Homogenizing the upper surface through posttreatment has made great progress in perovskite solar cells. In contrast to the exposed surface, there are no practical remedies if imperfections form randomly at the hidden buried interface after perovskite film generation. Here, we reveal a severe distribution of residual lead iodide, voids, and grain-surface concavities at the buried interface, which severely trap carriers in inactive regions. To address these challenges, we introduce a potassium dihydrogen phosphate competitive-binding interlayer that systematically reduces residual solvents at the buried interface through strong chemical interactions. Homogenized buried interface along with facilitated perovskite film quality and charge extraction have been achieved, enabling year-round improvements in photovoltaic performance and reproducibility. The resultant devices achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.3% (certified at 25.8%) for a 0.07–square centimeter device and 25.17% for a 1.028–square centimeter device. The device also demonstrates exceptional stability, maintaining 97% of its initial PCE after 1000 hours of continuous maximum power point tracking.
{"title":"Competitive-binding buried interlayer for year-round reproducible perovskite solar cells","authors":"Yansong Ge, Weiwei Meng, Zixi Yu, Haibing Wang, Guoyi Chen, Shengjie Du, Lishuai Huang, Chen Wang, Xuzhi Hu, Fang Yao, Xiaojuan Cao, Jiwei Liang, Mingming Hu, Chen Tao, Weijun Ke, Guojia Fang","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea7629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aea7629","url":null,"abstract":"Homogenizing the upper surface through posttreatment has made great progress in perovskite solar cells. In contrast to the exposed surface, there are no practical remedies if imperfections form randomly at the hidden buried interface after perovskite film generation. Here, we reveal a severe distribution of residual lead iodide, voids, and grain-surface concavities at the buried interface, which severely trap carriers in inactive regions. To address these challenges, we introduce a potassium dihydrogen phosphate competitive-binding interlayer that systematically reduces residual solvents at the buried interface through strong chemical interactions. Homogenized buried interface along with facilitated perovskite film quality and charge extraction have been achieved, enabling year-round improvements in photovoltaic performance and reproducibility. The resultant devices achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.3% (certified at 25.8%) for a 0.07–square centimeter device and 25.17% for a 1.028–square centimeter device. The device also demonstrates exceptional stability, maintaining 97% of its initial PCE after 1000 hours of continuous maximum power point tracking.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flavia Aschi, Stefan C. Dekker, David Leclère, Alexandra Marques, Christian Neumann, Geanderson Ambrosio, Detlef P. van Vuuren
Internationally, it has been agreed to halt and reverse biodiversity loss, a commitment partly underpinned by model-based scenario analyses showing that bending the trend is possible. These scenarios provide insights into alternative future biodiversity trends and their drivers. Our meta-analysis differentiates scenarios that project biodiversity loss and that halt or reverse the trend based on their quantitative outcomes and explores their key characteristics such as scenario assumptions, drivers of loss, biodiversity indicators and models used. We found that bending-the-curve studies are scarce, and mostly do no account for climate change, which risks suggesting that the trend can be bent too easily. Our findings indicate that bending is only achievable with integrated efforts across different sectors, such as nature conservation, sustainable food production, diet change, and reduced food waste. To better support policymaking, scenarios should be based on model intercomparisons and use standardize indicators to allow comparisons across studies, account for additional drivers of loss to represent the real threats to biodiversity, and include more ambitious cross-sectoral actions to effectively bend the curve.
