Tom Carruthers,Deise J P Gonçalves,Pan Li,Andre S Chanderbali,Christopher W Dick,Peter W Fritsch,Drew A Larson,Douglas E Soltis,Pamela S Soltis,William N Weaver,Stephen A Smith
While flowering plants have diversified in virtually every terrestrial clime, climate constrains the distribution of individual lineages. Overcoming climatic constraints may be associated with diverse evolutionary phenomena including whole genome duplication (WGD), gene-tree conflict, and life-history changes. Climatic shifts may also have facilitated increases in flowering plant diversification rates. We investigate climatic shifts in the flowering plant order Ericales, which consists of c. 14 000 species with diverse climatic tolerances. We estimate phylogenetic trees from transcriptomic data, 64 chloroplast loci, and Angiosperms353 nuclear loci that, respectively, incorporate 147, 4508, and 2870 Ericales species. We use these phylogenetic trees to analyse how climatic shifts are associated with WGD, gene-tree conflict, life-history, and diversification rates. Early branches in the phylogenetic trees are extremely short, and have high levels of gene-tree conflict and at least one WGD. On lineages descended from these early branches, there is a significant association between climatic shifts (primarily out of tropical climates), further WGDs, and life-history. Extremely short early branches, and their associated gene-tree conflict and WGDs, appear to underpin the explosive origin of numerous species rich Ericales clades. The evolution of diverse climatic tolerances in these species rich clades is tightly associated with WGD and life-history.
{"title":"Repeated shifts out of tropical climates preceded by whole genome duplication.","authors":"Tom Carruthers,Deise J P Gonçalves,Pan Li,Andre S Chanderbali,Christopher W Dick,Peter W Fritsch,Drew A Larson,Douglas E Soltis,Pamela S Soltis,William N Weaver,Stephen A Smith","doi":"10.1111/nph.20200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20200","url":null,"abstract":"While flowering plants have diversified in virtually every terrestrial clime, climate constrains the distribution of individual lineages. Overcoming climatic constraints may be associated with diverse evolutionary phenomena including whole genome duplication (WGD), gene-tree conflict, and life-history changes. Climatic shifts may also have facilitated increases in flowering plant diversification rates. We investigate climatic shifts in the flowering plant order Ericales, which consists of c. 14 000 species with diverse climatic tolerances. We estimate phylogenetic trees from transcriptomic data, 64 chloroplast loci, and Angiosperms353 nuclear loci that, respectively, incorporate 147, 4508, and 2870 Ericales species. We use these phylogenetic trees to analyse how climatic shifts are associated with WGD, gene-tree conflict, life-history, and diversification rates. Early branches in the phylogenetic trees are extremely short, and have high levels of gene-tree conflict and at least one WGD. On lineages descended from these early branches, there is a significant association between climatic shifts (primarily out of tropical climates), further WGDs, and life-history. Extremely short early branches, and their associated gene-tree conflict and WGDs, appear to underpin the explosive origin of numerous species rich Ericales clades. The evolution of diverse climatic tolerances in these species rich clades is tightly associated with WGD and life-history.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"235 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142488223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin D. Stocker, Ning Dong, Evan A. Perkowski, Pascal D. Schneider, Huiying Xu, Hugo J. de Boer, Karin T. Rebel, Nicholas G. Smith, Kevin Van Sundert, Han Wang, Sarah E. Jones, I. Colin Prentice, Sandy P. Harrison
Interactions between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in terrestrial ecosystems are simulated in advanced vegetation models, yet methodologies vary widely, leading to divergent simulations of past land C balance trends. This underscores the need to reassess our understanding of ecosystem processes, given recent theoretical advancements and empirical data. We review current knowledge, emphasising evidence from experiments and trait data compilations for vegetation responses to CO2 and N input, alongside theoretical and ecological principles for modelling. N fertilisation increases leaf N content but inconsistently enhances leaf-level photosynthetic capacity. Whole-plant responses include increased leaf area and biomass, with reduced root allocation and increased aboveground biomass. Elevated atmospheric CO2 also boosts leaf area and biomass but intensifies belowground allocation, depleting soil N and likely reducing N losses. Global leaf traits data confirm these findings, indicating that soil N availability influences leaf N content more than photosynthetic capacity. A demonstration model based on the functional balance hypothesis accurately predicts responses to N and CO2 fertilisation on tissue allocation, growth and biomass, offering a path to reduce uncertainty in global C cycle projections.
