Annett Richter, Allen F. Schroeder, Caroline Marcon, Frank Hochholdinger, Georg Jander, Boaz Negin
An enormous diversity of specialized metabolites is produced in the plant kingdom, with each individual plant synthesizing thousands of these compounds. Previous research showed that benzoxazinoids, the most abundant class of specialized metabolites in maize, also function as signaling molecules by regulating the production callose as a defense response.
We searched for additional benzoxazinoid-regulated specialized metabolites, characterized them, examined whether they too function in herbivore protection, and determined how Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm), a prominent maize pest, copes with these metabolites.
We identified catechol acetylglucose (CAG) as a benzoxazinoid-regulated metabolite that is produced from salicylic acid via catechol and catechol glucoside. Genome-wide association studies of CAG abundance identified a gene encoding a predicted acetyltransferase. Knockout of this gene resulted in maize plants that lack CAG and over-accumulate catechol glucoside. Upon tissue disruption, maize plants accumulate catechol, which inhibits S. frugiperda growth. Analysis of caterpillar frass showed that S. frugiperda detoxifies catechol by glycosylation, and the efficiency of catechol glycosylation was correlated with S. frugiperda growth on a catechol-containing diet.
Thus, the success of S. frugiperda as an agricultural pest may depend partly on its ability to detoxify catechol, which is produced as a defensive metabolite by maize.
植物界产生的特化代谢物种类繁多，每种植物都能合成数千种此类化合物。之前的研究表明，玉米中含量最高的一类专化代谢物--苯并恶嗪类物质也能作为信号分子，通过调节胼胝质的产生作为一种防御反应。我们发现儿茶酚乙酰葡萄糖（CAG）是一种苯并恶嗪类调控的代谢物，它由水杨酸通过儿茶酚和儿茶酚葡萄糖苷产生。对 CAG 丰度的全基因组关联研究发现了一个编码乙酰转移酶的基因。敲除该基因后，玉米植株缺乏 CAG，并过度积累儿茶酚葡萄糖苷。组织破坏后，玉米植株会积累儿茶酚，从而抑制 S. frugiperda 的生长。对毛虫叶片的分析表明，S. frugiperda 通过糖基化对儿茶酚进行解毒，儿茶酚糖基化的效率与 S. frugiperda 在含有儿茶酚的食物中的生长相关。
{"title":"Catechol acetylglucose: a newly identified benzoxazinoid-regulated defensive metabolite in maize","authors":"Annett Richter, Allen F. Schroeder, Caroline Marcon, Frank Hochholdinger, Georg Jander, Boaz Negin","doi":"10.1111/nph.20209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20209","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>An enormous diversity of specialized metabolites is produced in the plant kingdom, with each individual plant synthesizing thousands of these compounds. Previous research showed that benzoxazinoids, the most abundant class of specialized metabolites in maize, also function as signaling molecules by regulating the production callose as a defense response.</li>\u0000<li>We searched for additional benzoxazinoid-regulated specialized metabolites, characterized them, examined whether they too function in herbivore protection, and determined how <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (fall armyworm), a prominent maize pest, copes with these metabolites.</li>\u0000<li>We identified catechol acetylglucose (CAG) as a benzoxazinoid-regulated metabolite that is produced from salicylic acid via catechol and catechol glucoside. Genome-wide association studies of CAG abundance identified a gene encoding a predicted acetyltransferase. Knockout of this gene resulted in maize plants that lack CAG and over-accumulate catechol glucoside. Upon tissue disruption, maize plants accumulate catechol, which inhibits <i>S. frugiperda</i> growth. Analysis of caterpillar frass showed that <i>S. frugiperda</i> detoxifies catechol by glycosylation, and the efficiency of catechol glycosylation was correlated with <i>S. frugiperda</i> growth on a catechol-containing diet.</li>\u0000<li>Thus, the success of <i>S. frugiperda</i> as an agricultural pest may depend partly on its ability to detoxify catechol, which is produced as a defensive metabolite by maize.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"209 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pathogenic fungi such as Valsa mali secrete effector proteins to manipulate host defenses and facilitate infection. Subtilases are identified as potential virulence factors, yet their specific roles in fruit tree pathogens, such as those affecting apple trees, are poorly understood.
Our research shows VmSpm1 as a virulence factor in V. mali. Knocking it out decreased virulence, whereas its heterologous expression in apple led to reduced disease resistance.
Using Y2H, BiFC, SLC, and Co-IP techniques, we demonstrated an interaction between VmSpm1 and MdPYL4. MdPYL4 levels increased during V. mali infection. The stable transgenic apple lines inoculation experiment showed that MdPYL4 correlates with enhanced resistance to Apple Valsa canker when overexpressed in apples. Furthermore, through in vitro and in vivo assays, we showed the degradative role of VmSpm1 on MdPYL4. MdPYL4 promotes the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) in apples in an abscisic acid-dependent manner. The degradation of MdPYL4 leads to a reduction in JA content in apples during V. mali infection, thereby impairing JA signal transduction and decreasing disease resistance in apple plants.
In summary, this study reveals how V. mali utilizes VmSpm1 to subvert JA signaling, shedding light on fungal manipulation of plant hormones to disrupt immunity.
