection on a chlorsulfuron-containing medium.</li>\u0000<li>About 50% of the regenerated shoots were derived from transient transformation and were free of T-DNA. Overall, 7% of the chlorsulfuron-resistant shoots were T-DNA free, edited in the <i>CCoAOMT1</i> gene and nonchimeric.</li>\u0000<li>Long-read whole-genome sequencing confirmed the absence of any foreign DNA in the tested gene-edited lines. Additionally, we evaluated the <i>CodA</i> gene as a negative selection marker to eliminate lines that stably incorporated the T-DNA into their genome. Although the latter negative selection is not essential for selecting transgene-free, gene-edited <i>Populus tremula × P. alba</i> shoots, it may prove valuable for other genotypes or varieties.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Li, Qianqian Hu, Yi Zhao, Ting Jiang, Huaihao Yang, Binglian Zheng
In plants, sperm cell formation involves two rounds of pollen mitoses, in which the microspore initiates the first pollen mitosis (PMI) to produce a vegetative cell and a generative cell, then the generative cell continues the second mitosis (PMII) to produce two sperm cells. DUO1, a R2R3 Myb transcription factor, is activated in the generative cell to promote S-G2/M transition during PMII. Loss-of-function of DUO1 caused a complete arrest of PMII. Despite the importance of DUO1, how DUO1 is regulated is largely unexplored.
We previously demonstrated that ARID1, an ARID transcription factor, stimulates DUO1 transcription.
Here, we show that cell proliferation suppressor RBR1 interacts with ARID1 to stabilize DUO1. While the C-terminus of RBR1 is dispensable for vegetative growth, it plays a crucial role in reproductive development and facilitates interaction with ARID1. Moreover, DUO1 is a short-lived protein, ARID1 promotes the RBR1–DUO1 interaction, and RBR1 stabilizes DUO1 in a proteasome-dependent manner. Thus, RBR1 promotes DUO1-dependent PMII progression via antagonizing its repressive role in the cell cycle factors CDKA;1 and CYCB1;1.
Collectively, we uncover that ARID1 and RBR1 act in concert to regulate DUO1 at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, balancing cell specification and cell division.
{"title":"Cell proliferation suppressor RBR1 interacts with ARID1 to promote pollen mitosis via stabilizing DUO1 in Arabidopsis","authors":"Lei Li, Qianqian Hu, Yi Zhao, Ting Jiang, Huaihao Yang, Binglian Zheng","doi":"10.1111/nph.20399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20399","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>In plants, sperm cell formation involves two rounds of pollen mitoses, in which the microspore initiates the first pollen mitosis (PMI) to produce a vegetative cell and a generative cell, then the generative cell continues the second mitosis (PMII) to produce two sperm cells. DUO1, a R2R3 Myb transcription factor, is activated in the generative cell to promote S-G2/M transition during PMII. Loss-of-function of DUO1 caused a complete arrest of PMII. Despite the importance of DUO1, how DUO1 is regulated is largely unexplored.</li>\u0000<li>We previously demonstrated that ARID1, an ARID transcription factor, stimulates <i>DUO1</i> transcription.</li>\u0000<li>Here, we show that cell proliferation suppressor RBR1 interacts with ARID1 to stabilize DUO1. While the C-terminus of RBR1 is dispensable for vegetative growth, it plays a crucial role in reproductive development and facilitates interaction with ARID1. Moreover, DUO1 is a short-lived protein, ARID1 promotes the RBR1–DUO1 interaction, and RBR1 stabilizes DUO1 in a proteasome-dependent manner. Thus, RBR1 promotes DUO1-dependent PMII progression via antagonizing its repressive role in the cell cycle factors CDKA;1 and CYCB1;1.</li>\u0000<li>Collectively, we uncover that ARID1 and RBR1 act in concert to regulate DUO1 at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, balancing cell specification and cell division.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miao Zhou, Jia Yuan Ye, Yi Ju Shi, Yi Jie Jiang, Yao Zhuang, Qing Yang Zhu, Xing Xing Liu, Zhong Jie Ding, Shao Jian Zheng, Chong Wei Jin
The apoplastic pH (pHApo) in plants is susceptible to environmental stimuli. However, the biological implications of pHApo variation have remained largely unknown.
