Vidyanand Sasidharan, Laura Ancellotti, Viraj Doddihal, Carolyn Brewster, Frederick Mann, Mary Cathleen McKinney, Joseph Varberg, Eric Ross, Fengyan Deng, Kexi Yi, Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
Planarian flatworms are known for their remarkable regenerative capacity; however, the precise intercellular communication mechanisms underlying this process remain unsolved. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of abundant extracellular vesicles (EVs) in planarians. Using imaging and molecular analysis, we show conservation of biogenesis, morphology, and protein composition of planarian EVs. Environmental stressors significantly elevate EV release, indicating that planarians dynamically regulate vesicle production. Functionally, planarian EVs mediate intercellular communication by transferring regulatory signals: We find that they shuttle small RNAs that effect systemic RNA interference (RNAi) throughout the organism. Notably, gene knockdown experiments reveal a crucial role for AGO-3, a member of the Argonaute family of proteins, in modulating the association of small interfering RNAs with EVs, linking the intracellular RNAi machinery to EV-based signaling. These findings highlight EVs as pivotal mediators of cell-cell communication in planarians, with broad implications for understanding the coordination of gene regulation and tissue regeneration in animals.
{"title":"Extracellular vesicles mediate stem cell signaling and systemic RNAi in planarians","authors":"Vidyanand Sasidharan, Laura Ancellotti, Viraj Doddihal, Carolyn Brewster, Frederick Mann, Mary Cathleen McKinney, Joseph Varberg, Eric Ross, Fengyan Deng, Kexi Yi, Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.ady1461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady1461","url":null,"abstract":"Planarian flatworms are known for their remarkable regenerative capacity; however, the precise intercellular communication mechanisms underlying this process remain unsolved. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of abundant extracellular vesicles (EVs) in planarians. Using imaging and molecular analysis, we show conservation of biogenesis, morphology, and protein composition of planarian EVs. Environmental stressors significantly elevate EV release, indicating that planarians dynamically regulate vesicle production. Functionally, planarian EVs mediate intercellular communication by transferring regulatory signals: We find that they shuttle small RNAs that effect systemic RNA interference (RNAi) throughout the organism. Notably, gene knockdown experiments reveal a crucial role for AGO-3, a member of the Argonaute family of proteins, in modulating the association of small interfering RNAs with EVs, linking the intracellular RNAi machinery to EV-based signaling. These findings highlight EVs as pivotal mediators of cell-cell communication in planarians, with broad implications for understanding the coordination of gene regulation and tissue regeneration in animals.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liwen Bai, Ting Dan, Peng Cheng, Xiaoqin Yang, Hua Xiang, Weikang Zhai, Yifei Chen, Rong Huang, Qi Wang, Kai Li, Jinming Gao, Xinxiang Lei
Cyclic peptides exhibit advantages in binding protein targets with high affinity and competency in inhibiting protein-protein interactions. Cyclic peptide phage display with more than a billion variants is an invaluable tool in drug discovery. However, achieving efficient peptide cyclization on phages remains a challenge because of the limited availability of reaction sites, which also restrict scaffold diversity. Here, we report an isothiocyanate-derived cross-linker featuring dual reactive groups: a bromide that covalently attaches to cysteine thiols and a thiocyanogen that selectively forms a thiourea bridge with either the N-terminal amino group or ε-amines of lysine, depending on pH. This strategy enables pH-modulated cyclization. At pH 6.5, head–to–side chain cyclization occurs, and at pH 9.5, side chain–to–side chain ligation is performed. Both processes simultaneously generate thiourea scaffolds. To demonstrate the versatility and biocompatibility of this approach, we constructed cyclic peptide libraries using both cyclization methods and successfully selected binders for several targets, including cyclophilin D, murine double minute 2, and Keap1, with dissociation constants ranging from micromolar to nanomolar. Given the broad pharmacological potential of the thiourea moiety, this phage display library opens previously unidentified chemical space with high scaffold diversity and the integration of a proven pharmacophore for the development of cyclic peptide therapeutics.