{"title":"Can we bend the curve: Trends in global biodiversity scenarios","authors":"Flavia Aschi, Stefan C. Dekker, David Leclère, Alexandra Marques, Christian Neumann, Geanderson Ambrosio, Detlef P. van Vuuren","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb2277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeb2277","url":null,"abstract":"Internationally, it has been agreed to halt and reverse biodiversity loss, a commitment partly underpinned by model-based scenario analyses showing that bending the trend is possible. These scenarios provide insights into alternative future biodiversity trends and their drivers. Our meta-analysis differentiates scenarios that project biodiversity loss and that halt or reverse the trend based on their quantitative outcomes and explores their key characteristics such as scenario assumptions, drivers of loss, biodiversity indicators and models used. We found that bending-the-curve studies are scarce, and mostly do no account for climate change, which risks suggesting that the trend can be bent too easily. Our findings indicate that bending is only achievable with integrated efforts across different sectors, such as nature conservation, sustainable food production, diet change, and reduced food waste. To better support policymaking, scenarios should be based on model intercomparisons and use standardize indicators to allow comparisons across studies, account for additional drivers of loss to represent the real threats to biodiversity, and include more ambitious cross-sectoral actions to effectively bend the curve.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lixu Jin, Matthew M. Coggon, Wade Permar, Julieta F. Juncosa Calahorrano, Brett B. Palm, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Michael A. Robinson, Ilann Bourgeois, Samuel R. Hall, Jeff Peischl, Kirk Ullmann, Joel A. Thornton, Carsten Warneke, Frank Flocke, Emily V. Fischer, Robert J. Yokelson, Lu Hu
The first 5 hours of aging in biomass burning plumes can strongly affect ozone photochemistry. We examine how volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides, and nitrous acid influence hydroxyl radical, ozone, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) based on three aircraft campaigns over the United States. Our analyses reveal variable, highly elevated hydroxyl radical concentrations in the first 2 hours, resulting in evident fire-to-fire variability in VOCs oxidation and in ozone and PAN production. About 40 to 70% of the variability is explained by chemical aging. Ozone production in the plumes is usually VOC-limited for the first 2 hours and then nitrogen oxide limited downwind. Box model results for hydroxyl radical, ozone, and most VOCs, using the full, explicit Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) mechanism, suggest no major gaps in the current best knowledge of gas-phase chemistry. However, the MCM sometimes overestimates PAN due to underestimated nitrogen oxide sinks. GEOS-Chem, a widely used chemical transport model with a reduced mechanism, generally underperforms because of incomplete VOC representation. We identify these critical pathways to guide future model development.
{"title":"Ozone photochemistry in fresh biomass burning smoke over the United States","authors":"Lixu Jin, Matthew M. Coggon, Wade Permar, Julieta F. Juncosa Calahorrano, Brett B. Palm, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, Michael A. Robinson, Ilann Bourgeois, Samuel R. Hall, Jeff Peischl, Kirk Ullmann, Joel A. Thornton, Carsten Warneke, Frank Flocke, Emily V. Fischer, Robert J. Yokelson, Lu Hu","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.ads2157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads2157","url":null,"abstract":"The first 5 hours of aging in biomass burning plumes can strongly affect ozone photochemistry. We examine how volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides, and nitrous acid influence hydroxyl radical, ozone, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) based on three aircraft campaigns over the United States. Our analyses reveal variable, highly elevated hydroxyl radical concentrations in the first 2 hours, resulting in evident fire-to-fire variability in VOCs oxidation and in ozone and PAN production. About 40 to 70% of the variability is explained by chemical aging. Ozone production in the plumes is usually VOC-limited for the first 2 hours and then nitrogen oxide limited downwind. Box model results for hydroxyl radical, ozone, and most VOCs, using the full, explicit Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) mechanism, suggest no major gaps in the current best knowledge of gas-phase chemistry. However, the MCM sometimes overestimates PAN due to underestimated nitrogen oxide sinks. GEOS-Chem, a widely used chemical transport model with a reduced mechanism, generally underperforms because of incomplete VOC representation. We identify these critical pathways to guide future model development.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are often diagnosed with peritoneal metastasis and ascites, the accumulation of intraperitoneal fluid containing nonmalignant cells. However, the interactions between EOC and nonmalignant cells before peritoneal metastasis remain unclear. To investigate this, whole EOC spheroids were observed using a multiphoton microscope, and their invasion ability was assessed. Mesothelial cells were identified as notable components of ascites through morphological assessment, immunohistochemical/immunofluorescence staining, and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses. Almost all EOC cells were spheroids, with 60% containing mesothelial cells. EOC cells quickly generate aggregated spheroids with mesothelial cells, and these aggregated cancer-mesothelial spheroids (ACMSs) invade collagen or mesothelial layers. Mesothelial cells forming ACMSs initiated the invasion. RNA sequencing analysis revealed marked RNA expression changes in mesothelial cells, whereas the changes in EOC cells were minor. Transforming growth factor–β1–stimulated mesothelial cells showed increased invadopodium formation along with fascin-1 up-regulation. These findings suggest that EOC cells alter mesothelial cells through ACMSs, thereby elucidating the rapid spread of EOC in the abdominal cavity.
