The root epidermis of tracheophytes consists of hair-forming cells (HCs) and nonhair cells (NCs). The HC distribution pattern is classified into three types: random (Type I), vertically alternating (Type II), and radial (Type III). Type III is found only in core eudicots and is known to be position-dependent in superrosids with HCs positioned between two underlying cortical cells. However, the evolution of Type III and the universality of its position dependency in eudicots remain unclear. We surveyed the HC distribution in basal and Type III-exhibiting core eudicots and conducted genomic analyses to get insight into whether eudicots share the same genetic network to establish Type III. Our survey revealed no canonical Type III in basal eudicots but a reverse Type III, with NCs between two cortical cells and HCs on a single cortical cell, in Papaveraceae of basal eudicots. Type III-exhibiting species from both superrosids and superasterids showed the canonical position dependency of HCs. However, some key components for Type III determination were absent in the genomes of Papaveraceae and Type III-exhibiting superasterids. Our findings identify a novel position-dependent type of HC patterning, reverse Type III, and suggest that Type III emerged independently or diversified during eudicot evolution.
气管植物的根表皮由成毛细胞（HC）和非成毛细胞（NC）组成。HC的分布模式分为三种：随机分布（I型）、垂直交替分布（II型）和辐射分布（III型）。类型 III 仅存在于核心裸子植物中，而且已知在超微结构中，HC 的位置依赖于两个下层皮层细胞之间的位置。然而，III型的演化及其位置依赖性在裸子植物中的普遍性仍不清楚。我们调查了基生和显示 III 型的核心裸子植物中的 HC 分布情况，并进行了基因组分析，以深入了解裸子植物是否共享相同的遗传网络来建立 III 型。我们的调查显示，在基生真叶植物中没有典型的 III 型，但在基生真叶植物中的罂粟科植物中存在反向 III 型，即 NC 位于两个皮层细胞之间，HC 位于单个皮层细胞上。来自超rosids 和 superasterids 的 III 型表现物种都显示出 HCs 的典型位置依赖性。然而，在罂粟科和显示 III 型的超匍匐类植物的基因组中，并不存在决定 III 型的一些关键成分。我们的研究结果发现了一种新的位置依赖型HC模式，即反向III型，并表明III型是在裸子植物进化过程中独立出现或多样化的。
{"title":"An inquiry into the radial patterning of root hair cell distribution in eudicots.","authors":"Kyeonghoon Lee,Jin-Oh Hyun,Hyung-Taeg Cho","doi":"10.1111/nph.20148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20148","url":null,"abstract":"The root epidermis of tracheophytes consists of hair-forming cells (HCs) and nonhair cells (NCs). The HC distribution pattern is classified into three types: random (Type I), vertically alternating (Type II), and radial (Type III). Type III is found only in core eudicots and is known to be position-dependent in superrosids with HCs positioned between two underlying cortical cells. However, the evolution of Type III and the universality of its position dependency in eudicots remain unclear. We surveyed the HC distribution in basal and Type III-exhibiting core eudicots and conducted genomic analyses to get insight into whether eudicots share the same genetic network to establish Type III. Our survey revealed no canonical Type III in basal eudicots but a reverse Type III, with NCs between two cortical cells and HCs on a single cortical cell, in Papaveraceae of basal eudicots. Type III-exhibiting species from both superrosids and superasterids showed the canonical position dependency of HCs. However, some key components for Type III determination were absent in the genomes of Papaveraceae and Type III-exhibiting superasterids. Our findings identify a novel position-dependent type of HC patterning, reverse Type III, and suggest that Type III emerged independently or diversified during eudicot evolution.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antoine Berger, Eduardo Pérez‐Valera, Manuel Blouin, Marie‐Christine Breuil, Klaus Butterbach‐Bahl, Michael Dannenmann, Angélique Besson‐Bard, Sylvain Jeandroz, Josep Valls, Aymé Spor, Logapragasan Subramaniam, Pierre Pétriacq, David Wendehenne, Laurent Philippot
SummaryInteractions between plants and microorganisms are pivotal for plant growth and productivity. Several plant molecular mechanisms that shape these microbial communities have been identified. However, the importance of nitric oxide (NO) produced by plants for the associated microbiota remains elusive.Using Arabidopsis thaliana isogenic mutants overproducing NO (nox1, NO overexpression) or down‐producing NO (i.e. nia1nia2 impaired in the expression of both nitrate reductases NR1/NIA1 and NR2/NIA2; the 35s::GSNOR1 line overexpressing nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) and 35s::AHB1 line overexpressing haemoglobin 1 (AHB1)), we investigated how altered NO homeostasis affects microbial communities in the rhizosphere and in the roots, soil microbial activity and soil metabolites.We show that the rhizosphere microbiome was affected by the mutant genotypes, with the nox1 and nia1nia2 mutants causing opposite shifts in bacterial and fungal communities compared with the wild‐type (WT) Col‐0 in the rhizosphere and roots, respectively. These mutants also exhibited distinctive soil metabolite profiles than those from the other genotypes while soil microbial activity did not differ between the mutants and the WT Col‐0.Our findings support our hypothesis that changes in NO production by plants can influence the plant microbiome composition with differential effects between fungal and bacterial communities.