{"title":"VmSpm1: a secretory protein from Valsa mali that targets apple's abscisic acid receptor MdPYL4 to suppress jasmonic acid signaling and enhance infection","authors":"Yangguang Meng, Yingzhu Xiao, Shan Zhu, Liangsheng Xu, Lili Huang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20194","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Pathogenic fungi such as <i>Valsa mali</i> secrete effector proteins to manipulate host defenses and facilitate infection. Subtilases are identified as potential virulence factors, yet their specific roles in fruit tree pathogens, such as those affecting apple trees, are poorly understood.</li>\u0000<li>Our research shows VmSpm1 as a virulence factor in <i>V. mali</i>. Knocking it out decreased virulence, whereas its heterologous expression in apple led to reduced disease resistance.</li>\u0000<li>Using Y2H, BiFC, SLC, and Co-IP techniques, we demonstrated an interaction between VmSpm1 and MdPYL4. MdPYL4 levels increased during <i>V. mali</i> infection. The stable transgenic apple lines inoculation experiment showed that MdPYL4 correlates with enhanced resistance to Apple Valsa canker when overexpressed in apples. Furthermore, through <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> assays, we showed the degradative role of VmSpm1 on MdPYL4. MdPYL4 promotes the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) in apples in an abscisic acid-dependent manner. The degradation of MdPYL4 leads to a reduction in JA content in apples during <i>V. mali</i> infection, thereby impairing JA signal transduction and decreasing disease resistance in apple plants.</li>\u0000<li>In summary, this study reveals how <i>V. mali</i> utilizes VmSpm1 to subvert JA signaling, shedding light on fungal manipulation of plant hormones to disrupt immunity.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luca Grandi, Wenfeng Ye, Mary V. Clancy, Armelle Vallat, Gaétan Glauser, Luis Abdala-Roberts, Thierry Brevault, Betty Benrey, Ted C. J. Turlings, Carlos Bustos-Segura
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Plants produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that enable them to defend themselves against antagonists, such as herbivores and pathogens. These compounds can function as toxins that directly reduce herbivore survival or reproductive success (e.g. quinones, alkaloids, anthocyanins, and terpenoids), or, as in the case of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), serve as indirect defence signals (Pichersky & Lewinsohn, <span>2011</span>; Mithöfer & Boland, <span>2012</span>; Kessler & Kalske, <span>2018</span>; Pichersky & Raguso, <span>2018</span>). These VOCs can be stored and emitted constitutively (Gershenzon, <span>1994</span>, <span>2000</span>; Clancy <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>), or induced and synthesised <i>de novo</i> following herbivory (Paré & Tumlinson, <span>1997</span>). Importantly, these herbivore-induced changes include shifts in the composition and relative ratios of compounds within a volatile blend released by a plant (Turlings & Erb, <span>2018</span>), which contain ecologically relevant cues of risk of attack. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) may repel herbivores and attract their enemies; they can also serve as signals between different parts of an individual plant (within-plant signalling) to activate preventive systemic defences (Heil & Silva Bueno, <span>2007</span>; Meents & Mithöfer, <span>2020</span>), and may be used by neighbouring plants to prepare for future attacks (Morrell & Kessler, <span>2017</span>; Schuman, <span>2023</span>).</p> <p>Initial discoveries demonstrating volatile-mediated interactions between plants in response to herbivore attack (Baldwin & Schultz, <span>1983</span>; Farmer & Ryan, <span>1990</span>; Bruin <i>et al</i>., <span>1992</span>) were met with some scepticism but are now widely accepted as being both common and ecologically relevant (Heil & Karban, <span>2010</span>; Ninkovic <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Kessler <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). Numerous studies have reported on the role of signalling between plants mediated by HIPVs (Baldwin & Schultz, <span>1983</span>; Dolch & Tscharntke, <span>2000</span>; Karban <i>et al</i>., <span>2003</span>; Heil & Silva Bueno, <span>2007</span>), with field studies revealing specificity in the volatile cues involved (Karban <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>; Moreira <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Kalske <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>). Herbivore-induced plant volatiles reported to act as potential signalling cues include jasmonates (Farmer & Ryan, <span>1990</span>), green leaf volatiles (Engelberth & Engelberth, <span>2019</span>), and aromatic compounds (Erb <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>). These HIPVs from a damaged plant can reach an undamaged neighbouring plant, which can then enter a so-called ‘primed’ state (Ton <i>et al</i>., <span>2007</span>; Mauch-Mani <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>). Although defences in pr