{"title":"Empirical evidence and theoretical understanding of ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycle interactions","authors":"Benjamin D. Stocker, Ning Dong, Evan A. Perkowski, Pascal D. Schneider, Huiying Xu, Hugo J. de Boer, Karin T. Rebel, Nicholas G. Smith, Kevin Van Sundert, Han Wang, Sarah E. Jones, I. Colin Prentice, Sandy P. Harrison","doi":"10.1111/nph.20178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20178","url":null,"abstract":"Interactions between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in terrestrial ecosystems are simulated in advanced vegetation models, yet methodologies vary widely, leading to divergent simulations of past land C balance trends. This underscores the need to reassess our understanding of ecosystem processes, given recent theoretical advancements and empirical data. We review current knowledge, emphasising evidence from experiments and trait data compilations for vegetation responses to CO<sub>2</sub> and N input, alongside theoretical and ecological principles for modelling. N fertilisation increases leaf N content but inconsistently enhances leaf-level photosynthetic capacity. Whole-plant responses include increased leaf area and biomass, with reduced root allocation and increased aboveground biomass. Elevated atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> also boosts leaf area and biomass but intensifies belowground allocation, depleting soil N and likely reducing N losses. Global leaf traits data confirm these findings, indicating that soil N availability influences leaf N content more than photosynthetic capacity. A demonstration model based on the functional balance hypothesis accurately predicts responses to N and CO<sub>2</sub> fertilisation on tissue allocation, growth and biomass, offering a path to reduce uncertainty in global C cycle projections.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142489004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christoph Rosche,Olivier Broennimann,Andriy Novikov,Viera Mrázová,Ganna V Boiko,Jiří Danihelka,Michael T Gastner,Antoine Guisan,Kevin Kožić,Marcus Lehnert,Heinz Müller-Schärer,Dávid U Nagy,Ruben Remelgado,Michał Ronikier,Julian A Selke,Natalia M Shiyan,Tomasz Suchan,Arpad E Thoma,Pavel Zdvořák,Patrik Mráz
Numerous plant species are expanding their native ranges due to anthropogenic environmental change. Because cytotypes of polyploid complexes often show similar morphologies, there may be unnoticed range expansions (i.e. cryptic invasions) of one cytotype into regions where only the other cytotype is native. We critically revised herbarium specimens of diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe, collected across Europe between 1790 and 2023. Based on their distribution in natural and relict habitats and phylogeographic data, we estimated the native ranges of both cytotypes. Diploids are native across their entire European range, whereas tetraploids are native only to South-Eastern Europe and have recently expanded their range toward Central Europe. The proportion of tetraploids has exponentially increased over time in their expanded but not in their native range. This cryptic invasion predominantly occurred in ruderal habitats and enlarged the climatic niche of tetraploids toward a more oceanic climate. We conclude that spatio-temporally explicit assessments of range shifts, habitat preferences and niche evolution can improve our understanding of cryptic invasions. We also emphasize the value of herbarium specimens for accurate estimation of species´ native ranges, with fundamental implications for the design of research studies and the assessment of biodiversity trends.
