Ziyi Cai, Qinglong You, James A. Screen, Hans W. Chen, Ruonan Zhang, Zhiyan Zuo, Deliang Chen, Judah Cohen, Shichang Kang, Weiming Ma, Sergey K. Gulev, G. W. K. Moore, Renhe Zhang
Arctic precipitation has increased in recent decades (hereafter, Arctic wetting), but the drivers remain uncertain. Using observations, reanalyses, and single-model initial-condition large ensembles (SMILEs), we show that enhanced evaporation due to sea ice loss has been the primary driver of Arctic wetting during 1979–2024, especially in the Atlantic sector. However, the externally forced component in most SMILEs explains only ~69% of sea ice loss and 75% of wetting in the observations and reanalyses. Further analysis reveals that the observed transition of one of the Northern Hemisphere’s interdecadal internal variability—Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV)—from a negative to a positive phase substantially enhanced Arctic sea ice loss, thereby accelerating wetting by about 31%. Under SSP3-7.0, if the AMV switches phase in the near future from the current +1 to a −1 standard deviation anomaly, then the rates of Arctic sea ice loss and wetting would slow by nearly 29 and 33%, respectively, relative to the externally forced response alone. These results underscore the pivotal role of AMV in modulating Arctic sea ice loss and wetting and highlight the need to account for AMV phase changes in near-term Arctic climate projections.
{"title":"Role of Atlantic multidecadal variability in modulating Arctic sea ice loss and wetting","authors":"Ziyi Cai, Qinglong You, James A. Screen, Hans W. Chen, Ruonan Zhang, Zhiyan Zuo, Deliang Chen, Judah Cohen, Shichang Kang, Weiming Ma, Sergey K. Gulev, G. W. K. Moore, Renhe Zhang","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.ady7595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady7595","url":null,"abstract":"Arctic precipitation has increased in recent decades (hereafter, Arctic wetting), but the drivers remain uncertain. Using observations, reanalyses, and single-model initial-condition large ensembles (SMILEs), we show that enhanced evaporation due to sea ice loss has been the primary driver of Arctic wetting during 1979–2024, especially in the Atlantic sector. However, the externally forced component in most SMILEs explains only ~69% of sea ice loss and 75% of wetting in the observations and reanalyses. Further analysis reveals that the observed transition of one of the Northern Hemisphere’s interdecadal internal variability—Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV)—from a negative to a positive phase substantially enhanced Arctic sea ice loss, thereby accelerating wetting by about 31%. Under SSP3-7.0, if the AMV switches phase in the near future from the current +1 to a −1 standard deviation anomaly, then the rates of Arctic sea ice loss and wetting would slow by nearly 29 and 33%, respectively, relative to the externally forced response alone. These results underscore the pivotal role of AMV in modulating Arctic sea ice loss and wetting and highlight the need to account for AMV phase changes in near-term Arctic climate projections.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"39 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High-profile cases of police violence have given rise to contentious debates, yet scholars know little about why individuals interpret violent police encounters differently. We fielded a survey experiment in Germany designed to probe whether the victim’s identity matters to public opinion ( N = 15,941). Our design approximates the way news events unfold sequentially over time, allowing us to measure whether eventual discriminatory beliefs persist even in the face of mounting evidence. We show that respondents are less likely to consider the actions of the police to constitute misconduct when the victim has an immigrant name compared to a traditionally German name. Discriminatory beliefs remain even when respondents are informed about evidence confirming that misconduct occurred. Our analysis shows that these results are driven by right-wing respondents, with both moderates and extremists exhibiting discriminatory beliefs and a resistance to updating. These findings help illuminate why debates over policing are so intractable.