{"title":"Isothiocyanate-mediated cyclization of phage-displayed peptides enables discovery of macrocyclic binders","authors":"Liwen Bai, Ting Dan, Peng Cheng, Xiaoqin Yang, Hua Xiang, Weikang Zhai, Yifei Chen, Rong Huang, Qi Wang, Kai Li, Jinming Gao, Xinxiang Lei","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb7086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeb7086","url":null,"abstract":"Cyclic peptides exhibit advantages in binding protein targets with high affinity and competency in inhibiting protein-protein interactions. Cyclic peptide phage display with more than a billion variants is an invaluable tool in drug discovery. However, achieving efficient peptide cyclization on phages remains a challenge because of the limited availability of reaction sites, which also restrict scaffold diversity. Here, we report an isothiocyanate-derived cross-linker featuring dual reactive groups: a bromide that covalently attaches to cysteine thiols and a thiocyanogen that selectively forms a thiourea bridge with either the N-terminal amino group or ε-amines of lysine, depending on pH. This strategy enables pH-modulated cyclization. At pH 6.5, head–to–side chain cyclization occurs, and at pH 9.5, side chain–to–side chain ligation is performed. Both processes simultaneously generate thiourea scaffolds. To demonstrate the versatility and biocompatibility of this approach, we constructed cyclic peptide libraries using both cyclization methods and successfully selected binders for several targets, including cyclophilin D, murine double minute 2, and Keap1, with dissociation constants ranging from micromolar to nanomolar. Given the broad pharmacological potential of the thiourea moiety, this phage display library opens previously unidentified chemical space with high scaffold diversity and the integration of a proven pharmacophore for the development of cyclic peptide therapeutics.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ines Sturmlechner, Abhinav Jain, Jingjing Jiang, Hirohisa Okuyama, Yunmei Mu, Maryam Own, Cornelia M. Weyand, Jörg J. Goronzy
Older adults are susceptible to infections in part due to waning of immune memory. To uncover mechanisms of a long-lasting immune memory, we contrasted varicella zoster virus antigen–specific memory T cell responses in adults vaccinated at young (<20 years) or older age (>50 years) with a live-attenuated vaccine conferring durable protection only when given at young age or with an adjuvanted component vaccine eliciting long-lasting immunity in older adults. Unlike VZV-specific CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells exhibited profound age-sensitive changes including memory subset shifts, reduced T cell receptor diversity, and loss of stem-like features. Vaccination of older adults with the adjuvanted vaccine did not restore CD8 + defects but selectively enhanced T helper 17 (T H 17) CD4 + T cells and prevented their conversion into regulatory T cells, likely through lipid metabolic regulation. Thus, durable vaccine efficacy with aging relies on antigen-specific T H 17 cells that compensate for CD8 + T cell defects.