{"title":"Herbarium specimens reveal a cryptic invasion of polyploid Centaurea stoebe in Europe.","authors":"Christoph Rosche,Olivier Broennimann,Andriy Novikov,Viera Mrázová,Ganna V Boiko,Jiří Danihelka,Michael T Gastner,Antoine Guisan,Kevin Kožić,Marcus Lehnert,Heinz Müller-Schärer,Dávid U Nagy,Ruben Remelgado,Michał Ronikier,Julian A Selke,Natalia M Shiyan,Tomasz Suchan,Arpad E Thoma,Pavel Zdvořák,Patrik Mráz","doi":"10.1111/nph.20212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20212","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous plant species are expanding their native ranges due to anthropogenic environmental change. Because cytotypes of polyploid complexes often show similar morphologies, there may be unnoticed range expansions (i.e. cryptic invasions) of one cytotype into regions where only the other cytotype is native. We critically revised herbarium specimens of diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe, collected across Europe between 1790 and 2023. Based on their distribution in natural and relict habitats and phylogeographic data, we estimated the native ranges of both cytotypes. Diploids are native across their entire European range, whereas tetraploids are native only to South-Eastern Europe and have recently expanded their range toward Central Europe. The proportion of tetraploids has exponentially increased over time in their expanded but not in their native range. This cryptic invasion predominantly occurred in ruderal habitats and enlarged the climatic niche of tetraploids toward a more oceanic climate. We conclude that spatio-temporally explicit assessments of range shifts, habitat preferences and niche evolution can improve our understanding of cryptic invasions. We also emphasize the value of herbarium specimens for accurate estimation of species´ native ranges, with fundamental implications for the design of research studies and the assessment of biodiversity trends.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142488222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SummaryThe nonphototrophic hypocotyl 3 (NPH3) domain is plant specific and of unknown function. It is nearly always attached to an N‐terminal BTB domain and a largely unstructured C‐terminal region. Recent reports revealed NPH3‐domain GTPase activity and connection to intracellular trafficking, condensate formation, membrane attachment of the C‐terminal region for some NPH3‐domain proteins and, at the physiological level, drought‐related function for at least one NPH3‐domain protein. We integrate these new ideas of NPH3‐domain protein function into two, nonexclusive, working models: the ‘traffic director’ model, whereby NPH3‐domain proteins regulate intracellular trafficking and, the ‘hitchhiker’ model whereby NPH3‐domain proteins ride the trafficking system to find ubiquitination targets. Determining which model best applies to uncharacterized NPH3‐domain proteins will contribute to understanding intracellular trafficking and environmental responses.
摘要非光合下胚轴 3（NPH3）结构域具有植物特异性，功能未知。它几乎总是连接在一个 N 端 BTB 结构域和一个基本无结构的 C 端区域上。最近的报道揭示了 NPH3 结构域的 GTPase 活性以及与细胞内运输、凝结物形成、某些 NPH3 结构域蛋白 C 端区域的膜连接以及至少一种 NPH3 结构域蛋白在生理水平上的干旱相关功能的联系。我们将这些关于 NPH3-domain蛋白功能的新观点整合到两个非排他性的工作模型中："交通指挥 "模型，即NPH3-domain蛋白调节细胞内的运输；以及 "搭便车 "模型，即NPH3-domain蛋白搭乘运输系统寻找泛素化目标。确定哪种模式最适用于未表征的 NPH3-结构域蛋白将有助于了解细胞内的运输和环境反应。
{"title":"Nonphototrophic hypocotyl 3 domain proteins: traffic directors, hitchhikers, or both?","authors":"Paul E. Verslues, Neha Upadhyay‐Tiwari","doi":"10.1111/nph.20211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20211","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryThe nonphototrophic hypocotyl 3 (NPH3) domain is plant specific and of unknown function. It is nearly always attached to an N‐terminal BTB domain and a largely unstructured C‐terminal region. Recent reports revealed NPH3‐domain GTPase activity and connection to intracellular trafficking, condensate formation, membrane attachment of the C‐terminal region for some NPH3‐domain proteins and, at the physiological level, drought‐related function for at least one NPH3‐domain protein. We integrate these new ideas of NPH3‐domain protein function into two, nonexclusive, working models: the ‘traffic director’ model, whereby NPH3‐domain proteins regulate intracellular trafficking and, the ‘hitchhiker’ model whereby NPH3‐domain proteins ride the trafficking system to find ubiquitination targets. Determining which model best applies to uncharacterized NPH3‐domain proteins will contribute to understanding intracellular trafficking and environmental responses.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melissa H. Mai, Chen Gao, Peter A. R. Bork, N. Michele Holbrook, Alexander Schulz, Tomas Bohr
SummaryCharacteristic of all conifer needles, the transfusion tissue mediates the radial transport of water and sugar between the endodermis and axial vasculature. Physical constraints imposed by the needle's linear geometry introduce two potential extravascular bottlenecks where the opposition of sugar and water flows may frustrate sugar export: one at the vascular access point and the other at the endodermis.We developed a network model of the transfusion tissue to explore how its structure and composition affect the delivery of sugars to the axial phloem. To describe extravascular transport with cellular resolution, we construct networks from images of Pinus pinea needles obtained through tomographic microscopy, as well as fluorescence and electron microscopy.The transfusion tissue provides physically distinct pathways for sugar and water, reducing resistance between the vasculature and endodermis and mitigating flow constriction at the vascular flank. Dissipation of flow velocities through the transfusion tissue's branched structure allows for bidirectional transport of an inbound diffusive sugar flux against an outbound advective water flux across the endodermis.Our results clarify the structure–function relationships of the transfusion tissue under conditions free of physiological stress. The presented model framework is also applicable to different transfusion tissue morphologies in other gymnosperms.