{"title":"Microbiota responses to mutations affecting NO homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana","authors":"Antoine Berger, Eduardo Pérez‐Valera, Manuel Blouin, Marie‐Christine Breuil, Klaus Butterbach‐Bahl, Michael Dannenmann, Angélique Besson‐Bard, Sylvain Jeandroz, Josep Valls, Aymé Spor, Logapragasan Subramaniam, Pierre Pétriacq, David Wendehenne, Laurent Philippot","doi":"10.1111/nph.20159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20159","url":null,"abstract":"Summary<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\"> <jats:list-item>Interactions between plants and microorganisms are pivotal for plant growth and productivity. Several plant molecular mechanisms that shape these microbial communities have been identified. However, the importance of nitric oxide (NO) produced by plants for the associated microbiota remains elusive.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Using <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</jats:italic> isogenic mutants overproducing NO (<jats:italic>nox1</jats:italic>, NO overexpression) or down‐producing NO (i.e. <jats:italic>nia1nia2</jats:italic> impaired in the expression of both nitrate reductases <jats:italic>NR1/NIA1</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>NR2/NIA2</jats:italic>; the <jats:italic>35s::GSNOR1</jats:italic> line overexpressing nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) and <jats:italic>35s::AHB1</jats:italic> line overexpressing haemoglobin 1 (AHB1)), we investigated how altered NO homeostasis affects microbial communities in the rhizosphere and in the roots, soil microbial activity and soil metabolites.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>We show that the rhizosphere microbiome was affected by the mutant genotypes, with the <jats:italic>nox1</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>nia1nia2</jats:italic> mutants causing opposite shifts in bacterial and fungal communities compared with the wild‐type (WT) Col‐0 in the rhizosphere and roots, respectively. These mutants also exhibited distinctive soil metabolite profiles than those from the other genotypes while soil microbial activity did not differ between the mutants and the WT Col‐0.</jats:list-item> <jats:list-item>Our findings support our hypothesis that changes in NO production by plants can influence the plant microbiome composition with differential effects between fungal and bacterial communities.</jats:list-item> </jats:list>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lin Xu, Shumei Wang, Wei Wang, Haixia Wang, Lydia Welsh, Petra C. Boevink, Stephen C. Whisson, Paul R. J. Birch
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Diseases caused by plant pathogens and pests result in a considerable threat to food security, including up to 23% losses of the five most significant food crops (Savary <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>). Amongst the most economically significant disease agents are fungal and oomycete (filamentous) pathogens. The oomycete genus <i>Phytophthora</i> includes some of the most devastating plant pathogens (Kamoun <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>; Derevnina <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). For example, <i>Phytophthora infestans</i>, causing potato and tomato late blight, precipitated the Irish potato famines of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. It remains the most damaging potato and tomato disease globally (Fry <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>; Kamoun <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>).</p> <p><i>Phytophthora</i> spp. secrete ‘effector’ proteins that act either outside (apoplastic effectors) or are delivered to the inside (cytoplasmic effectors) of living plant cells. Prominent amongst cytoplasmic effectors are a class containing the conserved Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg (RXLR) motif (Rehmany <i>et al</i>., <span>2005</span>) located closely downstream of the signal peptide. RXLR effectors target multiple proteins and processes at diverse locations inside host cells to suppress immunity (He <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Fabro, <span>2021</span>; Petre <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; McLellan <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>; Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>).