{"title":"Antigen-specific T H 17 cells offset the age-related decline in durable T cell immunity","authors":"Ines Sturmlechner, Abhinav Jain, Jingjing Jiang, Hirohisa Okuyama, Yunmei Mu, Maryam Own, Cornelia M. Weyand, Jörg J. Goronzy","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea7131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aea7131","url":null,"abstract":"Older adults are susceptible to infections in part due to waning of immune memory. To uncover mechanisms of a long-lasting immune memory, we contrasted varicella zoster virus antigen–specific memory T cell responses in adults vaccinated at young (<20 years) or older age (>50 years) with a live-attenuated vaccine conferring durable protection only when given at young age or with an adjuvanted component vaccine eliciting long-lasting immunity in older adults. Unlike VZV-specific CD4 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T cells, CD8 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T cells exhibited profound age-sensitive changes including memory subset shifts, reduced T cell receptor diversity, and loss of stem-like features. Vaccination of older adults with the adjuvanted vaccine did not restore CD8 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> defects but selectively enhanced T helper 17 (T <jats:sub>H</jats:sub> 17) CD4 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T cells and prevented their conversion into regulatory T cells, likely through lipid metabolic regulation. Thus, durable vaccine efficacy with aging relies on antigen-specific T <jats:sub>H</jats:sub> 17 cells that compensate for CD8 <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T cell defects.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum for the Research Article \"A multi-agentic framework for real-time, autonomous freeform metasurface design\" by R. Lupoiu <i>et al</i>.","authors":"","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aef5670","DOIUrl":"10.1126/sciadv.aef5670","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"12 6","pages":"eaef5670"},"PeriodicalIF":12.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12880524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146132830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ya-Xuan Zhu, Zhixin Chen, Yanling You, Yihan Chen, Wenjie Yu, Xue Guan, Piao Zhu, Jie Yang, Min Ge, Xiaojun Chen, Han Lin, Jianlin Shi
Thrombotic disorders remain among the leading causes of global mortality, yet current thrombolytic therapies are limited by poor targeting specificity and inadequate microenvironmental modulation, resulting in suboptimal efficacy and serious side effects. Here, we developed a hydrogen-generating nanothrombolytic agent that enables enzymatic clot dissolution in combination with intelligent microenvironment reprogramming. Specifically, we assembled urokinase, a clinical thrombolytic drug, with hydrogenated silicene (SiH) nanosheet and fibrinogen, a substrate of coagulation reaction, to promote thrombolysis. Functionally, SiH nanosheet plays multiple roles in the nanothrombolytics: blocking the functional sites of urokinase to durably inhibit its activity in circulation to prevent systemic bleeding, followed by urokinase reactivation in response to SiH nanosheet self-degradation and prothrombotic microenvironment regulation through the in situ hydrogen generation, which mitigates the oxidative stress of vascular endothelial cells and inhibits their release of procoagulant factors. This microenvironment-adaptive thrombolysis strategy offers a promising paradigm for the precise management of thrombotic emergencies.
{"title":"In situ coagulation environment regulation–assisted thrombus clearance via hydrogenated silicon-based nanothrombolytics","authors":"Ya-Xuan Zhu, Zhixin Chen, Yanling You, Yihan Chen, Wenjie Yu, Xue Guan, Piao Zhu, Jie Yang, Min Ge, Xiaojun Chen, Han Lin, Jianlin Shi","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea4782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aea4782","url":null,"abstract":"Thrombotic disorders remain among the leading causes of global mortality, yet current thrombolytic therapies are limited by poor targeting specificity and inadequate microenvironmental modulation, resulting in suboptimal efficacy and serious side effects. Here, we developed a hydrogen-generating nanothrombolytic agent that enables enzymatic clot dissolution in combination with intelligent microenvironment reprogramming. Specifically, we assembled urokinase, a clinical thrombolytic drug, with hydrogenated silicene (SiH) nanosheet and fibrinogen, a substrate of coagulation reaction, to promote thrombolysis. Functionally, SiH nanosheet plays multiple roles in the nanothrombolytics: blocking the functional sites of urokinase to durably inhibit its activity in circulation to prevent systemic bleeding, followed by urokinase reactivation in response to SiH nanosheet self-degradation and prothrombotic microenvironment regulation through the in situ hydrogen generation, which mitigates the oxidative stress of vascular endothelial cells and inhibits their release of procoagulant factors. This microenvironment-adaptive thrombolysis strategy offers a promising paradigm for the precise management of thrombotic emergencies.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dorsa Amir, Richard E. Ahl, Matthew R. Jordan, Hannah Bolotin, Michael Bogese, Gorana T. González, Tara Callaghan, Lawrence S. Sugiyama, Emily Otali, Patrick Tusiime, Samantha Bangayan, J. Josh Snodgrass, Katherine McAuliffe
Human cooperation involves a set of interconnected behaviors that develop in conjunction with the cultural environment. Despite recent advances in Western, industrialized contexts, we know far less about how cooperative behaviors emerge across cultures, how normative environments shape their development, and how these behaviors relate to one another. Here, we examined the development of four cooperative behaviors—fairness, trustworthiness, forgiveness, and honesty—in children ( N = 413) aged 5 to 13 from five societies: urban United States, rural Uganda, Canada, Peru, and the hunter-horticulturalist Shuar of Ecuador. We also collected normative judgments from peers ( N = 163) and adults ( N = 86) of each community. We find substantial variation in cooperative behaviors and norms across populations, but, more generally, that children’s behaviors and norms tend to converge toward community-specific norms in middle childhood. We also identify three cooperative strategies—maximization, generic cooperation, and partner-contingent cooperation—whose prevalence shifts with age and differs across societies. Together, these findings illuminate how cooperative behavior develops within and across cultures.