{"title":"Public opinion on police misconduct: Discrimination and information resistance","authors":"Kristine Eck, Christoph V. Steinert","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb9501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeb9501","url":null,"abstract":"High-profile cases of police violence have given rise to contentious debates, yet scholars know little about why individuals interpret violent police encounters differently. We fielded a survey experiment in Germany designed to probe whether the victim’s identity matters to public opinion ( <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N</jats:italic> = 15,941). Our design approximates the way news events unfold sequentially over time, allowing us to measure whether eventual discriminatory beliefs persist even in the face of mounting evidence. We show that respondents are less likely to consider the actions of the police to constitute misconduct when the victim has an immigrant name compared to a traditionally German name. Discriminatory beliefs remain even when respondents are informed about evidence confirming that misconduct occurred. Our analysis shows that these results are driven by right-wing respondents, with both moderates and extremists exhibiting discriminatory beliefs and a resistance to updating. These findings help illuminate why debates over policing are so intractable.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaolin Wang, Daniel J. Jacob, Hannah Nesser, Nicholas Balasus, Lucas A. Estrada, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Daniel H. Cusworth, Tia R. Scarpelli, Zichong Chen, James D. East, Daniel J. Varon
Urban areas are major sources of population-driven methane with high potential for mitigation, but emission quantification and sectoral attribution remain uncertain. Using satellite observations and a high-resolution (12 kilometers by 12 kilometers) atmospheric inversion framework, we find that emissions from 12 major US urban areas are 80% higher than the US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory (EPA GHGI), with up to four times higher emissions in Houston but 32 to 37% lower emissions in Los Angeles and Cincinnati. Landfills are the principal cause of inventory underestimates, with city-level management practices driving large variations in per capita emissions. Examination of individual landfills with gas collection systems shows gas collection efficiencies averaging 38% (range: 5 to 90%), much lower than their reported average of 70% (range: 40 to 87%). An exception is Los Angeles, where we find landfill gas collection averaging 85%, suggesting large urban methane mitigation potential through improved landfill management.
{"title":"Quantifying urban and landfill methane emissions in the United States using TROPOMI satellite data","authors":"Xiaolin Wang, Daniel J. Jacob, Hannah Nesser, Nicholas Balasus, Lucas A. Estrada, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Daniel H. Cusworth, Tia R. Scarpelli, Zichong Chen, James D. East, Daniel J. Varon","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adz9308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adz9308","url":null,"abstract":"Urban areas are major sources of population-driven methane with high potential for mitigation, but emission quantification and sectoral attribution remain uncertain. Using satellite observations and a high-resolution (12 kilometers by 12 kilometers) atmospheric inversion framework, we find that emissions from 12 major US urban areas are 80% higher than the US Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Inventory (EPA GHGI), with up to four times higher emissions in Houston but 32 to 37% lower emissions in Los Angeles and Cincinnati. Landfills are the principal cause of inventory underestimates, with city-level management practices driving large variations in per capita emissions. Examination of individual landfills with gas collection systems shows gas collection efficiencies averaging 38% (range: 5 to 90%), much lower than their reported average of 70% (range: 40 to 87%). An exception is Los Angeles, where we find landfill gas collection averaging 85%, suggesting large urban methane mitigation potential through improved landfill management.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The era of intelligent machines demands advanced hardware capable of high-density data collection and processing within compact platforms. Thermal-infrared emission, with its dual functionalities of heat and light, enables promising applications in optical data acquisition and information processing. However, the inherent stochastic nature and slow thermal response speed of thermal emission limit practical applications. In this work, we demonstrate electrically programmable, pixelated metasurfaces based on GeTe phase-change materials that enable dynamic and localized control of thermal-infrared emission. By integrating GeTe into hybrid plasmonic meta-atoms with strong field confinement, we achieve fast, nonvolatile switching with large optical contrast using minimal active material. This approach allows multidimensional tunability, establishing a versatile platform for reconfigurable photonic systems with high integration density, adaptive functionality, and embedded intelligence.