{"title":"Mesothelial cells promote peritoneal invasion and metastasis of ascites-derived ovarian cancer cells through spheroid formation","authors":"Kaname Uno, Masato Yoshihara, Yoshihiko Yamakita, Kazuhisa Kitami, Shohei Iyoshi, Mai Sugiyama, Yoshihiro Koya, Tomihiro Kanayama, Haruhito Sahara, Satoshi Nomura, Kazumasa Mogi, Emiri Miyamoto, Hiroki Fujimoto, Kosuke Yoshida, Satoshi Tamauchi, Akira Yokoi, Nobuhisa Yoshikawa, Kaoru Niimi, Yukihiro Shiraki, Jonas Sjölund, Hidenori Oguchi, Kristian Pietras, Atsushi Enomoto, Akihiro Nawa, Hiroyuki Tomita, Hiroaki Kajiyama","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adu5944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu5944","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are often diagnosed with peritoneal metastasis and ascites, the accumulation of intraperitoneal fluid containing nonmalignant cells. However, the interactions between EOC and nonmalignant cells before peritoneal metastasis remain unclear. To investigate this, whole EOC spheroids were observed using a multiphoton microscope, and their invasion ability was assessed. Mesothelial cells were identified as notable components of ascites through morphological assessment, immunohistochemical/immunofluorescence staining, and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses. Almost all EOC cells were spheroids, with 60% containing mesothelial cells. EOC cells quickly generate aggregated spheroids with mesothelial cells, and these aggregated cancer-mesothelial spheroids (ACMSs) invade collagen or mesothelial layers. Mesothelial cells forming ACMSs initiated the invasion. RNA sequencing analysis revealed marked RNA expression changes in mesothelial cells, whereas the changes in EOC cells were minor. Transforming growth factor–β1–stimulated mesothelial cells showed increased invadopodium formation along with fascin-1 up-regulation. These findings suggest that EOC cells alter mesothelial cells through ACMSs, thereby elucidating the rapid spread of EOC in the abdominal cavity.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sungbin Choi, Hanjin Park, Ok-Nam Bae, Yiying Bian, Hanhyeok Im, Han Young Chung
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes thrombotic microangiopathy, yet the red blood cell (RBC)–centered mechanism has remained unclear. We identify the RTX-family hemolysin EhxA as the driver of RBC-mediated thrombogenesis. Deletion of ehxA abolishes Ca 2+ influx, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, progression from discocyte to echinocyte to spherocyte, thrombin generation, RBC-endothelium adhesion, and RBC aggregation. Genetic complementation restores these readouts to wild type, and purified EhxA in bacteria-free assays recapitulates them while localizing to intact RBC membranes. By contrast, Δ stx2 mutants do not elicit these RBC phenotypes, distinguishing this pathway from Shiga toxin–dependent effects. Multiple regression quantifies the link between PS exposure, morphology, and procoagulant outputs. In rats, infection with wild type increased RBC remodeling and venous thrombosis, whereas infection with Δ ehxA did not. Together, the data define an EhxA-Ca 2+ -PS pathway that drives RBC structural remodeling and procoagulant activation during EHEC infection and nominate RTX toxins as targets for preventing toxin-induced coagulopathies.