{"title":"Relieving the transfusion tissue traffic jam: a network model of radial transport in conifer needles","authors":"Melissa H. Mai, Chen Gao, Peter A. R. Bork, N. Michele Holbrook, Alexander Schulz, Tomas Bohr","doi":"10.1111/nph.20189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20189","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Characteristic of all conifer needles, the transfusion tissue mediates the radial transport of water and sugar between the endodermis and axial vasculature. Physical constraints imposed by the needle's linear geometry introduce two potential extravascular bottlenecks where the opposition of sugar and water flows may frustrate sugar export: one at the vascular access point and the other at the endodermis.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We developed a network model of the transfusion tissue to explore how its structure and composition affect the delivery of sugars to the axial phloem. To describe extravascular transport with cellular resolution, we construct networks from images of <jats:italic>Pinus pinea</jats:italic> needles obtained through tomographic microscopy, as well as fluorescence and electron microscopy.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>The transfusion tissue provides physically distinct pathways for sugar and water, reducing resistance between the vasculature and endodermis and mitigating flow constriction at the vascular flank. Dissipation of flow velocities through the transfusion tissue's branched structure allows for bidirectional transport of an inbound diffusive sugar flux against an outbound advective water flux across the endodermis.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our results clarify the structure–function relationships of the transfusion tissue under conditions free of physiological stress. The presented model framework is also applicable to different transfusion tissue morphologies in other gymnosperms.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biomolecular condensation involves the concentration of biomolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) into compartments to form membraneless organelles or condensates with unique properties and functions. This ubiquitous phenomenon has garnered considerable attention in recent years owing to its multifaceted roles in developmental processes and responses to environmental cues in living systems. Recent studies have revealed that biomolecular condensation plays essential roles in regulating the transition of plants from vegetative to reproductive growth, a programmed process known as floral transition that determines flowering time and inflorescence architecture in flowering plants. In this Tansley insight, we review advances in how biomolecular condensation integrates developmental and environmental signals to program and reprogram the floral transition thus diversifies flowering time and inflorescence architecture.
{"title":"Biomolecular condensation programs floral transition to orchestrate flowering time and inflorescence architecture","authors":"Xiaozhen Huang, Yongfang Yang, Cao Xu","doi":"10.1111/nph.20204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20204","url":null,"abstract":"Biomolecular condensation involves the concentration of biomolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins) into compartments to form membraneless organelles or condensates with unique properties and functions. This ubiquitous phenomenon has garnered considerable attention in recent years owing to its multifaceted roles in developmental processes and responses to environmental cues in living systems. Recent studies have revealed that biomolecular condensation plays essential roles in regulating the transition of plants from vegetative to reproductive growth, a programmed process known as floral transition that determines flowering time and inflorescence architecture in flowering plants. In this Tansley insight, we review advances in how biomolecular condensation integrates developmental and environmental signals to program and reprogram the floral transition thus diversifies flowering time and inflorescence architecture.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pratima Pahadi, Jay Wason, Seanna Annis, Brian McGill, Yong-Jiang Zhang
Leaf economic spectrum (LES) relationships have been studied across many different plant lineages and at different organizational scales. However, the temporal stability of the LES relationships is largely unknown. We used the wild blueberry system with high genotypic diversity to test whether trait–trait relationships across genotypes demonstrate the same LES relationships found in the global database (GLOPNET) and whether they are stable across years.
We studied leaf structure, photosynthesis, and leaf nutrients for 16 genotypes of two wild blueberry species semi-naturally grown in a common farm in Maine, USA, across 4 yr.
We found substantial variation in leaf structure, physiology, and nutrient traits within and among genotypes, as well as across years in wild blueberries. The LES trait–trait relationships (covariance structure) across genotypes were not always found in all years. The trait syndrome of wild blueberries was shifted by changing environmental conditions over the years. Additionally, traits in 1 yr cannot be used to predict those of another year.
Our findings show that LES generally holds among genotypes but is temporally unstable, stressing the significant influence of trait plasticity in response to fluctuating environmental conditions across years, and the importance of temporal dimensions in shaping functional traits and species coexistence.