{"title":"Pixelated electrically reconfigurable metasurfaces for intelligent thermal emission control","authors":"Xiu Liu, Hyeonggyun Kim, Zexiao Wang, Xinyi Fang, Yibai Zhong, Tianyi Huang, Muchuan Chen, Gianluca Piazza, Sheng Sheng","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb2016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeb2016","url":null,"abstract":"The era of intelligent machines demands advanced hardware capable of high-density data collection and processing within compact platforms. Thermal-infrared emission, with its dual functionalities of heat and light, enables promising applications in optical data acquisition and information processing. However, the inherent stochastic nature and slow thermal response speed of thermal emission limit practical applications. In this work, we demonstrate electrically programmable, pixelated metasurfaces based on GeTe phase-change materials that enable dynamic and localized control of thermal-infrared emission. By integrating GeTe into hybrid plasmonic meta-atoms with strong field confinement, we achieve fast, nonvolatile switching with large optical contrast using minimal active material. This approach allows multidimensional tunability, establishing a versatile platform for reconfigurable photonic systems with high integration density, adaptive functionality, and embedded intelligence.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yiming Niu, Keith F. DeLuca, Randall H. Owen, Hide A. Konishi, Rui Gong, Gregory M. Alushin, Jennifer G. DeLuca, Hironori Funabiki
Accurate chromosome segregation requires differential regulation of microtubule-binding substrates by Aurora B, the kinase subunit of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC). How microtubules simultaneously up- and down-regulate Aurora B phosphorylation remains unclear. Devising a new cryo–electron microscopy workflow, we determined microtubule-bound structures of the CPC and key Aurora B substrates that resolve their phosphorylation sites, finding that microtubules can promote or restrict Aurora B–mediated phosphorylation depending upon binding geometry. The kinetochore Ndc80 complex oligomerizes on microtubules through multivalent interactions including its kinase recognition sites, sterically restricting kinase access to counteract phosphorylation-induced detachment. Attenuating this oligomerization compromised stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments and causes chromosome mis-segregation. Conversely, Aurora B recognition sites of the microtubule-depolymerase mitotic centromere–associated kinesin (MCAK) remain accessible on microtubules, explaining how microtubule-bound CPC can promote MCAK phosphorylation and inactivation. We propose that microtubule-guided substrate remodeling can serve as a general mechanism for controlling Aurora B–mediated phosphorylation during mitosis, which can coordinate diverse processes underlying faithful chromosome segregation.
{"title":"Microtubules guide Aurora B substrate geometries for accurate chromosome segregation","authors":"Yiming Niu, Keith F. DeLuca, Randall H. Owen, Hide A. Konishi, Rui Gong, Gregory M. Alushin, Jennifer G. DeLuca, Hironori Funabiki","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea2112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aea2112","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate chromosome segregation requires differential regulation of microtubule-binding substrates by Aurora B, the kinase subunit of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC). How microtubules simultaneously up- and down-regulate Aurora B phosphorylation remains unclear. Devising a new cryo–electron microscopy workflow, we determined microtubule-bound structures of the CPC and key Aurora B substrates that resolve their phosphorylation sites, finding that microtubules can promote or restrict Aurora B–mediated phosphorylation depending upon binding geometry. The kinetochore Ndc80 complex oligomerizes on microtubules through multivalent interactions including its kinase recognition sites, sterically restricting kinase access to counteract phosphorylation-induced detachment. Attenuating this oligomerization compromised stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments and causes chromosome mis-segregation. Conversely, Aurora B recognition sites of the microtubule-depolymerase mitotic centromere–associated kinesin (MCAK) remain accessible on microtubules, explaining how microtubule-bound CPC can promote MCAK phosphorylation and inactivation. We propose that microtubule-guided substrate remodeling can serve as a general mechanism for controlling Aurora B–mediated phosphorylation during mitosis, which can coordinate diverse processes underlying faithful chromosome segregation.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"151 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seong-eun G. Kim, Rachael Ott, Alexis Bretin, Hirohito Abo, Yanling Wang, Yadong Wang, Shawn Winer, Daniel A. Winer, Lavanya Reddivari, Stacey L. Heaver, Ruth E. Ley, Michael Pellizzon, Vu L. Ngo, Andrew T. Gewirtz
The advent of highly refined wheat products has reduced fiber consumption, which is associated with increased risk for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We found that enriching diets with wheat fiber (WF) protected mice against colitis, especially relative to a low-fiber diet, as assessed by clinical, histopathologic, morphologic, and immunologic parameters. WF’s protection against colitis was independent of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) yet associated with preservation of microbiota diversity, including maintenance of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ( B. theta ), which was necessary and sufficient for WF’s colitis protection. B. theta ’s presence in gnotobiotic mice resulted in WF-induced fecal metabolites that reprogrammed macrophages toward an M2-like phenotype. Metabolic and phenotypic reprogramming of macrophages ex vivo via WF-induced metabolites, followed by their transplantation into mice, recapitulated WF’s protection against colitis. Thus, microbiota-mediated metabolism of WF promotes macrophages that reduce proneness to intestinal inflammation, suggesting a mechanism by which WF consumption may curb development of IBD.
