Sweet potato tips are a potential vegetable with special flavor and high nutrients, but only the leafy type is popular among consumers, while most types of sweet potato tips are not widely accepted as a vegetable due to their bitter and astringent taste. Here, to reveal the biological pathway involved in the formation of bitter and astringent compounds in sweet potato tips, metabolomics and transcriptomics were performed for three sweet potato varieties with different levels of bitterness and astringency. Metabolomics analysis revealed that 139 metabolites might be related to both bitterness and astringency of sweet potato tips, and 31 flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives may synergistically affect bitterness and astringency. Histidine, alkaloids, and terpenoids specifically determine bitterness, while flavonol/flavone glycosides and seven phenolic acid derivatives specifically affect astringency. Transcriptome analysis identified 46 structural genes and 24 transcription factors responsible for the accumulation of bitter and astringent compounds, which were then used to construct the biosynthetic pathways. Two bHLHs were identified as hub genes in biosynthetic pathways of bitterness, and four MYBs and one bHLH were common transcription factors in the biosynthetic pathways of both bitterness and astringency. This study provides valuable insights into the formation mechanisms of bitter and astringent taste in sweet potato tips and important information for improvement of leafy type sweet potato.
{"title":"Metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal metabolites and genes associated with the bitterness and astringency in sweet potato tips","authors":"Xiaojie Jin, Hongjuan Bi, Xiaojing Jing, Lianjun Wang, Jian Lei, Shasha Chai, Xinsun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113781","url":null,"abstract":"Sweet potato tips are a potential vegetable with special flavor and high nutrients, but only the leafy type is popular among consumers, while most types of sweet potato tips are not widely accepted as a vegetable due to their bitter and astringent taste. Here, to reveal the biological pathway involved in the formation of bitter and astringent compounds in sweet potato tips, metabolomics and transcriptomics were performed for three sweet potato varieties with different levels of bitterness and astringency. Metabolomics analysis revealed that 139 metabolites might be related to both bitterness and astringency of sweet potato tips, and 31 flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives may synergistically affect bitterness and astringency. Histidine, alkaloids, and terpenoids specifically determine bitterness, while flavonol/flavone glycosides and seven phenolic acid derivatives specifically affect astringency. Transcriptome analysis identified 46 structural genes and 24 transcription factors responsible for the accumulation of bitter and astringent compounds, which were then used to construct the biosynthetic pathways. Two bHLHs were identified as hub genes in biosynthetic pathways of bitterness, and four MYBs and one bHLH were common transcription factors in the biosynthetic pathways of both bitterness and astringency. This study provides valuable insights into the formation mechanisms of bitter and astringent taste in sweet potato tips and important information for improvement of leafy type sweet potato.","PeriodicalId":21679,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Horticulturae","volume":"248 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the basis of Phytophthora tolerance is essential for targeted improvement of citrus. Here, we determined the short term and long-term plant (leaf and root tissues) response of Phytophthora tolerant (Swingle citrumelo; SC) and susceptible (rough lemon; RL) citrus genotypes by examining important defense related genes belonging to structural reinforcement, receptors, salicylic acid (SA) & jasmonic acid (JA) pathways. We also estimated downstream activity of the enzymes lipoxygenase (LOX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and total phenols. The plants were artificially inoculated with mycelium and zoospores of P. nicotianae in root zone and studied at 34- and 105- days post inoculation (dpi). SC roots strongly upregulated receptor like genes viz., LecRK-I.9, BIR2, MPK4, MKK1 and TTG2 at 34-dpi; RL in contrast showed delayed (at 105-dpi) upregulation of LecRK-I.9, MKK1 and TTG2. SC also showed higher PAL activity, higher phenolic content and stronger expression of GSL5 in roots at 34-dpi to create barrier against invading pathogen. SC roots upregulated SA pathway genes like ICS1, EDS1, PAD4, CBP60g, PR-1 at 34-dpi, whereas, RL showed higher expression of JA-related genes (LOX2 and AOS) at 105-dpi, suggesting their role in favoring necrotrophic phase. In general, the SC leaf at 105-dpi mimicked the defense response of its roots at 34-dpi. Study results suggest that early perception, preformed barriers and restricting the pathogen in biotrophic phase are the key tolerance mechanisms of Swingle citrumelo to P. nicotianae. The differentially expressing receptor genes (LecRK-I.9, BIR2) and SA mediated defense gene, PR1 in Swingle citrumelo should further be explored for utilization in citrus rootstock improvement.