The universal stress phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) as well as the major environmental stimuli drought and salinity were selected as representative cases to investigate how changes in pHApo relate to plant behaviors in Arabidopsis. Variations in pHApo negatively regulated the cotyledon greening inhibition to the universal stress hormone ABA or environmental stimuli through the action of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (eH2O2).
Further studies revealed that an increase in pHApo diminishes the chemical reactivity of eH2O2, effectively functioning as an ‘off’ switch for its action in oxidizing thiols of plasma membrane proteins. Consequently, this suppresses the eH2O2-mediated cotyledon greening inhibition to environmental stimuli and ABA, alongside inhibiting the eH2O2-mediated intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Conversely, a decrease in pHApo serves as an ‘on’ switch for the action of eH2O2.
In summary, the pHApo is a crucial messenger and chemical switch for eH2O2 in signal transduction, notwithstanding the apparent simplicity of the underlying mechanism. Our findings provide a novel fundamental biological insight into the significance of pH.
{"title":"Apoplastic pH is a chemical switch for extracellular H2O2 signaling in abscisic acid-mediated inhibition of cotyledon greening","authors":"Miao Zhou, Jia Yuan Ye, Yi Ju Shi, Yi Jie Jiang, Yao Zhuang, Qing Yang Zhu, Xing Xing Liu, Zhong Jie Ding, Shao Jian Zheng, Chong Wei Jin","doi":"10.1111/nph.20400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20400","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>The apoplastic pH (pH<sub>Apo</sub>) in plants is susceptible to environmental stimuli. However, the biological implications of pH<sub>Apo</sub> variation have remained largely unknown.</li>\u0000<li>The universal stress phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) as well as the major environmental stimuli drought and salinity were selected as representative cases to investigate how changes in pH<sub>Apo</sub> relate to plant behaviors in <i>Arabidopsis</i>. Variations in pH<sub>Apo</sub> negatively regulated the cotyledon greening inhibition to the universal stress hormone ABA or environmental stimuli through the action of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (eH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>).</li>\u0000<li>Further studies revealed that an increase in pH<sub>Apo</sub> diminishes the chemical reactivity of eH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, effectively functioning as an ‘off’ switch for its action in oxidizing thiols of plasma membrane proteins. Consequently, this suppresses the eH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-mediated cotyledon greening inhibition to environmental stimuli and ABA, alongside inhibiting the eH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-mediated intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling. Conversely, a decrease in pH<sub>Apo</sub> serves as an ‘on’ switch for the action of eH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</li>\u0000<li>In summary, the pH<sub>Apo</sub> is a crucial messenger and chemical switch for eH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in signal transduction, notwithstanding the apparent simplicity of the underlying mechanism. Our findings provide a novel fundamental biological insight into the significance of pH.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthias C. Rillig, Anika Lehmann, Ian R. Mounts, Beatrice M. Bock
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Networks formed by fungi that link among plants have captured the imagination of scientists and the wider public alike (Selosse <i>et al</i>., <span>2006</span>; Karst <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). This work on fungal connections among plant roots has almost exclusively focused on mycorrhizal fungi, with most work focusing on arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi; other groups of mycorrhiza, such as ericoid mycorrhiza and orchid mycorrhiza have also been studied. Reasons underpinning this focus on common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) are quite evident: these fungi form well-documented and functionally relevant symbioses with the majority of plants and the fungi grow inside the roots, forming symbiotic exchange interfaces (Smith & Read, <span>2008</span>).