高度精制小麦产品的出现减少了纤维的消耗，这与炎症性肠病（IBD）的风险增加有关。我们发现，通过临床、组织病理学、形态学和免疫学参数评估，富含小麦纤维（WF）的饮食可以保护小鼠免受结肠炎的侵害，尤其是相对于低纤维饮食而言。WF对结肠炎的保护作用不依赖于短链脂肪酸（SCFAs），但与微生物群多样性的保存有关，包括维持拟杆菌（Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron， B. theta），这对WF的结肠炎保护是必要和充分的。B. theta的存在导致wf诱导的粪便代谢物将巨噬细胞重编程为m2样表型。体外通过WF诱导的代谢物对巨噬细胞进行代谢和表型重编程，然后将其移植到小鼠体内，再现了WF对结肠炎的保护作用。因此，微生物群介导的WF代谢促进巨噬细胞减少肠道炎症的易感性，提示WF消耗可能抑制IBD发展的机制。
{"title":"Wheat fiber mitigates colitis via non-SCFA microbial metabolite-trained intestinal macrophages","authors":"Seong-eun G. Kim, Rachael Ott, Alexis Bretin, Hirohito Abo, Yanling Wang, Yadong Wang, Shawn Winer, Daniel A. Winer, Lavanya Reddivari, Stacey L. Heaver, Ruth E. Ley, Michael Pellizzon, Vu L. Ngo, Andrew T. Gewirtz","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aec5757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aec5757","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of highly refined wheat products has reduced fiber consumption, which is associated with increased risk for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We found that enriching diets with wheat fiber (WF) protected mice against colitis, especially relative to a low-fiber diet, as assessed by clinical, histopathologic, morphologic, and immunologic parameters. WF’s protection against colitis was independent of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) yet associated with preservation of microbiota diversity, including maintenance of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</jats:italic> ( <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. theta</jats:italic> ), which was necessary and sufficient for WF’s colitis protection. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. theta</jats:italic> ’s presence in gnotobiotic mice resulted in WF-induced fecal metabolites that reprogrammed macrophages toward an M2-like phenotype. Metabolic and phenotypic reprogramming of macrophages ex vivo via WF-induced metabolites, followed by their transplantation into mice, recapitulated WF’s protection against colitis. Thus, microbiota-mediated metabolism of WF promotes macrophages that reduce proneness to intestinal inflammation, suggesting a mechanism by which WF consumption may curb development of IBD.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sjoerd Meijer, Eleonora Carpino, Benjamin R. Kop, Jesse Lam, Lycia D. de Voogd, Karin Roelofs, Lennart Verhagen
Here, we resolve the long-standing but unconfirmed hypothesis that the human amygdala is essential for rapidly acquiring cued-conditioned threat responses. We provide causal evidence for the amygdala’s contribution to forming threat memories that are resistant to extinction. Using transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), a noninvasive technique that modulates deep brain structures with high spatial and temporal precision, we targeted the bilateral amygdala during Pavlovian threat conditioning in healthy adults. Linear mixed-effects models and computational modeling of trial-level skin conductance responses revealed that amygdala-TUS (experiment I, n = 25), but not hippocampus-TUS (experiment II, n = 25), selectively slowed initial threat acquisition, augmented subsequent extinction, and modulated declarative memory of retrospective threat probability. These findings demonstrate that the human amygdala drives an emotional learning state—learning fast, forgetting slow. Our study shows the potential of TUS for targeted neuromodulation of human deep brain structures implicated in conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder, where pathological threat memories persist despite therapy.