</p> <p>Many filamentous pathogens, including <i>P. infestans</i>, form haustoria, hyphal infection structures that are intimately associated with living plant cells. Haustoria are sites of cross-kingdom molecular exchange and, as such, represent key battle grounds that determine host susceptibility or resistance (Boevink <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Bozkurt & Kamoun, <span>2020</span>; King <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). RXLR effectors have been shown to enter plant cells following their unconventional secretion from haustoria. By contrast, although also secreted from haustoria, apoplastic <i>P. infestans</i> effectors follow the canonical ER-to-Golgi pathway that is sensitive to the inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA) (Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>, <span>2018</span>). Unconventional secretion of cytoplasmic effectors and conventional secretion of apoplastic effectors has also been observed for the fungal pathogen <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> (Giraldo <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>). More recently, it has been reported that <i>P. infestans</i> RXLR effectors can be taken into plant host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) (Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2023a</span>). Similarly, <i>M. oryzae</i> cytoplasmic effectors have also been observed to enter plant cells via CME (Oliveira-Garcia <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>), hinting at a potential universal strategy employed by haustoria-forming filamentous pathogens (Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2023b</s
{"title":"Proteolytic processing of both RXLR and EER motifs in oomycete effectors","authors":"Lin Xu, Shumei Wang, Wei Wang, Haixia Wang, Lydia Welsh, Petra C. Boevink, Stephen C. Whisson, Paul R. J. Birch","doi":"10.1111/nph.20130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20130","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Diseases caused by plant pathogens and pests result in a considerable threat to food security, including up to 23% losses of the five most significant food crops (Savary <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>). Amongst the most economically significant disease agents are fungal and oomycete (filamentous) pathogens. The oomycete genus <i>Phytophthora</i> includes some of the most devastating plant pathogens (Kamoun <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>; Derevnina <i>et al</i>., <span>2016</span>). For example, <i>Phytophthora infestans</i>, causing potato and tomato late blight, precipitated the Irish potato famines of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. It remains the most damaging potato and tomato disease globally (Fry <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>; Kamoun <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>).</p>\u0000<p><i>Phytophthora</i> spp. secrete ‘effector’ proteins that act either outside (apoplastic effectors) or are delivered to the inside (cytoplasmic effectors) of living plant cells. Prominent amongst cytoplasmic effectors are a class containing the conserved Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg (RXLR) motif (Rehmany <i>et al</i>., <span>2005</span>) located closely downstream of the signal peptide. RXLR effectors target multiple proteins and processes at diverse locations inside host cells to suppress immunity (He <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Fabro, <span>2021</span>; Petre <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; McLellan <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>; Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>).</p>\u0000<p>Many filamentous pathogens, including <i>P. infestans</i>, form haustoria, hyphal infection structures that are intimately associated with living plant cells. Haustoria are sites of cross-kingdom molecular exchange and, as such, represent key battle grounds that determine host susceptibility or resistance (Boevink <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>; Bozkurt & Kamoun, <span>2020</span>; King <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). RXLR effectors have been shown to enter plant cells following their unconventional secretion from haustoria. By contrast, although also secreted from haustoria, apoplastic <i>P. infestans</i> effectors follow the canonical ER-to-Golgi pathway that is sensitive to the inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA) (Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>, <span>2018</span>). Unconventional secretion of cytoplasmic effectors and conventional secretion of apoplastic effectors has also been observed for the fungal pathogen <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i> (Giraldo <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>). More recently, it has been reported that <i>P. infestans</i> RXLR effectors can be taken into plant host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) (Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2023a</span>). Similarly, <i>M. oryzae</i> cytoplasmic effectors have also been observed to enter plant cells via CME (Oliveira-Garcia <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>), hinting at a potential universal strategy employed by haustoria-forming filamentous pathogens (Wang <i>et al</i>., <span>2023b</s","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>I grew up on the hilly east coast of South Africa and spent a good amount of time roaming around the local bushveld, forests and rivers in my spare time. However, my real interest in plant science began only during my university undergraduate biology degree, where I got the opportunity to have a wonderful mix of outdoor and indoor plant science experiences, including performing plant transects to help monitor game reserve ecology and many cell and molecular biology-associated practicals. I thoroughly enjoyed field work, but I found molecular biology and, in particular, the pathways of C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis and central metabolism fascinating, so I was ultimately more drawn to this area.</p><p>During the final year of my undergraduate degree I did an internship at the South African Sugarcane Research Institute (SASRI). SASRI is part of the South African Sugar Association and has excellent facilities, ranging from state-of-the-art tissue culture experts that link up with their breeding programs, to well-established wet labs. It was an exciting time – after several years in university soaking up theory, I was suddenly thrust into the world of professional research! I enjoyed it, and I was then very fortunate to gain bursary support to do a Masters and a PhD while working at SASRI, where I focused on understanding the source-sink relationship in sugarcane. I really liked the paradigm of being involved in photosynthesis-related research that had both applied and fundamental aspects, and I decided that this is what I wanted to focus on as a career.</p><p>I enjoy the processes of planning and setting things up, putting them in motion and the rewarding feeling of getting them done efficiently. This could be an experiment or any general task that needs doing! Experiments can of course lead to failures, unexpected results or new questions that are confounding. But I think there's a wonderful bravery (and sometimes humility) in taking new data on board and starting the process again. Previously as a PhD student and a young postdoc, I typically used to go through this independently and rely on my mentors for advice. But when I started to collaborate more with others, particularly on interdisciplinary projects, it became about working through things together and strategizing as a team, which I find much more enjoyable. As my research lab has grown and I've taken on more managerial and mentoring roles, it's been fantastic to see how different researchers and students, all brilliant in their own way, engage with the ‘cycle of science’ and how working together can lead to new discoveries with real-world impacts that alone would take so much longer to achieve or perhaps not be achievable.</p><p>For scientific role models, I am lucky – I consider all of my previous supervisors, during my PhD and three postdocs, as exceptional role models and mentors. From each of them, I've taken on (borrowed!) aspects of how they communicate, strategize, and work throug
{"title":"Alistair McCormick","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/nph.20161","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20161","url":null,"abstract":"<p>I grew up on the hilly east coast of South Africa and spent a good amount of time roaming around the local bushveld, forests and rivers in my spare time. However, my real interest in plant science began only during my university undergraduate biology degree, where I got the opportunity to have a wonderful mix of outdoor and indoor plant science experiences, including performing plant transects to help monitor game reserve ecology and many cell and molecular biology-associated practicals. I thoroughly enjoyed field work, but I found molecular biology and, in particular, the pathways of C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis and central metabolism fascinating, so I was ultimately more drawn to this area.</p><p>During the final year of my undergraduate degree I did an internship at the South African Sugarcane Research Institute (SASRI). SASRI is part of the South African Sugar Association and has excellent facilities, ranging from state-of-the-art tissue culture experts that link up with their breeding programs, to well-established wet labs. It was an exciting time – after several years in university soaking up theory, I was suddenly thrust into the world of professional research! I enjoyed it, and I was then very fortunate to gain bursary support to do a Masters and a PhD while working at SASRI, where I focused on understanding the source-sink relationship in sugarcane. I really liked the paradigm of being involved in photosynthesis-related research that had both applied and fundamental aspects, and I decided that this is what I wanted to focus on as a career.