引言 植物会产生多种次级代谢产物，使其能够抵御食草动物和病原体等敌害。这些化合物可以作为毒素，直接降低食草动物的存活率或繁殖成功率（如醌类、生物碱、花青素和萜类化合物），或者作为间接防御信号，如挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）（Pichersky & Lewinsohn, 2011; Mithöfer & Boland, 2012; Kessler & Kalske, 2018; Pichersky & Raguso, 2018）。这些挥发性有机化合物可以储存并持续释放（Gershenzon，1994 年，2000 年；Clancy 等人，2016 年），也可以在被食草动物捕食后被诱导并从头合成（Paré & Tumlinson，1997 年）。重要的是，这些食草动物诱导的变化包括植物释放的挥发性混合物的成分和相对比例的变化（Turlings & Erb, 2018），其中包含与生态相关的攻击风险提示。食草动物诱导的植物挥发物（HIPVs）可以驱赶食草动物并吸引其敌人；它们还可以作为单株植物不同部分之间的信号（植物内部信号），以激活预防性系统防御（Heil & Silva Bueno, 2007; Meents & Mithöfer, 2020），并可能被邻近植物用来为未来的攻击做好准备（Morrell & Kessler, 2017; Schuman, 2023）。最初的发现表明，植物之间通过挥发性介导的相互作用来应对食草动物的攻击（Baldwin & Schultz, 1983; Farmer & Ryan, 1990; Bruin et al、1992）受到了一些怀疑，但现在已被广泛接受，认为其既常见又与生态相关（Heil & Karban, 2010; Ninkovic 等人，2019; Kessler 等人，2023）。许多研究报告了由 HIPVs 介导的植物间信号传递的作用（Baldwin & Schultz, 1983; Dolch & Tscharntke, 2000; Karban 等人，2003; Heil & Silva Bueno, 2007），实地研究揭示了所涉及的挥发性线索的特异性（Karban 等人，2004; Moreira 等人，2016; Kalske 等人，2019）。据报道，作为潜在信号线索的食草动物诱导植物挥发物包括茉莉酸盐（Farmer & Ryan, 1990）、绿叶挥发物（Engelberth & Engelberth, 2019）和芳香化合物（Erb 等人，2015）。这些来自受损植物的 HIPV 可以到达未受损的邻近植物，从而进入所谓的 "引诱 "状态（Ton 等人，2007 年；Mauch-Mani 等人，2017 年）。虽然被激活的植物有时不表达防御或只表达低水平的防御，但这些植物在受到攻击后会表现出大大增强的防御化合物诱导（Conrath 等人，2006 年；Martinez-Medina 等人，2016 年）。此外，暴露于 HIPVs 的未受损植物也会立即提高防御能力，而无需与攻击者直接接触；这些诱导的防御能力会在食草动物攻击之前就已存在（Karban 等人，2003 年；Waterman 等人，2024 年）。棉花虫害严重，需要大量施用杀虫剂，占全球杀虫剂用量的很大一部分（Coupe & Capel, 2016; Huang et al.）虽然这些化学品的使用提高了作物产量，但也对环境造成了极为不利的影响（Van Der Werf，1996 年；Aktar 等人，2009 年），尤其是土壤和水污染。人们正在寻求更加良性的害虫控制策略，包括增强植物的自然防御能力（Llandres 等人，2018 年）。众所周知，格桑花可通过定量和定性地改变其挥发性排放特征，以及增加其非挥发性防御性萜类醛的含量（如格桑酚和氦化物）来应对昆虫的食草行为（Loughrin 等人，1994 年；McCall 等人，1994 年；Röse 等人，1996 年；McAuslane 等人，1997 年；Arce 等人，2021 年）。有趣的是，受损植物释放出的挥发性混合物也会随着草食动物攻击开始后的时间而变化，受损后立即释放出储存的挥发性化合物（如萜烯 α-蒎烯和叶绿素），而新合成的化合物则会在攻击开始后至少 24 小时后大量释放出来（Loughrin 等人，1994 年；Paré & Tumlinson, 1997 年）。后一种化合物包括萜烯类化合物，如 β-ocimene 和 β-farnesene 以及芳香吲哚，这些化合物在未受损或刚受损的植物中释放量极低或根本不释放。众所周知，在实验室和田间条件下，受到食草螨攻击的棉花植株比未受损植株更能抵抗螨类的新定植（Karban，1985 年，1986 年）。
{"title":"Plant-to-plant defence induction in cotton is mediated by delayed release of volatiles upon herbivory","authors":"Luca Grandi, Wenfeng Ye, Mary V. Clancy, Armelle Vallat, Gaétan Glauser, Luis Abdala-Roberts, Thierry Brevault, Betty Benrey, Ted C. J. Turlings, Carlos Bustos-Segura","doi":"10.1111/nph.20202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20202","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Plants produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that enable them to defend themselves against antagonists, such as herbivores and pathogens. These compounds can function as toxins that directly reduce herbivore survival or reproductive success (e.g. quinones, alkaloids, anthocyanins, and terpenoids), or, as in the case of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), serve as indirect defence signals (Pichersky & Lewinsohn, <span>2011</span>; Mithöfer & Boland, <span>2012</span>; Kessler & Kalske, <span>2018</span>; Pichersky & Raguso, <span>2018</span>). These VOCs can be stored and emitted constitutively (Gershenzon, <span>1994</span>, <span>2000</span>; Clancy <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>), or induced and synthesised <i>de novo</i> following herbivory (Paré & Tumlinson, <span>1997</span>). Importantly, these herbivore-induced changes include shifts in the composition and relative ratios of compounds within a volatile blend released by a plant (Turlings & Erb, <span>2018</span>), which contain ecologically relevant cues of risk of attack. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) may repel herbivores and attract their enemies; they can also serve as signals between different parts of an individual plant (within-plant signalling) to activate preventive systemic defences (Heil & Silva Bueno, <span>2007</span>; Meents & Mithöfer, <span>2020</span>), and may be used by neighbouring plants to prepare for future attacks (Morrell & Kessler, <span>2017</span>; Schuman, <span>2023</span>).</p>\u0000<p>Initial discoveries demonstrating volatile-mediated interactions between plants in response to herbivore attack (Baldwin & Schultz, <span>1983</span>; Farmer & Ryan, <span>1990</span>; Bruin <i>et al</i>., <span>1992</span>) were met with some scepticism but are now widely accepted as being both common and ecologically relevant (Heil & Karban, <span>2010</span>; Ninkovic <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Kessler <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). Numerous studies have reported on the role of signalling between plants mediated by HIPVs (Baldwin & Schultz, <span>1983</span>; Dolch & Tscharntke, <span>2000</span>; Karban <i>et al</i>., <span>2003</span>; Heil & Silva Bueno, <span>2007</span>), with field studies revealing specificity in the volatile cues involved (Karban <i>et al</i>., <span>2004</span>; Moreira <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>; Kalske <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>). Herbivore-induced plant volatiles reported to act as potential signalling cues include jasmonates (Farmer & Ryan, <span>1990</span>), green leaf volatiles (Engelberth & Engelberth, <span>2019</span>), and aromatic compounds (Erb <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>). These HIPVs from a damaged plant can reach an undamaged neighbouring plant, which can then enter a so-called ‘primed’ state (Ton <i>et al</i>., <span>2007</span>; Mauch-Mani <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>). Although defences in pr","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander O. Nedo, Huining Liang, Jaya Sriram, Md Abdur Razzak, Jung-Youn Lee, Chandra Kambhamettu, Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar, Jeffrey L. Caplan
Chloroplast Unusual Positioning 1 (CHUP1) plays an important role in the chloroplast avoidance and accumulation responses in mesophyll cells. In epidermal cells, prior research showed silencing CHUP1-induced chloroplast stromules and amplified effector-triggered immunity (ETI); however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.