{"title":"The emergence of cooperative behaviors, norms, and strategies across five diverse societies","authors":"Dorsa Amir, Richard E. Ahl, Matthew R. Jordan, Hannah Bolotin, Michael Bogese, Gorana T. González, Tara Callaghan, Lawrence S. Sugiyama, Emily Otali, Patrick Tusiime, Samantha Bangayan, J. Josh Snodgrass, Katherine McAuliffe","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adw9995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adw9995","url":null,"abstract":"Human cooperation involves a set of interconnected behaviors that develop in conjunction with the cultural environment. Despite recent advances in Western, industrialized contexts, we know far less about how cooperative behaviors emerge across cultures, how normative environments shape their development, and how these behaviors relate to one another. Here, we examined the development of four cooperative behaviors—fairness, trustworthiness, forgiveness, and honesty—in children ( <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N</jats:italic> = 413) aged 5 to 13 from five societies: urban United States, rural Uganda, Canada, Peru, and the hunter-horticulturalist Shuar of Ecuador. We also collected normative judgments from peers ( <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N</jats:italic> = 163) and adults ( <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N</jats:italic> = 86) of each community. We find substantial variation in cooperative behaviors and norms across populations, but, more generally, that children’s behaviors and norms tend to converge toward community-specific norms in middle childhood. We also identify three cooperative strategies—maximization, generic cooperation, and partner-contingent cooperation—whose prevalence shifts with age and differs across societies. Together, these findings illuminate how cooperative behavior develops within and across cultures.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Blood flow monitoring is fundamental for assessing cardiovascular health and identifying vascular complications. Traditional Doppler ultrasound methods require bulky equipment and specialized expertise, while recent thermal sensing approaches face limitations due to blood vessel depth variability beneath the skin. We present a soft electronic platform that integrates multilayer thermal sensing with deep learning algorithms to simultaneously measure blood flow rate and vessel depth. The device uses a wireless system with thermal sensing modules, featuring strategically positioned thermistors in separate layers to capture thermal gradients at different heights from the skin surface. Deep learning processes multilayer thermal patterns to extract both parameters in real time. Validation through benchtop testing, finite element analysis, and on-body trials demonstrates accurate measurements across relevant flow rates and vessel depths. Integration with photoplethysmography enhances continuous blood pressure monitoring accuracy compared to conventional approaches, particularly during dynamic physiological changes. This technology offers potential for personalized cardiovascular monitoring, early detection of hemodynamic events, and skin graft surveillance.