</p><p>I enjoy the processes of planning and setting things up, putting them in motion and the rewarding feeling of getting them done efficiently. This could be an experiment or any general task that needs doing! Experiments can of course lead to failures, unexpected results or new questions that are confounding. But I think there's a wonderful bravery (and sometimes humility) in taking new data on board and starting the process again. Previously as a PhD student and a young postdoc, I typically used to go through this independently and rely on my mentors for advice. But when I started to collaborate more with others, particularly on interdisciplinary projects, it became about working through things together and strategizing as a team, which I find much more enjoyable. As my research lab has grown and I've taken on more managerial and mentoring roles, it's been fantastic to see how different researchers and students, all brilliant in their own way, engage with the ‘cycle of science’ and how working together can lead to new discoveries with real-world impacts that alone would take so much longer to achieve or perhaps not be achievable.</p><p>For scientific role models, I am lucky – I consider all of my previous supervisors, during my PhD and three postdocs, as exceptional role models and mentors. From each of them, I've taken on (borrowed!) aspects of how they communicate, strategize, and work throug","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John M. Powers, Heather M. Briggs, Diane R. Campbell
<h2> Introduction</h2> <p>Global climate change is causing rapid changes in environmental conditions, such as increased average temperatures, more frequent extreme temperatures, and alterations of precipitation patterns (Pörtner <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Those environmental changes have the potential to alter traits of organisms in ways that may influence species interactions. Average trait expression in a population can respond to the environment either directly or through evolutionary change. The former mechanism is phenotypic plasticity, in which the phenotype associated with a particular genotype responds directly to the environmental conditions (Bradshaw, <span>1965</span>). In the latter mechanism of evolutionary change, the environmental change alters natural selection on the trait (Siepielski <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>, <span>2017</span>; Bemmels & Anderson, <span>2019</span>), or on the ability of the trait to respond plastically, leading to an evolutionary change if trait variation is at least partly heritable (Gomulkiewicz & Shaw, <span>2013</span>; Carlson <i>et al</i>., <span>2014</span>).</p> <p>In plants, floral traits play crucial roles in interactions with animals, and like other traits may be affected by climate change. Pollinators are thought to be the main source of natural selection on floral traits (review in Harder & Johnson, <span>2009</span>), and traits can also influence interactions with natural enemies such as florivores and seed predators (Galen & Cuba, <span>2001</span>; Frey, <span>2004</span>; Sletvold <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>). Some floral traits, such as floral size, show relatively consistent plastic responses to drought (review in Kuppler & Kotowska, <span>2021</span>) or other environmental changes expected under climate change. In addition to trait expression, natural selection on floral morphology can change with climatic factors (Campbell & Powers, <span>2015</span>). A change in selection with adverse abiotic conditions could happen in several ways. Increased resource limitations on seed production can weaken selection mediated by pollinators, as suggested for <i>Ipomopsis</i> with earlier snowmelt (Campbell & Powers, <span>2015</span>). A drop in pollinator availability at a new time of flowering can strengthen pollen limitation and selection for attractive traits. Selection can shift due to changing pollinator preferences in response to plastic changes in floral traits (Dorey & Schiestl, <span>2022</span>) or the availability of nectar or pollen resources.</p> <p>Along with flower size, reward production, and petal color, floral scent emissions are also intimately involved in interactions with animals (Raguso, <span>2008</span>). Flowers often emit a complex blend of many volatile organic compounds (hereafter volatiles; Dudareva <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>), and a variety of insects not only detect these compounds but also show preferences or a