CHUP1 has a dual function in anchoring chloroplasts and recruiting chloroplast-associated actin (cp-actin) filaments for blue light-induced movement. To determine which function is critical for ETI, we developed an approach to quantify chloroplast anchoring and movement in epidermal cells. Our data show that silencing NbCHUP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants increased epidermal chloroplast de-anchoring and basal movement but did not fully disrupt blue light-induced chloroplast movement.
Silencing NbCHUP1 auto-activated epidermal chloroplast defense (ECD) responses including stromule formation, perinuclear chloroplast clustering, the epidermal chloroplast response (ECR), and the chloroplast reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These findings show chloroplast anchoring restricts a multifaceted ECD response.
Our results also show that the accumulated chloroplastic H2O2 in NbCHUP1-silenced plants was not required for the increased basal epidermal chloroplast movement but was essential for increased stromules and enhanced ETI. This finding indicates that chloroplast de-anchoring and H2O2 play separate but essential roles during ETI.
叶绿体异常定位 1（CHUP1）在叶绿体间质细胞的叶绿体回避和积累反应中发挥着重要作用。在表皮细胞中，先前的研究表明，沉默 CHUP1 会诱导叶绿体基质和扩大效应触发免疫（ETI）；然而，其基本机制在很大程度上仍然未知。CHUP1 具有双重功能，既能锚定叶绿体，又能招募叶绿体相关肌动蛋白（cp-actin）丝，以实现蓝光诱导的运动。为了确定哪种功能对 ETI 至关重要，我们开发了一种方法来量化表皮细胞中叶绿体的锚定和移动。沉默 NbCHUP1 会自动激活表皮叶绿体防御（ECD）反应，包括基质形成、核周叶绿体聚集、表皮叶绿体反应（ECR）和叶绿体活性氧（ROS）--过氧化氢（H2O2）。这些发现表明叶绿体锚定限制了多方面的 ECD 反应。我们的研究结果还表明，在 NbCHUP1 被沉默的植株中，叶绿体 H2O2 的积累并不是表皮叶绿体基部运动增加所必需的，但却是基质增加和 ETI 增强所必需的。这一发现表明，叶绿体去锚化和 H2O2 在 ETI 期间分别发挥着重要作用。
{"title":"CHUP1 restricts chloroplast movement and effector-triggered immunity in epidermal cells","authors":"Alexander O. Nedo, Huining Liang, Jaya Sriram, Md Abdur Razzak, Jung-Youn Lee, Chandra Kambhamettu, Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar, Jeffrey L. Caplan","doi":"10.1111/nph.20147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20147","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Chloroplast Unusual Positioning 1 (CHUP1) plays an important role in the chloroplast avoidance and accumulation responses in mesophyll cells. In epidermal cells, prior research showed silencing <i>CHUP1</i>-induced chloroplast stromules and amplified effector-triggered immunity (ETI); however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.</li>\u0000<li>CHUP1 has a dual function in anchoring chloroplasts and recruiting chloroplast-associated actin (cp-actin) filaments for blue light-induced movement. To determine which function is critical for ETI, we developed an approach to quantify chloroplast anchoring and movement in epidermal cells. Our data show that silencing <i>NbCHUP1</i> in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> plants increased epidermal chloroplast de-anchoring and basal movement but did not fully disrupt blue light-induced chloroplast movement.</li>\u0000<li>Silencing <i>NbCHUP1</i> auto-activated epidermal chloroplast defense (ECD) responses including stromule formation, perinuclear chloroplast clustering, the epidermal chloroplast response (ECR), and the chloroplast reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). These findings show chloroplast anchoring restricts a multifaceted ECD response.</li>\u0000<li>Our results also show that the accumulated chloroplastic H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in <i>NbCHUP1</i>-silenced plants was not required for the increased basal epidermal chloroplast movement but was essential for increased stromules and enhanced ETI. This finding indicates that chloroplast de-anchoring and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> play separate but essential roles during ETI.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiuyu Chen, Ilya Strashnov, Bart van Dongen, David Johnson, Filipa Cox
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Forests constitute a significant reservoir of carbon (C), the majority of which is stored belowground, primarily in the form of soil organic matter (SOM) (Pan <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>; Schmidt <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>). The decomposition of SOM in forests is integral to the global cycling of C and nitrogen (N), underpinning diverse and critical forest ecosystem services such as climate regulation, biomass production and habitat provision for forest species (Deluca & Boisvenue, <span>2012</span>). Within temperate and boreal forests, evidence increasingly suggests that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are involved in the decomposition of SOM (Phillips <i>et al</i>., <span>2014</span>; Lindahl <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>) mainly to capture and immobilize N into their tissues, which they can then exchange with their plant hosts for photosynthetically derived C (Lindahl & Tunlid, <span>2015</span>; Baldrian, <span>2017</span>). However, our understanding of how SOM decomposition differs across ECM fungal species and environmental contexts is in its infancy. These fundamental gaps pose challenges to the refinement of strategies aimed at optimizing C sequestration within the context of climate change.