{"title":"Gene expression and metabolite analysis reveal importance of faster pathogen recognition and reduced pattern triggered immunity based cell death responses for Phytophthora nicotianae tolerance in citrus","authors":"Harsimran Singh, Krishan Kumar, Amandeep Mittal, Archana Kumari, Rimaljeet Kaur, Anita Arora, Harleen Kaur","doi":"10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113789","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the basis of <ce:italic>Phytophthora</ce:italic> tolerance is essential for targeted improvement of citrus. Here, we determined the short term and long-term plant (leaf and root tissues) response of <ce:italic>Phytophthora</ce:italic> tolerant (Swingle citrumelo; SC) and susceptible (rough lemon; RL) citrus genotypes by examining important defense related genes belonging to structural reinforcement, receptors, salicylic acid (SA) & jasmonic acid (JA) pathways. We also estimated downstream activity of the enzymes lipoxygenase (LOX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and total phenols. The plants were artificially inoculated with mycelium and zoospores of <ce:italic>P. nicotianae</ce:italic> in root zone and studied at 34- and 105- days post inoculation (dpi). SC roots strongly upregulated receptor like genes <ce:italic>viz</ce:italic>., <ce:italic>LecRK-I.9, BIR2, MPK4, MKK1</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>TTG2</ce:italic> at 34-dpi; RL in contrast showed delayed (at 105-dpi) upregulation of <ce:italic>LecRK-I.9, MKK1</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>TTG2</ce:italic>. SC also showed higher PAL activity, higher phenolic content and stronger expression of <ce:italic>GSL5</ce:italic> in roots at 34-dpi to create barrier against invading pathogen. SC roots upregulated SA pathway genes like <ce:italic>ICS1, EDS1, PAD4, CBP60</ce:italic><ce:italic>g, PR-1</ce:italic> at 34-dpi, whereas, RL showed higher expression of JA-related genes (<ce:italic>LOX2</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>AOS</ce:italic>) at 105-dpi, suggesting their role in favoring necrotrophic phase. In general, the SC leaf at 105-dpi mimicked the defense response of its roots at 34-dpi. Study results suggest that early perception, preformed barriers and restricting the pathogen in biotrophic phase are the key tolerance mechanisms of Swingle citrumelo to <ce:italic>P. nicotianae</ce:italic>. The differentially expressing receptor genes (<ce:italic>LecRK-I.9, BIR2</ce:italic>) and SA mediated defense gene, <ce:italic>PR1</ce:italic> in Swingle citrumelo should further be explored for utilization in citrus rootstock improvement.","PeriodicalId":21679,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Horticulturae","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tenderness is a core index for evaluating the quality of young tea plant shoots and ultimately influences the quality and yield of tea products in terms of bioactive components, processing adaptability, tenderness-keeping ability, and other factors. In this study, we describe the underlying regulatory mechanism of tenderness changes in young shoots of tea plants, combined with biochemical composition determination and transcriptome analysis. The high accumulation of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin is a direct factor leading to a decrease in the tenderness of young shoots, which is dependent on the upregulated expression of genes encoding enzymes related to their biosynthesis. The accumulation of lignin during tenderness decrease in young shoots was accompanied by a decrease in the major flavonoid catechins and anthocyanins, and the upregulated expression of lignin biosynthesis-related genes was also accompanied by the downregulated expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes, implying that the competition between the lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways influences tenderness and bioactive component changes in young tea plant shoots. In addition, as core factors, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) and chalcone synthase (CHS) synergize with downstream enzymes to maintain the balance between lignin and flavonoid metabolism. MYB transcription factors in the G10 and G11 groups regulated the expression of genes related to lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, respectively, and other transcription factors may also play roles in regulating this balance. This study elucidates the regulatory mechanisms of quality changes in young tea plant shoots from the perspective of tenderness.