{"title":"Natural selection on floral volatiles and other traits can change with snowmelt timing and summer precipitation","authors":"John M. Powers, Heather M. Briggs, Diane R. Campbell","doi":"10.1111/nph.20157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20157","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Global climate change is causing rapid changes in environmental conditions, such as increased average temperatures, more frequent extreme temperatures, and alterations of precipitation patterns (Pörtner <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). Those environmental changes have the potential to alter traits of organisms in ways that may influence species interactions. Average trait expression in a population can respond to the environment either directly or through evolutionary change. The former mechanism is phenotypic plasticity, in which the phenotype associated with a particular genotype responds directly to the environmental conditions (Bradshaw, <span>1965</span>). In the latter mechanism of evolutionary change, the environmental change alters natural selection on the trait (Siepielski <i>et al</i>., <span>2009</span>, <span>2017</span>; Bemmels & Anderson, <span>2019</span>), or on the ability of the trait to respond plastically, leading to an evolutionary change if trait variation is at least partly heritable (Gomulkiewicz & Shaw, <span>2013</span>; Carlson <i>et al</i>., <span>2014</span>).</p>\u0000<p>In plants, floral traits play crucial roles in interactions with animals, and like other traits may be affected by climate change. Pollinators are thought to be the main source of natural selection on floral traits (review in Harder & Johnson, <span>2009</span>), and traits can also influence interactions with natural enemies such as florivores and seed predators (Galen & Cuba, <span>2001</span>; Frey, <span>2004</span>; Sletvold <i>et al</i>., <span>2015</span>). Some floral traits, such as floral size, show relatively consistent plastic responses to drought (review in Kuppler & Kotowska, <span>2021</span>) or other environmental changes expected under climate change. In addition to trait expression, natural selection on floral morphology can change with climatic factors (Campbell & Powers, <span>2015</span>). A change in selection with adverse abiotic conditions could happen in several ways. Increased resource limitations on seed production can weaken selection mediated by pollinators, as suggested for <i>Ipomopsis</i> with earlier snowmelt (Campbell & Powers, <span>2015</span>). A drop in pollinator availability at a new time of flowering can strengthen pollen limitation and selection for attractive traits. Selection can shift due to changing pollinator preferences in response to plastic changes in floral traits (Dorey & Schiestl, <span>2022</span>) or the availability of nectar or pollen resources.</p>\u0000<p>Along with flower size, reward production, and petal color, floral scent emissions are also intimately involved in interactions with animals (Raguso, <span>2008</span>). Flowers often emit a complex blend of many volatile organic compounds (hereafter volatiles; Dudareva <i>et al</i>., <span>2013</span>), and a variety of insects not only detect these compounds but also show preferences or a","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shengping Shang, Xiaofei Liang, Guangli Liu, Youwei Du, Song Zhang, Yanan Meng, Junming Zhu, Jeffrey A. Rollins, Rong Zhang, Guangyu Sun
Plant secondary metabolism represents an important and ancient form of defense against pathogens. Phytopathogens secrete effectors to suppress plant defenses and promote infection. However, it is largely unknown, how fungal effectors directly manipulate plant secondary metabolism.
Here, we characterized a fungal defense-suppressing effector CfEC28 from Colletotrichum fructicola. Gene deletion assays showed that ∆CfEC28-mutants differentiated appressoria normally on plant surface but were almost nonpathogenic due to increased number of plant papilla accumulation at attempted penetration sites. CfEC28 interacted with a family of chloroplast-localized 3-deoxy-d-arabinose-heptulonic acid-7-phosphate synthases (DAHPSs) in apple. CfEC28 inhibited the enzymatic activity of an apple DAHPS (MdDAHPS1) and suppressed DAHPS-mediated secondary metabolite accumulation through blocking the manganese ion binding region of DAHPS. Dramatically, transgene analysis revealed that overexpression of MdDAHPS1 provided apple with a complete resistance to C. fructicola.
We showed that a novel effector CfEC28 can be delivered into plant chloroplasts and contributes to the full virulence of C. fructicola by targeting the DAHPS to disrupt the pathway linking the metabolism of primary carbohydrates with the biosynthesis of aromatic defense compounds.
Our study provides important insights for understanding plant–microbe interactions and a valuable gene for improving plant disease resistance.