</p> <p>ECM fungi originate from multiple phylogenetic groups and their ability to decompose SOM exhibits considerable variation across evolutionary lineages (Kohler <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>; Pellitier & Zak, <span>2018</span>). For example, <i>Amanita muscaria</i>, which evolved within a clade of brown rot saprotrophs, has undergone a genetic loss resulting in a reduced capacity for decomposing SOM (Kohler <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>). By contrast, <i>Hebeloma cylindrosporum</i>, descended from a white-rot ancestor that used class II fungal peroxidases to oxidize SOM, has retained three manganese peroxidase genes for SOM decomposition (Kohler <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>). Furthermore, the genome of <i>Cortinarius glaucopus</i> contains 11 peroxidases, a number comparable to that observed in numerous white-rot wood decomposers, underscoring their likely significant contribution to the decomposition of SOM within forest ecosystems (Bödeker <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Miyauchi <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>). Given the inherent functional heterogeneity of ECM fungi, shifts in their community composition are likely to drive distinct and profound effects on C and N cycling within forest ecosystems (Sterkenburg <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Lindahl <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>).</p> <p>An important driver of ECM fungal community composition is the availability of inorganic N (Zak <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>), which can also act as a regulator of ECM-mediated SOM decomposition (Bogar <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Argiroff <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Recent findings demonstrated that ECM fungal communities thriving in environments characterized by limited inorg
引言森林是一个重要的碳（C）库，其中大部分储存在地下，主要以土壤有机质（SOM）的形式存在（Pan 等人，2011 年；Schmidt 等人，2011 年）。森林中 SOM 的分解是全球碳和氮循环不可或缺的一部分，是气候调节、生物量生产和为森林物种提供栖息地等多种重要森林生态系统服务的基础（Deluca & Boisvenue, 2012）。在温带和北方森林中，越来越多的证据表明，外生菌根（ECM）真菌参与了 SOM 的分解（Phillips 等人，2014 年；Lindahl 等人，2021 年），主要是为了将氮捕获并固定在其组织中，然后与植物宿主交换光合作用产生的碳（Lindahl & Tunlid，2015 年；Baldrian，2017 年）。然而，我们对不同 ECM 真菌物种和环境背景下 SOM 分解方式差异的了解还处于起步阶段。ECM真菌起源于多个系统发育群，它们分解SOM的能力在不同进化系之间表现出相当大的差异（Kohler等人，2015年；Pellitier & Zak，2018年）。例如，Amanita muscaria 是在褐腐嗜渍生物的一个支系中进化而来的，它经历了基因损失，导致分解 SOM 的能力下降（Kohler 等人，2015 年）。相比之下，白腐菌（Hebeloma cylindrosporum）的祖先使用第二类真菌过氧化物酶氧化 SOM，它保留了三个用于分解 SOM 的锰过氧化物酶基因（Kohler 等人，2015 年）。此外，Cortinarius glaucopus 的基因组中含有 11 种过氧化物酶，这一数量与在众多白腐木分解者中观察到的数量相当，表明它们可能对森林生态系统中 SOM 的分解做出了重要贡献（Bödeker 等人，2009 年；Miyauchi 等人，2020 年）。鉴于 ECM 真菌固有的功能异质性，其群落组成的变化很可能会对森林生态系统中的碳和氮循环产生独特而深远的影响（Sterkenburg 等人，2018 年；Lindahl 等人，2021 年）。ECM 真菌群落组成的一个重要驱动因素是无机氮的可用性（Zak 等人，2019 年），无机氮也可以作为 ECM 介导的 SOM 分解的调节因子（Bogar 等人，2021 年；Argiroff 等人，2022 年）。最近的研究结果表明，在无机氮含量有限的环境中生长的 ECM 真菌群落具有较强的分解 SOM 的基因组能力（Mayer 等人，2023 年）。这些群落通常以 Cortinarius 和 Hebeloma 等属的普遍存在为特征（Pellitier & Zak, 2021）。相比之下，无机氮浓度较高的土壤中的 ECM 群落通常以 Scleroderma 和 Russula 等属为主，这些属的 SOM 降解能力较弱（van der Linde 等人，2018 年）。其他研究表明，木质素衍生的 SOM 和土壤 C 含量与无机氮可用性之间存在明显的正相关关系（Argiroff 等人，2022 年）。这种关联可归因于配备过氧化物酶的 ECM 真菌的存在，随着无机氮供应量的增加，过氧化物酶的出现也会减少（Clemmensen 等人，2015 年；Argiroff 等人，2022 年）。在自然森林生态系统中，土壤氮可用性、ECM 真菌群落组成和土壤固碳之间的相互作用已得到证实，但这些关系的复杂机制仍未得到解决。除了土壤化学成分的变化，ECM 真菌之间的种间相互作用对整个 ECM 群落的结构产生了重大影响，从而影响了 SOM 的动态变化（Kennedy，2010 年；Fernandez & Kennedy，2016 年）。研究表明，ECM 真菌与自由生活的分解者之间对氮资源的竞争会减缓整个土壤的碳循环，增加土壤的碳储存（Averill & Hawkes, 2016; Fernandez 等人，2020 年）。然而，ECM 真菌物种之间的相互作用如何改变碳循环速率仍不清楚，尽管该真菌群内的种间资源竞争已被广泛证实（Koide 等人，2005 年；Kennedy，2010 年；Smith 等人，2023 年），并被认为是影响其群落组成（Kennedy，2010 年）和结构（Pickles 等人，2012 年）的关键决定因素。ECM 物种之间的种间相互作用可能会导致类似的抑制作用，或者会产生促进作用，即那些拥有更强大分解策略的物种会从难分解的土壤化合物中释放出养分，使较差的分解者得以存活，进而加速土壤碳循环（Tiunov & Scheu, 2005; Lindahl & Tunlid, 2015）。