{"title":"The balance between lignin and flavonoid metabolism has a central role in the changes of quality in young shoots of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis)","authors":"Weidong Wang, Tong Gao, Hongbin Yang, Yuanyuan Sun, Jiankun Yang, Jie Zhou, Tianshan Zhou, Liang Chen, Youben Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113788","url":null,"abstract":"Tenderness is a core index for evaluating the quality of young tea plant shoots and ultimately influences the quality and yield of tea products in terms of bioactive components, processing adaptability, tenderness-keeping ability, and other factors. In this study, we describe the underlying regulatory mechanism of tenderness changes in young shoots of tea plants, combined with biochemical composition determination and transcriptome analysis. The high accumulation of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin is a direct factor leading to a decrease in the tenderness of young shoots, which is dependent on the upregulated expression of genes encoding enzymes related to their biosynthesis. The accumulation of lignin during tenderness decrease in young shoots was accompanied by a decrease in the major flavonoid catechins and anthocyanins, and the upregulated expression of lignin biosynthesis-related genes was also accompanied by the downregulated expression of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes, implying that the competition between the lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways influences tenderness and bioactive component changes in young tea plant shoots. In addition, as core factors, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) and chalcone synthase (CHS) synergize with downstream enzymes to maintain the balance between lignin and flavonoid metabolism. MYB transcription factors in the G10 and G11 groups regulated the expression of genes related to lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, respectively, and other transcription factors may also play roles in regulating this balance. This study elucidates the regulatory mechanisms of quality changes in young tea plant shoots from the perspective of tenderness.","PeriodicalId":21679,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Horticulturae","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113796
Novianti Suwitosari, Lai Keng Chan, Gunawan Indrayanto, Peng Lim Boey
Curcuma aeruginosa, a valuable medicinal plant of Zingiberaceae family, has been used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases by the locals of Southeast Asian countries. The demand of this plant coupled with its slow growing habit have resulted in gradual declining of its population. The aim of the study is to establish an efficient micropropagation technique for production of C. aeruginosa seedlings as planting materials to produce the rhizomes to meet the market demand. When the rhizomatous buds were cultured for eight weeks on the gelled shoot proliferation medium, MS supplemented with 2 mg L−1 benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5 mg L−1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), only two to three shoots were produced from each explant. The newly established micropropagation technique by culturing the half-shoot explants in the aerated culture system for four weeks followed by another four weeks culture on gelled shoot proliferation medium, enabled an average of 15 shoots to produce from each explant. The in vitro seedlings derived via the conventional gelled medium had higher survival rate (96.7 ± 1.2 %) after acclimatization as compared to the established micropropagation technique with the aid of the aerated culture system (91.7 ± 1.7 %). This self-invented aerated culture system incorporate with gelled culture medium is an efficient mass propagation technique for C. aeruginosa. It enabled C. aeruginosa shoot explants to produce five times more clonal plantlets as compared to the conventional gelled medium culture.