人们已经在许多不同的植物品系和不同的组织尺度上对叶片经济谱（LES）关系进行了研究。然而，LES 关系的时间稳定性在很大程度上还不为人所知。我们研究了在美国缅因州一个普通农场中半自然生长的两个野生蓝莓物种的 16 个基因型的叶片结构、光合作用和叶片养分，历时 4 年。不同基因型之间的 LES 性状-性状关系（协方差结构）并不总是在所有年份都能发现。野生蓝莓的性状综合征因多年来环境条件的变化而改变。我们的研究结果表明，LES 通常在不同基因型之间成立，但在时间上并不稳定，这强调了性状可塑性在应对不同年份环境条件波动方面的重要影响，以及时间维度在塑造功能性状和物种共存方面的重要性。
{"title":"A new dimension of leaf economic spectrum: temporal instability of relationships among genotypes","authors":"Pratima Pahadi, Jay Wason, Seanna Annis, Brian McGill, Yong-Jiang Zhang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20191","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Leaf economic spectrum (LES) relationships have been studied across many different plant lineages and at different organizational scales. However, the temporal stability of the LES relationships is largely unknown. We used the wild blueberry system with high genotypic diversity to test whether trait–trait relationships across genotypes demonstrate the same LES relationships found in the global database (GLOPNET) and whether they are stable across years.</li>\u0000<li>We studied leaf structure, photosynthesis, and leaf nutrients for 16 genotypes of two wild blueberry species semi-naturally grown in a common farm in Maine, USA, across 4 yr.</li>\u0000<li>We found substantial variation in leaf structure, physiology, and nutrient traits within and among genotypes, as well as across years in wild blueberries. The LES trait–trait relationships (covariance structure) across genotypes were not always found in all years. The trait syndrome of wild blueberries was shifted by changing environmental conditions over the years. Additionally, traits in 1 yr cannot be used to predict those of another year.</li>\u0000<li>Our findings show that LES generally holds among genotypes but is temporally unstable, stressing the significant influence of trait plasticity in response to fluctuating environmental conditions across years, and the importance of temporal dimensions in shaping functional traits and species coexistence.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robin Battison, Suzanne M. Prober, Katherine Zdunic, Toby D. Jackson, Fabian Jörg Fischer, Tommaso Jucker
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Forest ecosystems face growing pressure on multiple fronts, from increasingly frequent and severe droughts and heatwaves, larger and more intense wildfires and storms, novel pests and pathogens, and human-driven degradation (Senf <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Canadell <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Hammond <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>; Turner & Seidl, <span>2023</span>). Understanding how trees are responding to these novel disturbance regimes is critical if we are to forecast how forest dynamics will change over the coming century, and what implications this will have for biodiversity and carbon storage in these ecosystems (McDowell <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Turner & Seidl, <span>2023</span>). To achieve this, we need demographic information that allow us to infer and model changes in population dynamics at scale – data that capture how rates of tree growth, mortality and recruitment vary across both space and time (Coomes <i>et al</i>., <span>2014</span>; Fisher <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Kunstler <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Needham <i>et al</i>., <span>2022b</span>; Zuidema & van der Sleen, <span>2022</span>). Ecologists have traditionally relied on networks of permanent field plots to estimate these demographic rates (Lines <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>; Ruiz-Benito <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>; Kunstler <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Needham <i>et al</i>., <span>2022b</span>; Piponiot <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). However, while plot networks remain the gold standard to characterise community-level dynamics, they have some inherent limitations when it comes to capturing variation in demographic rates across landscapes. Field surveys are incredibly labour-intensive, meaning that most forest plots are small (0.1–1 ha) and cumulatively only cover a tiny fraction of the total forest area (< 0.01% even in best-case scenarios; Yu <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>; Holcomb <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). This makes it challenging to understand how demographic rates vary across environmentally heterogeneous landscapes and in response to large, infrequent disturbances.</p> <p>Remote sensing offers an intuitive solution to this challenge of tracking large numbers of trees across broad spatial scales (Stovall <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Brandt <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Ma <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). In particular, technologies such as airborne laser scanning (ALS, or LiDAR) can be used to build highly accurate and detailed 3D models of both the forest canopy and the underlying terrain (≤ 1-m resolution) that span thousands of hectares (Jucker, <span>2022</span>; Lines <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Unsurprisingly, ALS has become an integral tool for large-area mapping of forest structure and biomass, and there is now a growing interest in using repeat ALS acquisitions to quantify forest dynamics at scale (Asner & Mascaro, <span>2014</s