{"title":"Environmental dependency of ectomycorrhizal fungi as soil organic matter oxidizers","authors":"Qiuyu Chen, Ilya Strashnov, Bart van Dongen, David Johnson, Filipa Cox","doi":"10.1111/nph.20205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20205","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Forests constitute a significant reservoir of carbon (C), the majority of which is stored belowground, primarily in the form of soil organic matter (SOM) (Pan <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>; Schmidt <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>). The decomposition of SOM in forests is integral to the global cycling of C and nitrogen (N), underpinning diverse and critical forest ecosystem services such as climate regulation, biomass production and habitat provision for forest species (Deluca & Boisvenue, <span>2012</span>). Within temperate and boreal forests, evidence increasingly suggests that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are involved in the decomposition of SOM (Phillips <i>et al</i>., <span>2014</span>; Lindahl <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>) mainly to capture and immobilize N into their tissues, which they can then exchange with their plant hosts for photosynthetically derived C (Lindahl & Tunlid, <span>2015</span>; Baldrian, <span>2017</span>). However, our understanding of how SOM decomposition differs across ECM fungal species and environmental contexts is in its infancy. These fundamental gaps pose challenges to the refinement of strategies aimed at optimizing C sequestration within the context of climate change.</p>\u0000<p>ECM fungi originate from multiple phylogenetic groups and their ability to decompose SOM exhibits considerable variation across evolutionary lineages (Kohler <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>; Pellitier & Zak, <span>2018</span>). For example, <i>Amanita muscaria</i>, which evolved within a clade of brown rot saprotrophs, has undergone a genetic loss resulting in a reduced capacity for decomposing SOM (Kohler <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>). By contrast, <i>Hebeloma cylindrosporum</i>, descended from a white-rot ancestor that used class II fungal peroxidases to oxidize SOM, has retained three manganese peroxidase genes for SOM decomposition (Kohler <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>). Furthermore, the genome of <i>Cortinarius glaucopus</i> contains 11 peroxidases, a number comparable to that observed in numerous white-rot wood decomposers, underscoring their likely significant contribution to the decomposition of SOM within forest ecosystems (Bödeker <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Miyauchi <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>). Given the inherent functional heterogeneity of ECM fungi, shifts in their community composition are likely to drive distinct and profound effects on C and N cycling within forest ecosystems (Sterkenburg <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Lindahl <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>).</p>\u0000<p>An important driver of ECM fungal community composition is the availability of inorganic N (Zak <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>), which can also act as a regulator of ECM-mediated SOM decomposition (Bogar <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Argiroff <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Recent findings demonstrated that ECM fungal communities thriving in environments characterized by limited inorg","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trait-based ecology has become a popular phrase. But all species have traits, and their contributions to ecological processes are governed by those traits. So then, is not all ecology trait-based? Actually, there do exist areas of ecology that are consciously trait-free, such as neutral theory and species abundance distributions. But much of ecology could be considered actually or potentially trait-based. A spectrum is described, from trait-free through trait-implicit and trait-explicit to trait-centric. Trait-centric ecology includes positioning ecological strategies along trait dimensions, with a view to inferring commonalities and to generalizing from species studied in more detail. Trait-explicit includes physiological and functional ecology, and areas of community ecology and ecosystem function that invoke traits. Trait-implicit topics are those where it is important that species are different, but formulations did not initially characterize the differences via traits. Subsequently, strands within these trait-implicit topics have often moved towards making use of species traits, so the boundary with trait-explicit is permeable. Trait-based ecology is productive because of the dialogue between understanding processes in detail, via traits that relate most closely, and generalizing across many species, via traits that can be compared widely. An enduring key question for trait-based ecology is which traits for which processes.