{"title":"RTX-family toxin EhxA drives morphological remodeling and thrombogenesis in RBCs during enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection","authors":"Sungbin Choi, Hanjin Park, Ok-Nam Bae, Yiying Bian, Hanhyeok Im, Han Young Chung","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.ady8284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady8284","url":null,"abstract":"Enterohemorrhagic <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli</jats:italic> (EHEC) causes thrombotic microangiopathy, yet the red blood cell (RBC)–centered mechanism has remained unclear. We identify the RTX-family hemolysin EhxA as the driver of RBC-mediated thrombogenesis. Deletion of <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ehxA</jats:italic> abolishes Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> influx, phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, progression from discocyte to echinocyte to spherocyte, thrombin generation, RBC-endothelium adhesion, and RBC aggregation. Genetic complementation restores these readouts to wild type, and purified EhxA in bacteria-free assays recapitulates them while localizing to intact RBC membranes. By contrast, Δ <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">stx2</jats:italic> mutants do not elicit these RBC phenotypes, distinguishing this pathway from Shiga toxin–dependent effects. Multiple regression quantifies the link between PS exposure, morphology, and procoagulant outputs. In rats, infection with wild type increased RBC remodeling and venous thrombosis, whereas infection with Δ <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ehxA</jats:italic> did not. Together, the data define an EhxA-Ca <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> -PS pathway that drives RBC structural remodeling and procoagulant activation during EHEC infection and nominate RTX toxins as targets for preventing toxin-induced coagulopathies.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liqun Wang, Li Song, Chao Yi, Jing Zhou, Zhouying Yong, Yan Hu, Xiangyu Pan, Na Qiao, Hao Cai, Wandong Zhao, Rui Zhang, Lieke Yang, Lei Liu, Guangdun Peng, Elly M. Tanaka, Hanbo Li, Yanmei Liu, Ji-Feng Fei
Exploring the fundamental mechanisms of organ regeneration is crucial for advancing regenerative medicine. The axolotl tail represents an opportunity to study regeneration of the primary axis including segmented muscle, vertebrae, and skin. During tail development, muscle stem cells (MuSCs) displayed expected specificity to the muscle lineage. Tail amputation, however, induced expansion of MuSC potential yielding clonal contribution to muscle, connective tissue including cartilage, pericytes, and fibroblasts. This expanded potential was not observed during limb regeneration, and cross-transplantation showed that these differences in potential are likely intrinsically determined. Single-cell RNA sequencing profiling revealed that tail MuSCs revert to an embryonic mesoderm–like state. Through genetic manipulation involving the overexpression of constitutively active transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) receptors or Smad7 (antagonist of TGF-β signaling) in MuSCs, we demonstrated that the levels of TGF-β signal determine the fate outcome of MuSCs to connective tissue lineage or muscle, respectively. Our findings illustrate that variation in MuSCs may represent a fundamental difference between regeneration of primary axis versus appendage.
{"title":"Divergent stem cell mechanisms govern the primary body axis and appendage regeneration in the axolotl","authors":"Liqun Wang, Li Song, Chao Yi, Jing Zhou, Zhouying Yong, Yan Hu, Xiangyu Pan, Na Qiao, Hao Cai, Wandong Zhao, Rui Zhang, Lieke Yang, Lei Liu, Guangdun Peng, Elly M. Tanaka, Hanbo Li, Yanmei Liu, Ji-Feng Fei","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adx5697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adx5697","url":null,"abstract":"Exploring the fundamental mechanisms of organ regeneration is crucial for advancing regenerative medicine. The axolotl tail represents an opportunity to study regeneration of the primary axis including segmented muscle, vertebrae, and skin. During tail development, muscle stem cells (MuSCs) displayed expected specificity to the muscle lineage. Tail amputation, however, induced expansion of MuSC potential yielding clonal contribution to muscle, connective tissue including cartilage, pericytes, and fibroblasts. This expanded potential was not observed during limb regeneration, and cross-transplantation showed that these differences in potential are likely intrinsically determined. Single-cell RNA sequencing profiling revealed that tail MuSCs revert to an embryonic mesoderm–like state. Through genetic manipulation involving the overexpression of constitutively active transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) receptors or <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Smad7</jats:italic> (antagonist of TGF-β signaling) in MuSCs, we demonstrated that the levels of TGF-β signal determine the fate outcome of MuSCs to connective tissue lineage or muscle, respectively. Our findings illustrate that variation in MuSCs may represent a fundamental difference between regeneration of primary axis versus appendage.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Synthetic gene circuits often behave unpredictably in batch cultures, where shifting physiological states are rarely accounted for in conventional models. Here, we find that degradation-tagged protein reporters could exhibit transient oscillatory expression, which standard single-scale models do not capture. We resolve this discrepancy by developing Gene Expression Across Growth Stages (GEAGS), a dual-scale modeling framework that explicitly couples intracellular gene expression to logistic population growth. Using a chemical reaction network model with growth phase–dependent rate-modifying functions, GEAGS accurately reproduces the observed transient oscillations and identifies amino acid recycling and growth-phase transition as key drivers. We reduce the model to an effective form for practical use and demonstrate its adaptability by applying it to layered feedback circuits, resolving long-standing mismatches between model predictions and measured dynamics. These results establish GEAGS as a generalizable platform for predicting emergent behaviors in synthetic gene circuits and underscore the importance of multiscale modeling for robust circuit design in dynamic environments.