{"title":"Establishment of an accelerated micropropagation system for Curcuma aeruginosa using a self-developed bench top aerated culture vessel","authors":"Novianti Suwitosari, Lai Keng Chan, Gunawan Indrayanto, Peng Lim Boey","doi":"10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113796","url":null,"abstract":"<ce:italic>Curcuma aeruginosa,</ce:italic> a valuable medicinal plant of Zingiberaceae family, has been used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases by the locals of Southeast Asian countries. The demand of this plant coupled with its slow growing habit have resulted in gradual declining of its population. The aim of the study is to establish an efficient micropropagation technique for production of <ce:italic>C. aeruginosa</ce:italic> seedlings as planting materials to produce the rhizomes to meet the market demand. When the rhizomatous buds were cultured for eight weeks on the gelled shoot proliferation medium, MS supplemented with 2 mg <ce:italic>L</ce:italic><ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5 mg <ce:italic>L</ce:italic><ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), only two to three shoots were produced from each explant. The newly established micropropagation technique by culturing the half-shoot explants in the aerated culture system for four weeks followed by another four weeks culture on gelled shoot proliferation medium, enabled an average of 15 shoots to produce from each explant. The <ce:italic>in vitro</ce:italic> seedlings derived via the conventional gelled medium had higher survival rate (96.7 ± 1.2 %) after acclimatization as compared to the established micropropagation technique with the aid of the aerated culture system (91.7 ± 1.7 %). This self-invented aerated culture system incorporate with gelled culture medium is an efficient mass propagation technique for <ce:italic>C. aeruginosa.</ce:italic> It enabled <ce:italic>C. aeruginosa</ce:italic> shoot explants to produce five times more clonal plantlets as compared to the conventional gelled medium culture.","PeriodicalId":21679,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Horticulturae","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113791
Lingqi Su, Jiali Fu, Xiaoyan Zhang, Pei Liu, Qingqing Li, Song Zhang, Yong Peng
Enzymatic browning is one of the main problems during storage of fresh-cut apples. Pre-cut treatment with L-cysteine has been shown to effectively inhibit browning on fresh-cut apples, but its mechanism is still unclear. This work investigated the browning-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after pre-cut treatment with L-cysteine, and analyzed the relationship between ethylene biosynthesis and L-cysteine through combining with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) treatment. The results indicated that lots of DEGs related to ethylene biosynthesis on fresh-cut apples were up-regulated, and the ethylene content, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxilic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase activities were also improved after pre-cut L-cysteine. Further analysis found that AVG alleviated the effects of L-cysteine on the browning index, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and glutathione reductase (GR) activity of fresh-cut apples. Also, L-cysteine combined with AVG pretreatment reduced total phenol content and improved phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity compared with individual L-cysteine pretreatment. In addition, ethylene pretreatment also inhibited the browning and PPO activity, and increased POD activity, CAT activity and total phenol content on fresh-cut apples, which was better than that of L-cysteine combined with AVG pretreatment. This indirectly confirmed that pre-cut L-cysteine inhibited the browning of fresh-cut apples partly through regulating ethylene biosynthesis in vivo. The work proposes a novelty viewpoint that enhanced ethylene accumulation before cutting is helpful to inhibit the browning of fresh-cut apples.
{"title":"Transcriptome and physicochemical analysis revealed the potential anti-browning mechanism of pre-cut L-cysteine regulated by ethylene on fresh-cut apples","authors":"Lingqi Su, Jiali Fu, Xiaoyan Zhang, Pei Liu, Qingqing Li, Song Zhang, Yong Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113791","url":null,"abstract":"Enzymatic browning is one of the main problems during storage of fresh-cut apples. Pre-cut treatment with L-cysteine has been shown to effectively inhibit browning on fresh-cut apples, but its mechanism is still unclear. This work investigated the browning-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after pre-cut treatment with L-cysteine, and analyzed the relationship between ethylene biosynthesis and L-cysteine through combining with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) treatment. The results indicated that lots of DEGs related to ethylene biosynthesis on fresh-cut apples were up-regulated, and the ethylene content, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxilic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase activities were also improved after pre-cut L-cysteine. Further analysis found that