{"title":"Trait-based ecology, trait-free ecology, and in between","authors":"Mark Westoby","doi":"10.1111/nph.20197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20197","url":null,"abstract":"Trait-based ecology has become a popular phrase. But all species have traits, and their contributions to ecological processes are governed by those traits. So then, is not all ecology trait-based? Actually, there do exist areas of ecology that are consciously trait-free, such as neutral theory and species abundance distributions. But much of ecology could be considered actually or potentially trait-based. A spectrum is described, from trait-free through trait-implicit and trait-explicit to trait-centric. Trait-centric ecology includes positioning ecological strategies along trait dimensions, with a view to inferring commonalities and to generalizing from species studied in more detail. Trait-explicit includes physiological and functional ecology, and areas of community ecology and ecosystem function that invoke traits. Trait-implicit topics are those where it is important that species are different, but formulations did not initially characterize the differences via traits. Subsequently, strands within these trait-implicit topics have often moved towards making use of species traits, so the boundary with trait-explicit is permeable. Trait-based ecology is productive because of the dialogue between understanding processes in detail, via traits that relate most closely, and generalizing across many species, via traits that can be compared widely. An enduring key question for trait-based ecology is which traits for which processes.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142440634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aimin Ma, Juncong Sun, Laibao Feng, Zheyong Xue, Wenbin Wu, Bo Song, Xingchen Xiong, Xiaoning Wang, Bin Han, Anne Osbourn, Xiaoquan Qi
SummaryTriterpene skeletons, catalyzing by 2,3‐oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), are essential for synthesis of steroids and triterpenoids. In japonica rice cultivars Zhonghua11, a total of 12 OsOSCs have been found. While the catalytic functions of OsOSC1, 3, 4, 9, and 10 remain unclear, the functions of the other OsOSCs have been well studied.In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 12 OSC genes within genus Oryza with the aid of 63 genomes from cultivated and wild rice. We found that OSC genes are relatively conserved within genus Oryza with a few exceptions. Collinearity analysis further suggested that, throughout the evolutionary history of genus Oryza, the OSC genes have not undergone significant rearrangements or losses.Further functional analysis of 5 uncharacterized OSCs revealed that OsOSC10 was a friedelin synthase, which affected the development of rice grains. Additionally, the reconstructed ancestral sequences of Oryza OSC3 and Oryza OSC9 had lupeol synthase and poaceatapetol synthase activity, respectively.The discovery of friedelin synthase in rice unlocks a new catalytic path and biological function of OsOSC10. The pan‐genome analysis of OSCs within genus Oryza gives insights into the evolutionary trajectory and products diversity of Oryza OSCs.
{"title":"Functional diversity of oxidosqualene cyclases in genus Oryza","authors":"Aimin Ma, Juncong Sun, Laibao Feng, Zheyong Xue, Wenbin Wu, Bo Song, Xingchen Xiong, Xiaoning Wang, Bin Han, Anne Osbourn, Xiaoquan Qi","doi":"10.1111/nph.20175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20175","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Triterpene skeletons, catalyzing by 2,3‐oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), are essential for synthesis of steroids and triterpenoids. In <jats:italic>japonica</jats:italic> rice cultivars Zhonghua11, a total of 12 <jats:italic>OsOSCs</jats:italic> have been found. While the catalytic functions of OsOSC1, 3, 4, 9, and 10 remain unclear, the functions of the other OsOSCs have been well studied.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 12 OSC genes within genus <jats:italic>Oryza</jats:italic> with the aid of 63 genomes from cultivated and wild rice. We found that OSC genes are relatively conserved within genus <jats:italic>Oryza</jats:italic> with a few exceptions. Collinearity analysis further suggested that, throughout the evolutionary history of genus <jats:italic>Oryza</jats:italic>, the OSC genes have not undergone significant rearrangements or losses.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Further functional analysis of 5 uncharacterized <jats:italic>OSCs</jats:italic> revealed that OsOSC10 was a friedelin synthase, which affected the development of rice grains. Additionally, the reconstructed ancestral sequences of <jats:italic>Oryza</jats:italic> OSC3 and <jats:italic>Oryza</jats:italic> OSC9 had lupeol synthase and poaceatapetol synthase activity, respectively.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The discovery of friedelin synthase in rice unlocks a new catalytic path and biological function of <jats:italic>OsOSC10</jats:italic>. The pan‐genome analysis of <jats:italic>OSCs</jats:italic> within genus <jats:italic>Oryza</jats:italic> gives insights into the evolutionary trajectory and products diversity of <jats:italic>Oryza OSCs</jats:italic>.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James W Dalling,Manuel R Flores,Katherine D Heineman
Resource storage is a critical component of plant life history. While the storage of nonstructural carbohydrates in wood has been studied extensively, the multiple functions of mineral nutrient storage have received much less attention. Here, we highlight the size of wood nutrient pools, a primary determinant of whole-plant nutrient use efficiency, and a substantial fraction of ecosystem nutrient budgets, particularly tropical forests. Wood nutrient concentrations also show exceptional interspecific variation, even among co-occurring plant species, yet how they align with other plant functional traits and fit into existing trait economic spectra is unclear. We review the chemical forms and location of nutrient pools in bark and sapwood, and the evidence that nutrient remobilization from sapwood is associated with mast reproduction, seasonal leaf flush, and the capacity to resprout following damage. We also emphasize the role wood nutrients are likely to play in determining decomposition rates. Given the magnitude of wood nutrient stocks, and the importance of tissue stoichiometry to forest productivity, a key unresolved question is whether investment in wood nutrients is a relatively fixed trait, or conversely whether under global change plants will adjust nutrient allocation to wood depending on carbon gain and nutrient supply.