</p> <p>A recently introduced conceptual framework (Rillig <i>et al</i>., <span>2025</span>) has proposed a hierarchical set of terms to describe such links: the current definition of common mycorrhizal networks demands the presence of hyphal continuous links that forms an uninterrupted cytoplasmic flow between roots of at least two plants (Karst <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). This is a special case, in reality, for which several criteria have to be fulfilled (Lehmann & Rillig, <span>2025</span>) to ensure that it is just the resource transfer via the hyphal link that is responsible for any measured plant responses. In the new framework, this special case is referred to as common mycorrhizal networks with hyphal continuity (CMN-HC). In this conceptual framework, common mycorrhizal networks of any kind – involving direct hyphal connections or not – are referred to as CMNs. In addition, the term common fungal network (CFN) has been introduced, representing the most general case of hyphal linkages among plants: those that are formed by any type of filamentous fungus (not limited to mycorrhizal fungi) and that are either direct or indirect in their mode of linking (i.e. hyphal continuity or not).</p> <p>A systematic mapping of the field of ‘common mycorrhizal networks’ revealed that <i>c</i>. 33% of the experimental research data is on networks formed not just by the targeted mycorrhizal fungi, but with other filamentous fungi present in addition to mycorrhizal fungi (Lehmann & Rillig, <span>2025</span>). These are mainly field studies or studies using whole microbial communities as inoculum sources for the network. Thus, effects of CFNs are already implicitly part of our experimental results, but we do not know about their contribution to the studied mycorrhizal networks. We propose here that such CFNs are likely the reality in soils, rather than just CMNs, and that this more complex reality should be captured in future work on fungal networks linking among plants (Fig. 1). In this paper, we build on the recent conceptual development and these systematic mapping results to propose research on various forms of CFNs.</p> <figure><picture> <source
由真菌形成的连接植物的网络吸引了科学家和广大公众的想象力(Selosse et al., 2006；Karst et al., 2023)。关于植物根系间真菌联系的研究几乎完全集中在菌根真菌上，大部分研究集中在丛枝菌根和外生菌根真菌上；其他种类的菌根，如镰刀菌根和兰花菌根也被研究过。支持这种对常见菌根网络（CMNs）的关注的原因非常明显：这些真菌与大多数植物形成了充分记录的和功能相关的共生关系，真菌在根内生长，形成共生交换界面(Smith &；读,2008)。最近引入的概念框架（Rillig et al., 2025）提出了一套描述这种联系的等级术语：目前对常见菌根网络的定义要求存在菌丝连续联系，这种联系在至少两种植物的根之间形成不间断的细胞质流动（Karst et al., 2023）。在现实中，这是一个特殊的情况，必须满足几个标准(Lehmann &；Rillig, 2025)，以确保它只是通过菌丝链接的资源转移负责任何测量的植物响应。在新的框架中，这种特殊情况被称为具有菌丝连续性的常见菌根网络（CMN-HC）。在这个概念框架中，任何种类的常见菌根网络——无论是否涉及直接菌丝连接——都被称为cmn。此外，还引入了术语共同真菌网络（common fungi network， CFN），它代表了植物间菌丝连接的最一般情况：由任何类型的丝状真菌（不限于菌根真菌）形成的，它们的连接方式是直接的或间接的（即菌丝连续性与否）。对“常见菌根网络”领域的系统测绘显示，33%的实验研究数据不仅是由目标菌根真菌形成的网络，而且除了菌根真菌之外还有其他丝状真菌(Lehmann &；Rillig, 2025)。这些主要是实地研究或使用整个微生物群落作为网络接种源的研究。因此，cfn的影响已经隐含在我们的实验结果中，但我们不知道它们对所研究的菌根网络的贡献。我们在这里提出，这样的cfn可能是土壤中的现实，而不仅仅是cmn，而且这个更复杂的现实应该在未来关于植物之间真菌网络连接的工作中被捕获（图1）。在本文中，我们建立在最近的概念发展和这些系统测绘结果的基础上，提出对各种形式的cfn的研究。1打开图形查看器powerpoint两种植物之间并发形成的常见真菌网络的概念图，采用真菌菌丝的视图，其中形成连接的部分处于聚光灯下。这并不意味着不参与植株连接的菌丝可以被忽略。（a, b）真菌形成的网络联系可以是直接的，也可以是间接的，直接联系需要植物间真菌网络的菌丝连续性。(c)这种共同的真菌网络可以由不同的真菌行业形成，包括菌根真菌、内生真菌、寄生真菌和腐殖真菌。由于腐殖真菌通常不会定殖植物，因此与菌丝连续性的直接网络连接可能不太相关。然而，腐坏真菌也可以存在于根内，所以这种可能性确实存在。(d)共同真菌网络的概念提供了一些新的研究机会，例如研究真菌网络在土壤和根内部的相互作用。许多方法可以从常见菌根网络的研究中引入，如涉及网状屏障的连锁处理。探索这些常见真菌网络的功能意义的目标变量可以是植物性能及其对土壤过程和土壤生物多样性的影响。在提出这样的研究时，我们在这里采用了一种观点，这种观点源于对具有这种真菌网络的植物的关注。这不应该被理解为我们反对真菌中心观点；一种更以真菌为中心的观点会强调，可能只有真菌菌丝体的一小部分参与了与植物的这种相互作用。对真菌联系的关注使这些植物之间的联系成为人们关注的焦点。我们相信，通过更全面地了解这些联系，包括几个真菌行会，可以为真菌生物学和生态学带来很多好处。
{"title":"Concurrent common fungal networks formed by different guilds of fungi","authors":"Matthias C. Rillig, Anika Lehmann, Ian R. Mounts, Beatrice M. Bock","doi":"10.1111/nph.20418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20418","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Networks formed by fungi that link among plants have captured the imagination of scientists and the wider public alike (Selosse <i>et al</i>., <span>2006</span>; Karst <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). This work on fungal connections among plant roots has almost exclusively focused on mycorrhizal fungi, with most work focusing on arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi; other groups of mycorrhiza, such as ericoid mycorrhiza and orchid mycorrhiza have also been studied. Reasons underpinning this focus on common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) are quite evident: these fungi form well-documented and functionally relevant symbioses with the majority of plants and the fungi grow inside the roots, forming symbiotic exchange interfaces (Smith & Read, <span>2008</span>).