AVG alleviated the effects of L-cysteine on the browning index, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and glutathione reductase (GR) activity of fresh-cut apples. Also, L-cysteine combined with AVG pretreatment reduced total phenol content and improved phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity compared with individual L-cysteine pretreatment. In addition, ethylene pretreatment also inhibited the browning and PPO activity, and increased POD activity, CAT activity and total phenol content on fresh-cut apples, which was better than that of L-cysteine combined with AVG pretreatment. This indirectly confirmed that pre-cut L-cysteine inhibited the browning of fresh-cut apples partly through regulating ethylene biosynthesis in vivo. The work proposes a novelty viewpoint that enhanced ethylene accumulation before cutting is helpful to inhibit the browning of fresh-cut apples.","PeriodicalId":21679,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Horticulturae","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113785
Awais Ali, Piero Santoro, Antonio Ferrante, Giacomo Cocetta
Light manipulation for plant cultivation is a critical area of study in controlled environment agriculture (CEA), where a variety of artificial lighting conditions are often employed in plant factories, growth chambers and greenhouses. With this aim of manipulation, two lettuce cultivars, green and red, were treated with two different LED treatments: a continuous LED in which an average photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at the seedling level was maintained at 228 µmole s¯¹ m¯², a photoperiod of 16 h was set for a growing cycle of 30 days, and a dynamic mode pulsed LED treatment with a pulsed frequency set at 1 kHz with a duty cycle of 50 % along with the PPFD at 228 µmole s¯¹ m¯², a 16-hour photoperiod, and a growing cycle of 30 days. Sampling for quality assessment was done at harvesting (T0) and the effect of pre-harvest LED application was analyzed after 7 days of cold storage (T7). A significant reduction in the average fresh weight of both cultivars was seen under pulsed LED while a significant increase in leaf length was noticed among the treatments in red lettuce. Both treatments resulted in non-significant variations for photosynthetic pigments: total chlorophyll and carotenoids, while no significant differences were seen in terms of phenolic index and anthocyanin production in green lettuce. Red lettuce, however, yielded a significantly higher phenolic index for continuous LED at T0, which significantly declined at T7. In green lettuce, nitrate production underwent no significant differences under both treatments and time points; however, pulsed LED in red lettuce yielded significantly higher nitrate than continuous LED at T0. At both timepoints, no marked changes were seen in terms of total sugars in green lettuce, while a significant reduction in sugar was recorded under pulsed LED treatment. On the other hand, a significant decline in total sugars was noticed between the timepoints for red lettuce under continuous LED treatment, while no such variations were seen in red lettuce. Similarly, at T0 both green and red lettuce showed no remarkable increment or decline for sucrose, while it significantly declined between timepoints for red lettuce. Non-destructive analysis was carried out to investigate the health status of lettuce plants where the green lettuce under pulsed LED accumulated higher anthocyanins at both T0 and T7 and higher chlorophyll at T7 than red lettuce under the same LED application. Significantly higher anthocyanins were also seen at T7 between the two treatments in green lettuce. Non-significant differences, however, were found between the treatments and timepoints for both the photochemical maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm ratio) and the overall performance index (PI) of leaves. This research demonstrated the significance of artificial light modification from continuous to pulsed LED to save energy costs and a step forward towards retaining the quality of the produce in this dynamic mode.
植物栽培的光照控制是可控环境农业（CEA）的一个重要研究领域，植物工厂、生长室和温室通常会采用各种人工光照条件。为了达到这一目的，对绿色和红色两种莴苣栽培品种采用了两种不同的 LED 处理方法：一种是连续的 LED 处理，其中幼苗阶段的平均光合光通量密度（PPFD）保持在 228 µmole s¯¹ m¯²，光周期为 16 小时，生长周期为 30 天；另一种是动态模式脉冲 LED 处理，脉冲频率设定为 1 kHz，占空比为 50%，光合光通量密度保持在 228 µmole s¯¹ m¯²，光周期为 16 小时，生长周期为 30 天。采收时（T0）取样进行质量评估，冷藏 7 天后（T7）分析采收前使用 LED 的效果。在脉冲 LED 的作用下，两种栽培品种的平均鲜重都有明显下降，而在红莴苣的处理中，叶长有明显增加。两种处理都导致光合色素：总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的变化不显著，而绿色莴苣的酚指数和花青素产量没有显著差异。然而，在连续使用 LED 的情况下，红生菜在 T0 阶段的酚醛指数明显较高，而在 T7 阶段则明显下降。在绿色生菜中，两种处理和两个时间点的硝酸盐产量没有明显差异；但在红色生菜中，脉冲 LED 在 T0 阶段的硝酸盐产量明显高于连续 LED。在两个时间点上，绿色生菜的总糖含量均无明显变化，而脉冲 LED 处理下的糖含量则显著下降。另一方面，在连续 LED 处理下，红生菜的总糖在两个时间点之间明显下降，而红生菜则没有出现这种变化。同样，在 T0 阶段，绿色生菜和红色生菜的蔗糖都没有明显增加或减少，而红色生菜的蔗糖在不同时间点之间明显减少。对莴苣植株的健康状况进行了非破坏性分析，结果表明，在使用脉冲 LED 的情况下，绿色莴苣在 T0 和 T7 阶段积累的花青素和叶绿素均高于红色莴苣。两种处理的绿色生菜在 T7 时的花青素含量也显著较高。不过，在光系统 II 的光化学最大量子效率（Fv/Fm 比值）和叶片的整体性能指数（PI）方面，不同处理和时间点之间的差异并不显著。这项研究表明，将人工光源从连续式 LED 改为脉冲式 LED 对节约能源成本具有重要意义，同时也为在这种动态模式下保持农产品的质量迈出了一步。