{"title":"Wood nutrients: Underexplored traits with functional and biogeochemical consequences.","authors":"James W Dalling,Manuel R Flores,Katherine D Heineman","doi":"10.1111/nph.20193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20193","url":null,"abstract":"Resource storage is a critical component of plant life history. While the storage of nonstructural carbohydrates in wood has been studied extensively, the multiple functions of mineral nutrient storage have received much less attention. Here, we highlight the size of wood nutrient pools, a primary determinant of whole-plant nutrient use efficiency, and a substantial fraction of ecosystem nutrient budgets, particularly tropical forests. Wood nutrient concentrations also show exceptional interspecific variation, even among co-occurring plant species, yet how they align with other plant functional traits and fit into existing trait economic spectra is unclear. We review the chemical forms and location of nutrient pools in bark and sapwood, and the evidence that nutrient remobilization from sapwood is associated with mast reproduction, seasonal leaf flush, and the capacity to resprout following damage. We also emphasize the role wood nutrients are likely to play in determining decomposition rates. Given the magnitude of wood nutrient stocks, and the importance of tissue stoichiometry to forest productivity, a key unresolved question is whether investment in wood nutrients is a relatively fixed trait, or conversely whether under global change plants will adjust nutrient allocation to wood depending on carbon gain and nutrient supply.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142436175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carotenoids play essential roles in photosynthesis, photoprotection, and human health. Efforts to increase carotenoid content in several staple crops have been successful through both conventional selection and genetic engineering methods. Interestingly, in some cases, altering carotenoid content has had unexpected effects on other aspects of plant metabolism, impacting traits like sugar content, dry matter percentage, fatty acid content, stress tolerance, and phytohormone concentrations. Studies across several diverse crop species have identified negative correlations between carotenoid and starch contents, as well as positive correlations between carotenoids and soluble sugars. Collectively, these reports suggest a metabolic interaction between carotenoids and carbohydrates. We synthesize evidence pointing to four hypothesized mechanisms: (1) direct competition for precursors; (2) physical interactions in plastids; (3) influences of sugar or apocarotenoid signaling networks; and (4) nonmechanistic population or statistical sources of correlations. Though the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is well understood, the regulation and interactions of carotenoids, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues, remain unclear. This topic represents an underexplored interplay between primary and secondary metabolism where further research is needed.
{"title":"Carotenoid-carbohydrate crosstalk: evidence for genetic and physiological interactions in storage tissues across crop species.","authors":"Seren S Villwock,Li Li,Jean-Luc Jannink","doi":"10.1111/nph.20196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20196","url":null,"abstract":"Carotenoids play essential roles in photosynthesis, photoprotection, and human health. Efforts to increase carotenoid content in several staple crops have been successful through both conventional selection and genetic engineering methods. Interestingly, in some cases, altering carotenoid content has had unexpected effects on other aspects of plant metabolism, impacting traits like sugar content, dry matter percentage, fatty acid content, stress tolerance, and phytohormone concentrations. Studies across several diverse crop species have identified negative correlations between carotenoid and starch contents, as well as positive correlations between carotenoids and soluble sugars. Collectively, these reports suggest a metabolic interaction between carotenoids and carbohydrates. We synthesize evidence pointing to four hypothesized mechanisms: (1) direct competition for precursors; (2) physical interactions in plastids; (3) influences of sugar or apocarotenoid signaling networks; and (4) nonmechanistic population or statistical sources of correlations. Though the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is well understood, the regulation and interactions of carotenoids, especially in nonphotosynthetic tissues, remain unclear. This topic represents an underexplored interplay between primary and secondary metabolism where further research is needed.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142436176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fruit development can be generally classified into a set of biologically sequential stages including fruit initiation, growth, and ripening. Cucumber, a globally important vegetable crop, displays two important features during fruit development: parthenocarpy at fruit initiation and prematurity at harvest for consumption. Therefore, fruit growth plays essential role for cucumber yield and quality formation, and has become the research hot spot in cucumber fruit development. Here, we describe recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying fruit growth in cucumber, include key players and regulatory networks controlling fruit length variation, fruit neck elongation, and locule development. We also provide insights into future directions for scientific research and breeding strategies in cucumber.
{"title":"Genetic and molecular regulation of fruit development in cucumber.","authors":"Jianyu Zhao,Weiyuan Song,Xiaolan Zhang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20192","url":null,"abstract":"Fruit development can be generally classified into a set of biologically sequential stages including fruit initiation, growth, and ripening. Cucumber, a globally important vegetable crop, displays two important features during fruit development: parthenocarpy at fruit initiation and prematurity at harvest for consumption. Therefore, fruit growth plays essential role for cucumber yield and quality formation, and has become the research hot spot in cucumber fruit development. Here, we describe recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying fruit growth in cucumber, include key players and regulatory networks controlling fruit length variation, fruit neck elongation, and locule development. We also provide insights into future directions for scientific research and breeding strategies in cucumber.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142436177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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