{"title":"Resolving emergent transient oscillations in gene circuits with a growth-coupled model","authors":"Hari R. Namboothiri, Ayush Pandey, Chelsea Y. Hu","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adz2310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adz2310","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic gene circuits often behave unpredictably in batch cultures, where shifting physiological states are rarely accounted for in conventional models. Here, we find that degradation-tagged protein reporters could exhibit transient oscillatory expression, which standard single-scale models do not capture. We resolve this discrepancy by developing Gene Expression Across Growth Stages (GEAGS), a dual-scale modeling framework that explicitly couples intracellular gene expression to logistic population growth. Using a chemical reaction network model with growth phase–dependent rate-modifying functions, GEAGS accurately reproduces the observed transient oscillations and identifies amino acid recycling and growth-phase transition as key drivers. We reduce the model to an effective form for practical use and demonstrate its adaptability by applying it to layered feedback circuits, resolving long-standing mismatches between model predictions and measured dynamics. These results establish GEAGS as a generalizable platform for predicting emergent behaviors in synthetic gene circuits and underscore the importance of multiscale modeling for robust circuit design in dynamic environments.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marius Somveille, Benjamin G. Freeman, Frank A. La Sorte, Mao-Ning Tuanmu
Biodiversity is unevenly distributed along elevational gradients. The predominant hypothesis is that macroevolutionary dynamics and climatic niche conservatism explain today’s elevational patterns of biodiversity, but the alternative energy efficiency hypothesis emphasizes modern ecological interactions related to energy budgets. We test these competing hypotheses by examining seasonal elevational ranges for 10,998 bird populations in 34 mountain regions. Multiple lines of evidence support the energy efficiency hypothesis, including that many mountain birds do not seasonally track their thermal niche with high fidelity while simulation models based on optimal energy balancing under current environmental conditions yield predictions that tightly match empirical data. Our results reveal that altitudinal migration, which is widespread yet considerably understudied, is a behavioral mechanism fulfilling the same ecological function as long-distance latitudinal migration. Overall, this work provides a better understanding and predictive capacity for mountain birds under global change.
{"title":"Climate, ecological dynamics, and the seasonal distribution of birds in mountains","authors":"Marius Somveille, Benjamin G. Freeman, Frank A. La Sorte, Mao-Ning Tuanmu","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.adz5547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adz5547","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiversity is unevenly distributed along elevational gradients. The predominant hypothesis is that macroevolutionary dynamics and climatic niche conservatism explain today’s elevational patterns of biodiversity, but the alternative energy efficiency hypothesis emphasizes modern ecological interactions related to energy budgets. We test these competing hypotheses by examining seasonal elevational ranges for 10,998 bird populations in 34 mountain regions. Multiple lines of evidence support the energy efficiency hypothesis, including that many mountain birds do not seasonally track their thermal niche with high fidelity while simulation models based on optimal energy balancing under current environmental conditions yield predictions that tightly match empirical data. Our results reveal that altitudinal migration, which is widespread yet considerably understudied, is a behavioral mechanism fulfilling the same ecological function as long-distance latitudinal migration. Overall, this work provides a better understanding and predictive capacity for mountain birds under global change.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hideki Hayashi, Rie Saito, Akinori Miyashita, Takeshi Ikeuchi, Mari Tada, Kohei Akazawa, Osamu Onodera, Kazuki Tainaka, Akiyoshi Kakita
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in small vessel walls, often coexisting with Alzheimer’s disease due to impaired Aβ clearance. However, the spatial distribution of Aβ within the human brain remains unclear as the vascular network’s complexity and scale hinder visualization by conventional thin-slice analysis. To address this, we performed three-dimensional (3D) volumetric imaging of the cerebrovascular network and Aβ deposition in autopsied brains with CAA using advanced tissue clearing and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, labeling for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and Aβ. We found prominent Aβ deposition and SMA loss in leptomeningeal and superficial cortical segments, which were anatomically contiguous with deeper Aβ-positive segments, indicating a surface-to-deep progression pattern of Aβ extension. The perivascular plaque density was significantly lower around Aβ-positive vessels. This technology may provide further insights into CAA pathology and is recommended for research on the 3D pathology of neurological disorders.