{"title":"Continuous and pulsed LED applications on red and green lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) for pre- and post-harvest quality and energy cost assessments","authors":"Awais Ali, Piero Santoro, Antonio Ferrante, Giacomo Cocetta","doi":"10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113785","url":null,"abstract":"Light manipulation for plant cultivation is a critical area of study in controlled environment agriculture (CEA), where a variety of artificial lighting conditions are often employed in plant factories, growth chambers and greenhouses. With this aim of manipulation, two lettuce cultivars, green and red, were treated with two different LED treatments: a continuous LED in which an average photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at the seedling level was maintained at 228 µmole s¯¹ m¯², a photoperiod of 16 h was set for a growing cycle of 30 days, and a dynamic mode pulsed LED treatment with a pulsed frequency set at 1 kHz with a duty cycle of 50 % along with the PPFD at 228 µmole s¯¹ m¯², a 16-hour photoperiod, and a growing cycle of 30 days. Sampling for quality assessment was done at harvesting (T0) and the effect of pre-harvest LED application was analyzed after 7 days of cold storage (T7). A significant reduction in the average fresh weight of both cultivars was seen under pulsed LED while a significant increase in leaf length was noticed among the treatments in red lettuce. Both treatments resulted in non-significant variations for photosynthetic pigments: total chlorophyll and carotenoids, while no significant differences were seen in terms of phenolic index and anthocyanin production in green lettuce. Red lettuce, however, yielded a significantly higher phenolic index for continuous LED at T0, which significantly declined at T7. In green lettuce, nitrate production underwent no significant differences under both treatments and time points; however, pulsed LED in red lettuce yielded significantly higher nitrate than continuous LED at T0. At both timepoints, no marked changes were seen in terms of total sugars in green lettuce, while a significant reduction in sugar was recorded under pulsed LED treatment. On the other hand, a significant decline in total sugars was noticed between the timepoints for red lettuce under continuous LED treatment, while no such variations were seen in red lettuce. Similarly, at T0 both green and red lettuce showed no remarkable increment or decline for sucrose, while it significantly declined between timepoints for red lettuce. Non-destructive analysis was carried out to investigate the health status of lettuce plants where the green lettuce under pulsed LED accumulated higher anthocyanins at both T0 and T7 and higher chlorophyll at T7 than red lettuce under the same LED application. Significantly higher anthocyanins were also seen at T7 between the two treatments in green lettuce. Non-significant differences, however, were found between the treatments and timepoints for both the photochemical maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm ratio) and the overall performance index (PI) of leaves. This research demonstrated the significance of artificial light modification from continuous to pulsed LED to save energy costs and a step forward towards retaining the quality of the produce in this dynamic mode.","PeriodicalId":21679,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Horticulturae","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113793
Yuqiang Wen, Tianle Xu, Dandan Qi, Wei Chang, Kun Li, Xiaoxu Fan, Mengmeng Zhang, Yuan Ping, Fuqiang Song
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar have potential applications in agriculture and ecological restoration. However, the effects of AMF combined with biochar on the bioenergy quality of plants under saline-alkali stress have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we examined the effects of Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri) and biochar application, individually or in combination, on the growth, osmoregulation, ion uptake, and expression of energy quality-related genes in switchgrass under saline-alkali stress. The results showed: (1) The biomass of switchgrass in the BR treatment group increased by 35.50 % and 39.71 % compared with the BC and Ri treatment groups, respectively; (2) Ri combined with biochar increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances, and influenced plant hormone synthesis; (3) The combined treatment significantly increased the contents of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in leaves and roots, reduced the contents of Na+, and maintained high K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+, and Mg2+/Na+ ratios; (4) The expression levels of stress response, reactive oxygen scavenging, ion transport, and cellulose biosynthesis genes in leaves and roots of switchgrass were the highest in the BR treatment; (5) The cellulose, hemicellulose, and calorific value of switchgrass in the BR treatment group reached maximum values of 29.2 %, 29.1 %, and 17.6 MJ/kg, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that Ri combined with biochar can enhance the saline-alkali tolerance of switchgrass, improve plant energy quality, and provide a new approach for increasing the planting area and improving the quality of energy plants.