{"title":"The human amygdala in threat learning and extinction","authors":"Sjoerd Meijer, Eleonora Carpino, Benjamin R. Kop, Jesse Lam, Lycia D. de Voogd, Karin Roelofs, Lennart Verhagen","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea8233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aea8233","url":null,"abstract":"Here, we resolve the long-standing but unconfirmed hypothesis that the human amygdala is essential for rapidly acquiring cued-conditioned threat responses. We provide causal evidence for the amygdala’s contribution to forming threat memories that are resistant to extinction. Using transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS), a noninvasive technique that modulates deep brain structures with high spatial and temporal precision, we targeted the bilateral amygdala during Pavlovian threat conditioning in healthy adults. Linear mixed-effects models and computational modeling of trial-level skin conductance responses revealed that amygdala-TUS (experiment I, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n</jats:italic> = 25), but not hippocampus-TUS (experiment II, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n</jats:italic> = 25), selectively slowed initial threat acquisition, augmented subsequent extinction, and modulated declarative memory of retrospective threat probability. These findings demonstrate that the human amygdala drives an emotional learning state—learning fast, forgetting slow. Our study shows the potential of TUS for targeted neuromodulation of human deep brain structures implicated in conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder, where pathological threat memories persist despite therapy.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147506996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Casparian strip (CS) seals the extracellular space between neighboring endodermal cells and helps plants maintain nutrient homeostasis. However, little is known about CS formation and function in rice. Here, we demonstrate that GAPLESS1/2/3, along with OsCASP1/2/3/5, redundantly regulate endodermal CS formation by forming an interdependent complex in rice. Triple knockout of GAPLESSs or quadruple knockout of OsCASPs resulted in delayed CS initiation, disrupted CS-CSD adhesion, and disordered CS at the endodermis. In these mutants, GAPLESS1, OsCASP1, and SCHENGEN3a (OsSGN3a) uniformly localized to the plasma membrane or cytoplasm in root tips, with lower abundance in endodermal cells. Furthermore, CS defects in these mutants triggered strong suberization on endodermal cells via OsSGN3a/b-mediated signaling, thereby restricting and reducing the accumulation of the Si transporter Lsi1 exclusively to nonsuberized cells. Like Oscasp1 , the triple gapless mutant exhibited large ionomic changes in shoots. Therefore, the GAPLESS-OsCASP complex functions in CS formation, with its roles in regulating ion homeostasis and protein localization and abundance.
{"title":"The GAPLESS-OsCASP complex mediates Casparian strip formation for proper localization and abundance of endodermal proteins in rice","authors":"Baolei Zhang, Xiaoqian Sun, Chunmei Meng, Huawei Zheng, Jinge Liu, Ruiting Liu, Tianyi Tan, Boning Xin, Xingxiang Chen, Jixing Xia","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb7840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeb7840","url":null,"abstract":"Casparian strip (CS) seals the extracellular space between neighboring endodermal cells and helps plants maintain nutrient homeostasis. However, little is known about CS formation and function in rice. Here, we demonstrate that GAPLESS1/2/3, along with OsCASP1/2/3/5, redundantly regulate endodermal CS formation by forming an interdependent complex in rice. Triple knockout of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">GAPLESSs</jats:italic> or quadruple knockout of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">OsCASPs</jats:italic> resulted in delayed CS initiation, disrupted CS-CSD adhesion, and disordered CS at the endodermis. In these mutants, GAPLESS1, OsCASP1, and SCHENGEN3a (OsSGN3a) uniformly localized to the plasma membrane or cytoplasm in root tips, with lower abundance in endodermal cells. Furthermore, CS defects in these mutants triggered strong suberization on endodermal cells via OsSGN3a/b-mediated signaling, thereby restricting and reducing the accumulation of the Si transporter Lsi1 exclusively to nonsuberized cells. Like <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Oscasp1</jats:italic> , the triple <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gapless</jats:italic> mutant exhibited large ionomic changes in shoots. Therefore, the GAPLESS-OsCASP complex functions in CS formation, with its roles in regulating ion homeostasis and protein localization and abundance.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Cheng, Heike Lindner, Lidia Hoffmann, Antonio Aristides Pereira Gomes Filho, Paola Ruiz Duarte, Susanna F. Boxall, Yiğit Berkay Gündoğmuş, Jessica H. Pritchard, Sam Haldenby, Matthew Gemmell, Alistair Darby, Miro Läderach, James Hartwell, Michael T. Raissig
Among the evolutionary innovations of many succulents is a photosynthetic lifestyle, where stomatal gas exchange is decoupled from light-dependent carbon fixation. Many Crassulaceae leaf succulents form a stomatal morphotype consisting of kidney-shaped guard cells surrounded by three anisocytic subsidiary cells (SCs), whose function and development remained unknown. Here, we established Kalanchoë laxiflora as a developmental model. Potassium staining suggested SCs to shuttle osmolytes and support turgor-driven stomatal movements. Gene editing, reporter lines, protein overexpression, and RNA sequencing implicated the stomatal transcription factor MUTE in facilitating the additional rounds of asymmetric divisions required to form SCs in succulents. This is opposite to the role of MUTE in Arabidopsis thaliana , where it stops rather than induces asymmetric divisions but reminiscent of MUTE ’s subsidiary cell–related function in grasses. Our work firmly establishes K. laxiflora as a model for succulent development and deciphers an intricate genetic mechanism that generates innovative stomatal morphology in Crassulaceae succulents.