ALS 数据的另一个吸引力在于，它们将树木生长的生物和非生物环境背景化，例如树木在景观中的当地竞争邻域和地形位置（Colgan 等人，2012 年；Swetnam 等人，2017 年；Beese 等人，2022 年；Ma 等人，2023 年）。这不仅为量化不同地貌中的人口比率差异提供了机会，也为将这种差异归因于潜在的生态驱动因素提供了机会。最后，基于个体的方法的一个关键卖点是，它们可直接与我们在实地监测森林的方式以及我们在森林动力学模型中表示森林的方式相媲美。这为弥合实地森林监测计划与遥感森林监测计划之间的差距提供了机会，并有助于减少森林动力学模型中的主要不确定性来源，例如与树木死亡率相关的不确定性来源（Hubau 等人，2020 年；McDowell 等人，2020 年；Pugh 等人，2020 年）。在此，我们利用在澳大利亚大西部林地（GWW）相隔 9 年进行的两次 ALS 调查获得的数据，来捕捉 2500 公顷古老林地栖息地中单株树木的高度生长、树冠扩张、树冠枯死和死亡率。这些半干旱林地是使用重复 ALS 数据量化大规模树木人口统计率的理想试验平台，因为这些林地以少量桉树物种为主，形成了单茎树木稀疏的林分。通过开发一种新的管道来分割和匹配 ALS 调查中的树冠，我们能够可靠地识别和跟踪该景观中 42 213 棵以树冠为主的树木的动态变化。利用这些数据，我们着手确定整个种群中树木的生长和死亡率是如何随树木大小而变化的。这使我们能够量化哪些树群对生物量的增加和减少贡献最大，以及树木在增大时如何调整其树冠生长策略的特征。模拟树木的生长和死亡率在整个景观中如何随精细尺度的地形和当地邻域竞争环境而变化，从而使我们更好地理解人口统计过程如何导致干旱森林的植被空间模式。将树木水平的人口统计率放大到群落水平的地上生物量和树冠三维结构动态。在此过程中，我们探讨了树冠三维结构的时间变化主要是由树木的生长还是死亡驱动的，并旨在确定在没有野火造成的大规模干扰的情况下，这些古老林地目前是作为净碳汇还是净碳源发挥作用。
{"title":"Tracking tree demography and forest dynamics at scale using remote sensing","authors":"Robin Battison, Suzanne M. Prober, Katherine Zdunic, Toby D. Jackson, Fabian Jörg Fischer, Tommaso Jucker","doi":"10.1111/nph.20199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20199","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Forest ecosystems face growing pressure on multiple fronts, from increasingly frequent and severe droughts and heatwaves, larger and more intense wildfires and storms, novel pests and pathogens, and human-driven degradation (Senf <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Canadell <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Hammond <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>; Turner & Seidl, <span>2023</span>). Understanding how trees are responding to these novel disturbance regimes is critical if we are to forecast how forest dynamics will change over the coming century, and what implications this will have for biodiversity and carbon storage in these ecosystems (McDowell <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Turner & Seidl, <span>2023</span>). To achieve this, we need demographic information that allow us to infer and model changes in population dynamics at scale – data that capture how rates of tree growth, mortality and recruitment vary across both space and time (Coomes <i>et al</i>., <span>2014</span>; Fisher <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Kunstler <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Needham <i>et al</i>., <span>2022b</span>; Zuidema & van der Sleen, <span>2022</span>). Ecologists have traditionally relied on networks of permanent field plots to estimate these demographic rates (Lines <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>; Ruiz-Benito <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>; Kunstler <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Needham <i>et al</i>., <span>2022b</span>; Piponiot <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). However, while plot networks remain the gold standard to characterise community-level dynamics, they have some inherent limitations when it comes to capturing variation in demographic rates across landscapes. Field surveys are incredibly labour-intensive, meaning that most forest plots are small (0.1–1 ha) and cumulatively only cover a tiny fraction of the total forest area (< 0.01% even in best-case scenarios; Yu <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>; Holcomb <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). This makes it challenging to understand how demographic rates vary across environmentally heterogeneous landscapes and in response to large, infrequent disturbances.</p>\u0000<p>Remote sensing offers an intuitive solution to this challenge of tracking large numbers of trees across broad spatial scales (Stovall <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Brandt <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Ma <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). In particular, technologies such as airborne laser scanning (ALS, or LiDAR) can be used to build highly accurate and detailed 3D models of both the forest canopy and the underlying terrain (≤ 1-m resolution) that span thousands of hectares (Jucker, <span>2022</span>; Lines <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Unsurprisingly, ALS has become an integral tool for large-area mapping of forest structure and biomass, and there is now a growing interest in using repeat ALS acquisitions to quantify forest dynamics at scale (Asner & Mascaro, <span>2014</s","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"1 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi Jin, Qing Ye, Xiaorong Liu, Hui Liu, Sean M. Gleason, Pengcheng He, Xingyun Liang, Guilin Wu
In theory, there is a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety. However, the strength and direction of this trade-off at the leaf level are not consistent across studies, and habitat climate may impact this trade-off.