{"title":"Rhizophagus irregularis combined with biochar can improve the saline-alkali tolerance and energy quality of switchgrass through osmoregulation and gene expression","authors":"Yuqiang Wen, Tianle Xu, Dandan Qi, Wei Chang, Kun Li, Xiaoxu Fan, Mengmeng Zhang, Yuan Ping, Fuqiang Song","doi":"10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113793","url":null,"abstract":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar have potential applications in agriculture and ecological restoration. However, the effects of AMF combined with biochar on the bioenergy quality of plants under saline-alkali stress have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we examined the effects of <ce:italic>Rhizophagus irregularis</ce:italic> (Ri) and biochar application, individually or in combination, on the growth, osmoregulation, ion uptake, and expression of energy quality-related genes in switchgrass under saline-alkali stress. The results showed: (1) The biomass of switchgrass in the BR treatment group increased by 35.50 % and 39.71 % compared with the BC and Ri treatment groups, respectively; (2) Ri combined with biochar increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances, and influenced plant hormone synthesis; (3) The combined treatment significantly increased the contents of <ce:italic>K</ce:italic><ce:sup loc=\"post\">+</ce:sup>, Ca<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup>, and Mg<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup> in leaves and roots, reduced the contents of Na<ce:sup loc=\"post\">+</ce:sup>, and maintained high <ce:italic>K</ce:italic><ce:sup loc=\"post\">+</ce:sup>/Na<ce:sup loc=\"post\">+</ce:sup>, Ca<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup>/Na<ce:sup loc=\"post\">+</ce:sup>, and Mg<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2+</ce:sup>/Na<ce:sup loc=\"post\">+</ce:sup> ratios; (4) The expression levels of stress response, reactive oxygen scavenging, ion transport, and cellulose biosynthesis genes in leaves and roots of switchgrass were the highest in the BR treatment; (5) The cellulose, hemicellulose, and calorific value of switchgrass in the BR treatment group reached maximum values of 29.2 %, 29.1 %, and 17.6 MJ/kg, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that Ri combined with biochar can enhance the saline-alkali tolerance of switchgrass, improve plant energy quality, and provide a new approach for increasing the planting area and improving the quality of energy plants.","PeriodicalId":21679,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Horticulturae","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pitaya, belonging to the genus Hylocereus of Cactaceae family, is increasingly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions due to its high tolerance to drought and heat stresses. The transition from the vegetative to reproductive stage significantly impacts the fruit yield, therefore it is essential to unravel the flowering regulatory mechanism of pitaya. In present work, a HpbHLH43 transcription factor was identified, which is related to stress tolerance and flowering induction. To further investigate the biological function of HpbHLH43, a 747 bp full length coding sequence (CDS) was obtained from pitaya. Under high-temperature stress (42 °C), the expression of HpbHLH43 were up-regulated in stem and floral buds of pitaya. Transient expression showed that HpbHLH43 was located in the nucleus and had transcriptional activity at the N-terminal. Biologically, heat induced the HpbHLH43 promoter to activate GUS gene expression in leaves and flowers. Overexpression of HpbHLH43 in Arabidopsis thaliana significantly accelerated flowering time and was more tolerant to high temperature than the wild-type. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays showed that HpbHLH43 can interact with HpSOC1. Conclusively, high-temperature inducible HpbHLH43 directly targets HpSOC1, accordingly, promotes the floral bud induction in pitaya, which provides an insight into the molecular regulations of floral induction in pitaya.