{"title":"Deep learning–integrated multilayer thermal gradient sensing platform for real-time blood flow monitoring","authors":"Youngmin Sim, Yosep Park, Kyeongha Kwon","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea8902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aea8902","url":null,"abstract":"Blood flow monitoring is fundamental for assessing cardiovascular health and identifying vascular complications. Traditional Doppler ultrasound methods require bulky equipment and specialized expertise, while recent thermal sensing approaches face limitations due to blood vessel depth variability beneath the skin. We present a soft electronic platform that integrates multilayer thermal sensing with deep learning algorithms to simultaneously measure blood flow rate and vessel depth. The device uses a wireless system with thermal sensing modules, featuring strategically positioned thermistors in separate layers to capture thermal gradients at different heights from the skin surface. Deep learning processes multilayer thermal patterns to extract both parameters in real time. Validation through benchtop testing, finite element analysis, and on-body trials demonstrates accurate measurements across relevant flow rates and vessel depths. Integration with photoplethysmography enhances continuous blood pressure monitoring accuracy compared to conventional approaches, particularly during dynamic physiological changes. This technology offers potential for personalized cardiovascular monitoring, early detection of hemodynamic events, and skin graft surveillance.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"302 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
LinXing Chen, Antonio Pedro Camargo, Yiting Qin, Eugene V. Koonin, Haoyu Wang, Yuanqiang Zou, Yi Duan, Hao Li
Huge phages are widespread in the biosphere, yet their prevalence and ecology in the human gut remain poorly characterized. Here, we report Jug (jumbo gut) phages with genomes of 360 to 402 kilobase pairs that comprise ~1.1% of the reads in human gut metagenomes, and are predicted to infect Bacteroides and/or Phocaeicola . Although three of the four major groups of Jug phages shared >90% genome-wide sequence identity, their large terminase subunits exhibited only 38 to 57% identity, suggesting horizontal acquisition from other phages. Over 1500 genomes of Jug phages were recovered from human and animal gut metagenomes, revealing their broad distribution, with largely shared gene content suggestive of frequent cross-animal-host transmission. Jug phages displayed high gene transcription activities, including the gene for a calcium-translocating P-type ATPase not detected previously in phages. These findings broaden our understanding of huge phages and highlight Jug phages as potential major players in gut microbiome ecology.
{"title":"Animal-associated jumbo phages as widespread and active modulators of gut microbiome ecology and metabolism","authors":"LinXing Chen, Antonio Pedro Camargo, Yiting Qin, Eugene V. Koonin, Haoyu Wang, Yuanqiang Zou, Yi Duan, Hao Li","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb6265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeb6265","url":null,"abstract":"Huge phages are widespread in the biosphere, yet their prevalence and ecology in the human gut remain poorly characterized. Here, we report Jug (jumbo gut) phages with genomes of 360 to 402 kilobase pairs that comprise ~1.1% of the reads in human gut metagenomes, and are predicted to infect <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacteroides</jats:italic> and/or <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Phocaeicola</jats:italic> . Although three of the four major groups of Jug phages shared >90% genome-wide sequence identity, their large terminase subunits exhibited only 38 to 57% identity, suggesting horizontal acquisition from other phages. Over 1500 genomes of Jug phages were recovered from human and animal gut metagenomes, revealing their broad distribution, with largely shared gene content suggestive of frequent cross-animal-host transmission. Jug phages displayed high gene transcription activities, including the gene for a calcium-translocating P-type ATPase not detected previously in phages. These findings broaden our understanding of huge phages and highlight Jug phages as potential major players in gut microbiome ecology.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandeep Bose, Saeed Bahadorikhalili, Yuanyi He, Hamidreza Samouei, Richard N. Zare
We report a simple, one-step conversion of air to nitrogen oxyanions (NO x− ), i.e., nitrate (NO 3− ) and nitrite (NO 2− ), at the gas-water interface (GWI) of nanobubbles (NBs). The nanobubble generator is placed inside an aqueous solution of 50 μM Fe 2+ to enhance the production of hydroxyl radicals (OH•) by initiating Fenton’s reaction at the GWI. The formation of NO x− does not require any external potential or radiation. The NO x− production rate using NBs is found to be 60.4 ± 1.21 μM hour −1 , which shows a fourfold increase in the production as compared to the same reaction performed in microbubbles (15 μM hour −1 ), which is the result from an enhanced electric field strength at the GWI. We propose that this nitrogen-fixation approach presents a promising pathway for an eco-friendly, energy-efficient, and scalable solution for NO x− -based sustainable fertilizer production.