We compiled a leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety dataset for 362 species from 81 sites world-wide, with 280 paired observations of both traits, and tested whether climate was associated with departure from the proposed trade-off.
The leaf hydraulic efficiency–safety trade-off was weak (R2 = 0.144) at the global scale. Mean annual precipitation and solar radiation (SR) modified the trade-off. Species from dry and high SR habitats (e.g. desert and tropical savanna) were generally located above the trade-off line, indicating that these species tended to have higher leaf hydraulic safety and efficiency than species from wet habitats with low SR (e.g. subtropical monsoon forest and montane rainforest), which were located below the trade-off line. Leaves with high vein density, dry leaf mass per area, and osmotic regulation enhanced safety without compromising hydraulic efficiency.
Variation in the hydraulic efficiency–safety trade-off at the leaf level likely facilitates plant survival in specific habitats and allows for a more nuanced view of leaf hydraulic adaption strategies at the global scale.
{"title":"Precipitation, solar radiation, and their interaction modify leaf hydraulic efficiency–safety trade-off across angiosperms at the global scale","authors":"Yi Jin, Qing Ye, Xiaorong Liu, Hui Liu, Sean M. Gleason, Pengcheng He, Xingyun Liang, Guilin Wu","doi":"10.1111/nph.20213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20213","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>In theory, there is a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety. However, the strength and direction of this trade-off at the leaf level are not consistent across studies, and habitat climate may impact this trade-off.</li>\u0000<li>We compiled a leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety dataset for 362 species from 81 sites world-wide, with 280 paired observations of both traits, and tested whether climate was associated with departure from the proposed trade-off.</li>\u0000<li>The leaf hydraulic efficiency–safety trade-off was weak (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.144) at the global scale. Mean annual precipitation and solar radiation (SR) modified the trade-off. Species from dry and high SR habitats (e.g. desert and tropical savanna) were generally located above the trade-off line, indicating that these species tended to have higher leaf hydraulic safety and efficiency than species from wet habitats with low SR (e.g. subtropical monsoon forest and montane rainforest), which were located below the trade-off line. Leaves with high vein density, dry leaf mass per area, and osmotic regulation enhanced safety without compromising hydraulic efficiency.</li>\u0000<li>Variation in the hydraulic efficiency–safety trade-off at the leaf level likely facilitates plant survival in specific habitats and allows for a more nuanced view of leaf hydraulic adaption strategies at the global scale.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>During meiosis, the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR) yields crossovers (COs) and noncrossovers (NCOs) (Hunter, <span>2015</span>; Wang & Copenhaver, <span>2018</span>). Meiotic COs between homologous chromosomes (interhomolog) rather than between sister chromatids (intersister) serve important mechanical and evolutionary roles (Schwacha & Kleckner, <span>1994</span>, <span>1997</span>). The choice of the sister or nonsister chromatid template for repair is thus a key determinant for the outcome of meiotic recombination.</p> <p>DNA strand exchange recombinases are central in regulating the choice of DNA template for DSB repair (Brown & Bishop, <span>2014</span>; Humphryes & Hochwagen, <span>2014</span>). RAD51 and DMC1 recombinases are two eukaryotic RecA homologs and can assemble into nucleofilaments on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) generated from the processing of DSBs (Sheridan <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>; Brown & Bishop, <span>2014</span>). Both recombinases can perform homology searches of the genome and strand invasion on the donor template during meiosis. Cytologically, RAD51 and DMC1 form nuclear foci on meiotic chromosomes (Bishop, <span>1994</span>; Kurzbauer <i>et al</i>., <span>2012</span>; Brown <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>; Slotman <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>). Studies in many species contend that meiotic break repair occurs in two temporally distinct phases: a DMC1-permissive phase (Phase 1) followed by a RAD51-permissive phase (Phase 2) (Hayashi <i>et al</i>., <span>2007</span>; Kim <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>; Crismani <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>; Enguita-Marruedo <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Toraason <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Ziesel <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). In the DMC1-permissive phase, DMC1 predominantly repairs DSBs and catalyzes interhomolog recombination, whereas RAD51 is kept catalytically inactive (Tsubouchi & Roeder, <span>2006</span>; Busygina <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>; Niu <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Lao <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>; Callender <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). In the RAD51-permissive phase, the RAD51-mediated pathway becomes active to repair remaining DSBs, mainly using sister chromatids (Crismani <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>; Enguita-Marruedo <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Toraason <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Ziesel <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). The RAD51-dependent pathway also repairs DSB on sisters before meiotic entry (Joshi <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>).</p> <p>During Phase 1, different RAD51-inhibiting strategies appear to have evolved in eukaryotic species. The Mek1-mediated pathway downregulates Rad51-dependent repair in budding yeast (Niu <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Callender <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). This regulation is, however, not conserved in plants, because RAD51 can repair breaks in the absence of D
{"title":"FIGL1 attenuates meiotic interhomolog repair and is counteracted by the RAD51 paralog XRCC2 and the chromosome axis protein ASY1 during meiosis","authors":"Côme Emmenecker, Simine Pakzad, Fatou Ture, Julie Guerin, Aurélie Hurel, Aurélie Chambon, Chloé Girard, Raphael Mercier, Rajeev Kumar","doi":"10.1111/nph.20181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20181","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>During meiosis, the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR) yields crossovers (COs) and noncrossovers (NCOs) (Hunter, <span>2015</span>; Wang & Copenhaver, <span>2018</span>). Meiotic COs between homologous chromosomes (interhomolog) rather than between sister chromatids (intersister) serve important mechanical and evolutionary roles (Schwacha & Kleckner, <span>1994</span>, <span>1997</span>). The choice of the sister or nonsister chromatid template for repair is thus a key determinant for the outcome of meiotic recombination.</p>\u0000<p>DNA strand exchange recombinases are central in regulating the choice of DNA template for DSB repair (Brown & Bishop, <span>2014</span>; Humphryes & Hochwagen, <span>2014</span>). RAD51 and DMC1 recombinases are two eukaryotic RecA homologs and can assemble into nucleofilaments on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) generated from the processing of DSBs (Sheridan <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>; Brown & Bishop, <span>2014</span>). Both recombinases can perform homology searches of the genome and strand invasion on the donor template during meiosis. Cytologically, RAD51 and DMC1 form nuclear foci on meiotic chromosomes (Bishop, <span>1994</span>; Kurzbauer <i>et al</i>., <span>2012</span>; Brown <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>; Slotman <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>). Studies in many species contend that meiotic break repair occurs in two temporally distinct phases: a DMC1-permissive phase (Phase 1) followed by a RAD51-permissive phase (Phase 2) (Hayashi <i>et al</i>., <span>2007</span>; Kim <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>; Crismani <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>; Enguita-Marruedo <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Toraason <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Ziesel <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). In the DMC1-permissive phase, DMC1 predominantly repairs DSBs and catalyzes interhomolog recombination, whereas RAD51 is kept catalytically inactive (Tsubouchi & Roeder, <span>2006</span>; Busygina <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>; Niu <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Lao <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>; Callender <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). In the RAD51-permissive phase, the RAD51-mediated pathway becomes active to repair remaining DSBs, mainly using sister chromatids (Crismani <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>; Enguita-Marruedo <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>; Toraason <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Ziesel <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). The RAD51-dependent pathway also repairs DSB on sisters before meiotic entry (Joshi <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>).</p>\u0000<p>During Phase 1, different RAD51-inhibiting strategies appear to have evolved in eukaryotic species. The Mek1-mediated pathway downregulates Rad51-dependent repair in budding yeast (Niu <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>; Callender <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). This regulation is, however, not conserved in plants, because RAD51 can repair breaks in the absence of D","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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