</p>\u0000<p>A recently introduced conceptual framework (Rillig <i>et al</i>., <span>2025</span>) has proposed a hierarchical set of terms to describe such links: the current definition of common mycorrhizal networks demands the presence of hyphal continuous links that forms an uninterrupted cytoplasmic flow between roots of at least two plants (Karst <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). This is a special case, in reality, for which several criteria have to be fulfilled (Lehmann & Rillig, <span>2025</span>) to ensure that it is just the resource transfer via the hyphal link that is responsible for any measured plant responses. In the new framework, this special case is referred to as common mycorrhizal networks with hyphal continuity (CMN-HC). In this conceptual framework, common mycorrhizal networks of any kind – involving direct hyphal connections or not – are referred to as CMNs. In addition, the term common fungal network (CFN) has been introduced, representing the most general case of hyphal linkages among plants: those that are formed by any type of filamentous fungus (not limited to mycorrhizal fungi) and that are either direct or indirect in their mode of linking (i.e. hyphal continuity or not).</p>\u0000<p>A systematic mapping of the field of ‘common mycorrhizal networks’ revealed that <i>c</i>. 33% of the experimental research data is on networks formed not just by the targeted mycorrhizal fungi, but with other filamentous fungi present in addition to mycorrhizal fungi (Lehmann & Rillig, <span>2025</span>). These are mainly field studies or studies using whole microbial communities as inoculum sources for the network. Thus, effects of CFNs are already implicitly part of our experimental results, but we do not know about their contribution to the studied mycorrhizal networks. We propose here that such CFNs are likely the reality in soils, rather than just CMNs, and that this more complex reality should be captured in future work on fungal networks linking among plants (Fig. 1). In this paper, we build on the recent conceptual development and these systematic mapping results to propose research on various forms of CFNs.</p>\u0000<figure><picture>\u0000<source","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>I have always been passionate about plant science. I think it all started with my upbringing in Africa. I grew up in different countries with climates ranging from tropical to semi-arid, so I was constantly surrounded by nature and exposed to an incredible variety of ecosystems. It was impossible not to fall in love with the diversity of plant life. As a kid, I spent my days running through forests, climbing trees, and building treehouses. I was in awe of how resilient and beautiful the natural world was. And it wasn't just outdoors – our home was always filled with plants. They were't just decorations to me; they felt like part of the family, living companions that brought life into every room. All of that shaped my curiosity about plants – how they work, how they interact with their surroundings, and why they are so vital to our world. That curiosity eventually led me to pursue a PhD, where I focused on understanding the role of biodiversity in forests and how it influences how they function. Now, as a plant ecophysiologist, I study how forests respond to climate change and how biodiversity helps them stay resilient. That childhood wonder I felt has not gone away – it still drives everything I do and makes me excited to share my love for plants with others.