{"title":"Highly efficient production of nitrite and nitrate from air at the gas-water interface of nanobubbles","authors":"Sandeep Bose, Saeed Bahadorikhalili, Yuanyi He, Hamidreza Samouei, Richard N. Zare","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aec4225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aec4225","url":null,"abstract":"We report a simple, one-step conversion of air to nitrogen oxyanions (NO <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\"> <jats:sub>x</jats:sub> </jats:italic> <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> ), i.e., nitrate (NO <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> ) and nitrite (NO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> ), at the gas-water interface (GWI) of nanobubbles (NBs). The nanobubble generator is placed inside an aqueous solution of 50 μM Fe <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> to enhance the production of hydroxyl radicals (OH•) by initiating Fenton’s reaction at the GWI. The formation of NO <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\"> <jats:sub>x</jats:sub> </jats:italic> <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> does not require any external potential or radiation. The NO <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\"> <jats:sub>x</jats:sub> </jats:italic> <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> production rate using NBs is found to be 60.4 ± 1.21 μM hour <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> , which shows a fourfold increase in the production as compared to the same reaction performed in microbubbles (15 μM hour <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ), which is the result from an enhanced electric field strength at the GWI. We propose that this nitrogen-fixation approach presents a promising pathway for an eco-friendly, energy-efficient, and scalable solution for NO <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\"> <jats:sub>x</jats:sub> </jats:italic> <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> -based sustainable fertilizer production.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Privacy-preserving data analysis is essential in health care applications to safeguard sensitive patient information while enabling medical monitoring and diagnostics. However, existing solutions generally separate security from analysis modules and memory from computation units, creating hardware and energy overheads that constrain their use in resource-limited medical devices. Here, we introduce the memristor-based colocated authentication and processing (CLAP) system, which achieves security-analysis integration through embedding physical unclonable functions within compute-in-memory architecture. To resolve the incompatibilities between these two features, we propose a differential stochastic mapping method by applying information theory principles. We demonstrate CLAP on a 130-nanometer memristor chip, validating its versatility across diverse information processing tasks. In an electrocardiogram data collection task, CLAP achieves device authentication with an area under the curve of 99.46% and efficient signal compression with a software-level percentage root mean square difference. CLAP demonstrates 146.0-fold energy efficiency gain and 17.6-fold area reduction, providing intrinsically secure hardware solutions that enhance both privacy preservation and computational efficiency for health care applications.
{"title":"Privacy-preserving data analysis using a memristor chip with colocated authentication and processing","authors":"Zhengwu Liu, Zhongrui Wang, Chenchen Ding, Bohan Lin, Jianshi Tang, Bin Gao, Ngai Wong, Huaqiang Wu","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.ady5485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady5485","url":null,"abstract":"Privacy-preserving data analysis is essential in health care applications to safeguard sensitive patient information while enabling medical monitoring and diagnostics. However, existing solutions generally separate security from analysis modules and memory from computation units, creating hardware and energy overheads that constrain their use in resource-limited medical devices. Here, we introduce the memristor-based colocated authentication and processing (CLAP) system, which achieves security-analysis integration through embedding physical unclonable functions within compute-in-memory architecture. To resolve the incompatibilities between these two features, we propose a differential stochastic mapping method by applying information theory principles. We demonstrate CLAP on a 130-nanometer memristor chip, validating its versatility across diverse information processing tasks. In an electrocardiogram data collection task, CLAP achieves device authentication with an area under the curve of 99.46% and efficient signal compression with a software-level percentage root mean square difference. CLAP demonstrates 146.0-fold energy efficiency gain and 17.6-fold area reduction, providing intrinsically secure hardware solutions that enhance both privacy preservation and computational efficiency for health care applications.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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