{"title":"MUTE drives asymmetric divisions to form stomatal subsidiary cells in Crassulaceae succulents","authors":"Xin Cheng, Heike Lindner, Lidia Hoffmann, Antonio Aristides Pereira Gomes Filho, Paola Ruiz Duarte, Susanna F. Boxall, Yiğit Berkay Gündoğmuş, Jessica H. Pritchard, Sam Haldenby, Matthew Gemmell, Alistair Darby, Miro Läderach, James Hartwell, Michael T. Raissig","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb8145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeb8145","url":null,"abstract":"Among the evolutionary innovations of many succulents is a photosynthetic lifestyle, where stomatal gas exchange is decoupled from light-dependent carbon fixation. Many Crassulaceae leaf succulents form a stomatal morphotype consisting of kidney-shaped guard cells surrounded by three anisocytic subsidiary cells (SCs), whose function and development remained unknown. Here, we established <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Kalanchoë laxiflora</jats:italic> as a developmental model. Potassium staining suggested SCs to shuttle osmolytes and support turgor-driven stomatal movements. Gene editing, reporter lines, protein overexpression, and RNA sequencing implicated the stomatal transcription factor <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MUTE</jats:italic> in facilitating the additional rounds of asymmetric divisions required to form SCs in succulents. This is opposite to the role of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MUTE</jats:italic> in <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Arabidopsis thaliana</jats:italic> , where it stops rather than induces asymmetric divisions but reminiscent of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MUTE</jats:italic> ’s subsidiary cell–related function in grasses. Our work firmly establishes <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. laxiflora</jats:italic> as a model for succulent development and deciphers an intricate genetic mechanism that generates innovative stomatal morphology in Crassulaceae succulents.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147507244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
RNA structure starts forming cotranscriptionally as the nascent RNA emerges from the RNA polymerase and is dynamically modulated by cellular factors. How individual RNA conformations, out of an ensemble of RNA molecules, relate to function is not well understood. Here, developing multicolor single-molecule fluorescence microscopy experiments, we track in real time nascent RNA structure formation, functionally characterizing up to eight different types of RNA molecules. We find that ribosomal proteins, RNA modification enzymes or antisense oligonucleotides specifically modulate a subset of the RNA folding classes. For example, we provide direct evidence that increased local RNA accessibility at specific sites correlates with the chaperoning activity of ribosomal proteins during ribosome assembly. These experiments provide a general framework to study how dynamic RNA folding, and misfolding, relates to function.
{"title":"Functional characterization of dynamic nascent RNA folding ensembles in real time","authors":"Kavan Gor, Eva Maria Geissen, Olivier Duss","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aec4037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aec4037","url":null,"abstract":"RNA structure starts forming cotranscriptionally as the nascent RNA emerges from the RNA polymerase and is dynamically modulated by cellular factors. How individual RNA conformations, out of an ensemble of RNA molecules, relate to function is not well understood. Here, developing multicolor single-molecule fluorescence microscopy experiments, we track in real time nascent RNA structure formation, functionally characterizing up to eight different types of RNA molecules. We find that ribosomal proteins, RNA modification enzymes or antisense oligonucleotides specifically modulate a subset of the RNA folding classes. For example, we provide direct evidence that increased local RNA accessibility at specific sites correlates with the chaperoning activity of ribosomal proteins during ribosome assembly. These experiments provide a general framework to study how dynamic RNA folding, and misfolding, relates to function.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147489346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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