</p><p>Deciding to pursue a career in research was't something that happened overnight, but once I figured it out, it felt like the perfect fit. I have always had a passion for science and a fascination with understanding the natural world, but when I started university, I honestly did't know what researchers or scientists actually did. That all changed during my first research internships. Those experiences gave me a glimpse into the life of a scientist. It didn't take long for me to realize this was exactly what I wanted to do. I loved the variety the job offered – spending time in the field, working in the lab, coming up with new ideas, and traveling to conferences where I got to meet people from all over the world. One of the things that surprised me was how much I enjoyed the writing side of it. Writing had always been a passion of mine, and being able to craft papers and create figures to tell scientific stories was so rewarding. What really sealed the deal for me was the chance to piece together puzzles about how forests function and respond to climate change. The mix of creativity, curiosity, and the opportunity to make a difference felt irresistible. Even now, I still feel that same excitement. Research is a job where no two days are the same, and that is exactly what makes it so fulfilling.</p><p>What gets me excited every day is the chance to work with an incredible team of scientists, some of whom are just starting their scientific journey. Mentoring them and helping them build their careers in science is honestly one of the best parts of what I do. Whether we are tackling research challenges together or celebrating their achievements, it is so rewarding to see their confidence
{"title":"Charlotte Grossiord","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/nph.20404","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20404","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I have always been passionate about plant science. I think it all started with my upbringing in Africa. I grew up in different countries with climates ranging from tropical to semi-arid, so I was constantly surrounded by nature and exposed to an incredible variety of ecosystems. It was impossible not to fall in love with the diversity of plant life. As a kid, I spent my days running through forests, climbing trees, and building treehouses. I was in awe of how resilient and beautiful the natural world was. And it wasn't just outdoors – our home was always filled with plants. They were't just decorations to me; they felt like part of the family, living companions that brought life into every room. All of that shaped my curiosity about plants – how they work, how they interact with their surroundings, and why they are so vital to our world. That curiosity eventually led me to pursue a PhD, where I focused on understanding the role of biodiversity in forests and how it influences how they function. Now, as a plant ecophysiologist, I study how forests respond to climate change and how biodiversity helps them stay resilient. That childhood wonder I felt has not gone away – it still drives everything I do and makes me excited to share my love for plants with others.</p><p>Deciding to pursue a career in research was't something that happened overnight, but once I figured it out, it felt like the perfect fit. I have always had a passion for science and a fascination with understanding the natural world, but when I started university, I honestly did't know what researchers or scientists actually did. That all changed during my first research internships. Those experiences gave me a glimpse into the life of a scientist. It didn't take long for me to realize this was exactly what I wanted to do. I loved the variety the job offered – spending time in the field, working in the lab, coming up with new ideas, and traveling to conferences where I got to meet people from all over the world. One of the things that surprised me was how much I enjoyed the writing side of it. Writing had always been a passion of mine, and being able to craft papers and create figures to tell scientific stories was so rewarding. What really sealed the deal for me was the chance to piece together puzzles about how forests function and respond to climate change. The mix of creativity, curiosity, and the opportunity to make a difference felt irresistible. Even now, I still feel that same excitement. Research is a job where no two days are the same, and that is exactly what makes it so fulfilling.</p><p>What gets me excited every day is the chance to work with an incredible team of scientists, some of whom are just starting their scientific journey. Mentoring them and helping them build their careers in science is honestly one of the best parts of what I do. Whether we are tackling research challenges together or celebrating their achievements, it is so rewarding to see their confidence","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"245 5","pages":"1843-1845"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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