{"title":"A fungal effector suppresses plant immunity by manipulating DAHPS-mediated metabolic flux in chloroplasts","authors":"Shengping Shang, Xiaofei Liang, Guangli Liu, Youwei Du, Song Zhang, Yanan Meng, Junming Zhu, Jeffrey A. Rollins, Rong Zhang, Guangyu Sun","doi":"10.1111/nph.20117","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20117","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ul>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Plant secondary metabolism represents an important and ancient form of defense against pathogens. Phytopathogens secrete effectors to suppress plant defenses and promote infection. However, it is largely unknown, how fungal effectors directly manipulate plant secondary metabolism.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Here, we characterized a fungal defense-suppressing effector CfEC28 from <i>Colletotrichum fructicola</i>. Gene deletion assays showed that ∆<i>CfEC28</i>-mutants differentiated appressoria normally on plant surface but were almost nonpathogenic due to increased number of plant papilla accumulation at attempted penetration sites. CfEC28 interacted with a family of chloroplast-localized 3-deoxy-<span>d</span>-arabinose-heptulonic acid-7-phosphate synthases (DAHPSs) in apple. CfEC28 inhibited the enzymatic activity of an apple DAHPS (MdDAHPS1) and suppressed DAHPS-mediated secondary metabolite accumulation through blocking the manganese ion binding region of DAHPS. Dramatically, transgene analysis revealed that overexpression of MdDAHPS1 provided apple with a complete resistance to <i>C. fructicola</i>.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>We showed that a novel effector CfEC28 can be delivered into plant chloroplasts and contributes to the full virulence of <i>C. fructicola</i> by targeting the DAHPS to disrupt the pathway linking the metabolism of primary carbohydrates with the biosynthesis of aromatic defense compounds.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Our study provides important insights for understanding plant–microbe interactions and a valuable gene for improving plant disease resistance.</li>\u0000 </ul>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gregory R Quetin,Leander D L Anderegg,Indra Boving,Anna T Trugman
Observational evidence indicates that tree leaf area may acclimate in response to changes in water availability to alleviate hydraulic stress. However, the underlying mechanisms driving leaf area changes and consequences of different leaf area allocation strategies remain unknown. Here, we use a trait-based hydraulically enabled tree model with two endmember leaf area allocation strategies, aimed at either maximizing carbon gain or moderating hydraulic stress. We examined the impacts of these strategies on future plant stress and productivity. Allocating leaf area to maximize carbon gain increased productivity with high CO2, but systematically increased hydraulic stress. Following an allocation strategy to avoid increased future hydraulic stress missed out on 26% of the potential future net primary productivity in some geographies. Both endmember leaf area allocation strategies resulted in leaf area decreases under future climate scenarios, contrary to Earth system model (ESM) predictions. Leaf area acclimation to avoid increased hydraulic stress (and potentially the risk of accelerated mortality) was possible, but led to reduced carbon gain. Accounting for plant hydraulic effects on canopy acclimation in ESMs could limit or reverse current projections of future increases in leaf area, with consequences for the carbon and water cycles, and surface energy budgets.
{"title":"A moving target: trade-offs between maximizing carbon and minimizing hydraulic stress for plants in a changing climate.","authors":"Gregory R Quetin,Leander D L Anderegg,Indra Boving,Anna T Trugman","doi":"10.1111/nph.20127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20127","url":null,"abstract":"Observational evidence indicates that tree leaf area may acclimate in response to changes in water availability to alleviate hydraulic stress. However, the underlying mechanisms driving leaf area changes and consequences of different leaf area allocation strategies remain unknown. Here, we use a trait-based hydraulically enabled tree model with two endmember leaf area allocation strategies, aimed at either maximizing carbon gain or moderating hydraulic stress. We examined the impacts of these strategies on future plant stress and productivity. Allocating leaf area to maximize carbon gain increased productivity with high CO2, but systematically increased hydraulic stress. Following an allocation strategy to avoid increased future hydraulic stress missed out on 26% of the potential future net primary productivity in some geographies. Both endmember leaf area allocation strategies resulted in leaf area decreases under future climate scenarios, contrary to Earth system model (ESM) predictions. Leaf area acclimation to avoid increased hydraulic stress (and potentially the risk of accelerated mortality) was possible, but led to reduced carbon gain. Accounting for plant hydraulic effects on canopy acclimation in ESMs could limit or reverse current projections of future increases in leaf area, with consequences for the carbon and water cycles, and surface energy budgets.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Plant virus community structuring is shaped by habitat heterogeneity and traits for host plant resource utilisation","authors":"Michael McLeish, Adrián Peláez, Israel Pagán, Rosario G. Gavilán, Aurora Fraile, Fernando García-Arenal","doi":"10.1111/nph.20054","DOIUrl":"10.1111/nph.20054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Leaf mining induced chemical defense of a Late Triassic ginkgophyte plant.","authors":"Tao Zhao,Sui Wan,Senleyi Li,Zhuo Feng","doi":"10.1111/nph.20154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20154","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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