脑淀粉样血管病（CAA）是一种以淀粉样蛋白β (a β)沉积在小血管壁为特征的神经退行性疾病，由于a β清除受损，常与阿尔茨海默病共存。然而，由于血管网络的复杂性和规模阻碍了传统薄层分析的可视化，Aβ在人脑中的空间分布仍然不清楚。为了解决这一问题，我们使用先进的组织清除和光片荧光显微镜对尸检大脑中的脑血管网络和Aβ沉积进行了三维（3D）体积成像，并标记了平滑肌肌动蛋白（SMA）和Aβ。我们发现，在与更深的a β阳性节段解剖学上相邻的轻脑膜和皮层浅表节段中，a β沉积和SMA丢失明显，表明a β延伸的表面到深度的进展模式。a β阳性血管周围斑块密度明显降低。该技术可以为CAA病理学提供进一步的见解，并推荐用于神经疾病的3D病理学研究。
{"title":"Expansive spatial pattern of Aβ deposition in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy: A three-dimensional surface-to-depth analysis","authors":"Hideki Hayashi, Rie Saito, Akinori Miyashita, Takeshi Ikeuchi, Mari Tada, Kohei Akazawa, Osamu Onodera, Kazuki Tainaka, Akiyoshi Kakita","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aea7539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aea7539","url":null,"abstract":"Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in small vessel walls, often coexisting with Alzheimer’s disease due to impaired Aβ clearance. However, the spatial distribution of Aβ within the human brain remains unclear as the vascular network’s complexity and scale hinder visualization by conventional thin-slice analysis. To address this, we performed three-dimensional (3D) volumetric imaging of the cerebrovascular network and Aβ deposition in autopsied brains with CAA using advanced tissue clearing and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, labeling for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and Aβ. We found prominent Aβ deposition and SMA loss in leptomeningeal and superficial cortical segments, which were anatomically contiguous with deeper Aβ-positive segments, indicating a surface-to-deep progression pattern of Aβ extension. The perivascular plaque density was significantly lower around Aβ-positive vessels. This technology may provide further insights into CAA pathology and is recommended for research on the 3D pathology of neurological disorders.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"241 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feifan Xu, Jushi Liu, Yimeng Sang, Tao Tao, Junlong Kou, Jianping Liu, Ting Zhi, Zhe Zhuang, Rong Zhang, Bin Liu
Semiconductor whispering gallery mode (WGM)–visible microlasers are promising compact, on-chip light sources for high-speed visible-light communication due to their small footprints, high Q factors, and in-plane emission. However, achieving fabrication robustness, precise mode selection, narrow linewidths, and low thresholds for WGM-visible microlasers remains challenging. Here, we report a scalable strategy to fabricate continuous-wave, electrically pumped WGM blue microlasers based on III-nitride semiconductors with low threshold current densities and high slope efficiencies across diverse diameters from 10 to 160 micrometers. This high performance was achieved through effective vertical optical confinement by the waveguide structures and minimal sidewall scattering from atomically smooth surfaces. We further converted the laser cavity from a microdisk to a microring, which suppresses high-order WGMs and allows for single-mode operation with a high Q factor of 17,066. The omnidirectional in-plane radiation of WGM microlasers demonstrates angle-independent, high-modulation bandwidths, enabling synchronous broadcasting communication with high data transmission rates.
{"title":"Electrically pumped single-mode microlasers with omnidirectional radiation for optical broadcasting communication","authors":"Feifan Xu, Jushi Liu, Yimeng Sang, Tao Tao, Junlong Kou, Jianping Liu, Ting Zhi, Zhe Zhuang, Rong Zhang, Bin Liu","doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aeb1682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aeb1682","url":null,"abstract":"Semiconductor whispering gallery mode (WGM)–visible microlasers are promising compact, on-chip light sources for high-speed visible-light communication due to their small footprints, high <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Q</jats:italic> factors, and in-plane emission. However, achieving fabrication robustness, precise mode selection, narrow linewidths, and low thresholds for WGM-visible microlasers remains challenging. Here, we report a scalable strategy to fabricate continuous-wave, electrically pumped WGM blue microlasers based on III-nitride semiconductors with low threshold current densities and high slope efficiencies across diverse diameters from 10 to 160 micrometers. This high performance was achieved through effective vertical optical confinement by the waveguide structures and minimal sidewall scattering from atomically smooth surfaces. We further converted the laser cavity from a microdisk to a microring, which suppresses high-order WGMs and allows for single-mode operation with a high <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Q</jats:italic> factor of 17,066. The omnidirectional in-plane radiation of WGM microlasers demonstrates angle-independent, high-modulation bandwidths, enabling synchronous broadcasting communication with high data transmission rates.","PeriodicalId":21609,"journal":{"name":"Science Advances","volume":"124 10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146129406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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