番木瓜属于仙人掌科番木瓜属，因其对干旱和高温胁迫的耐受性强，在热带和亚热带地区的栽培越来越多。从无性期到生殖期的过渡对果实产量有很大影响，因此揭示番木瓜的开花调控机制至关重要。本研究发现了一个与胁迫耐受性和开花诱导有关的 HpbHLH43 转录因子。为了进一步研究 HpbHLH43 的生物学功能，研究人员从番木瓜中获得了一个 747 bp 的全长编码序列（CDS）。在高温胁迫（42 °C）下，HpbHLH43在番木瓜茎和花芽中的表达上调。瞬时表达表明，HpbHLH43 位于细胞核中，其 N 端具有转录活性。生物学上，热诱导 HpbHLH43 启动子激活叶片和花中的 GUS 基因表达。在拟南芥中过表达 HpbHLH43 能显著加快开花时间，并且比野生型更耐高温。酵母单杂交和双荧光素酶试验表明，HpbHLH43能与HpSOC1相互作用。最终，高温诱导的HpbHLH43直接靶向HpSOC1，从而促进了番木瓜花芽的诱导，为番木瓜花诱导的分子调控提供了深入的见解。
{"title":"Heat-induced HpbHLH43 involves in promoting floral bud induction via activating HpSOC1 in pitaya","authors":"Zhengxu Yang, Xiaowei Cai, Chunqiong Shang, Qiandong Hou, Ling Xiao, Xiaopeng Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113773","url":null,"abstract":"Pitaya, belonging to the genus <ce:italic>Hylocereus</ce:italic> of Cactaceae family, is increasingly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions due to its high tolerance to drought and heat stresses. The transition from the vegetative to reproductive stage significantly impacts the fruit yield, therefore it is essential to unravel the flowering regulatory mechanism of pitaya. In present work, a HpbHLH43 transcription factor was identified, which is related to stress tolerance and flowering induction. To further investigate the biological function of <ce:italic>HpbHLH43</ce:italic>, a 747 bp full length coding sequence (CDS) was obtained from pitaya. Under high-temperature stress (42 °C), the expression of <ce:italic>HpbHLH43</ce:italic> were up-regulated in stem and floral buds of pitaya. Transient expression showed that HpbHLH43 was located in the nucleus and had transcriptional activity at the N-terminal. Biologically, heat induced the <ce:italic>HpbHLH43</ce:italic> promoter to activate <ce:italic>GUS</ce:italic> gene expression in leaves and flowers. Overexpression of <ce:italic>HpbHLH43</ce:italic> in <ce:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</ce:italic> significantly accelerated flowering time and was more tolerant to high temperature than the wild-type. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays showed that HpbHLH43 can interact with <ce:italic>HpSOC1</ce:italic>. Conclusively, high-temperature inducible HpbHLH43 directly targets <ce:italic>HpSOC1</ce:italic>, accordingly, promotes the floral bud induction in pitaya, which provides an insight into the molecular regulations of floral induction in pitaya.","PeriodicalId":21679,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Horticulturae","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113766
G. Pellejero, R. Rodríguez, M. Tellería, L. Gallego, G. Aschkar, F.J. Garcia-Navarro, R Jiménez Ballesta
Globally speaking, optimizing the use of organic fertilizers plays a significant role in sustainable agriculture and is essential for enhancing crop productivity and improving soil health, while organic fertilizers are also easily available at a low cost. This study specifically aimed to determine the influence of organic fertilizer incorporation (high and medium levels) practices versus chemical fertilization with urea on the crop yields and quality of zapallo tetsukabuto. This included a control treatment without fertilization. Agronomic quality was evaluated by measuring the main performance parameters of the hybrid zapallo tetsukabuto (Cucurbita maxima x Cucurbita moschata): REND yield (in kg) of the total fruit per plant per plot; NFRC, number of commercial fruit per plant per plot; NFRT, total number of fruit per plant per plot, grown following the production guidelines of the area. The research findings show that the yields with organic fertilizer with the highest dose of the compost incorporation treatments increased 30% compared to the unfertilized control, but with no significant differences to the urea-fertilized treatment (1%) for zapallo. That is, performance parameters were similar in the zapallo crop fertilized with compost and with urea. These trials demonstrate that compost is a sustainable alternative and an adequate source of nutrients for zapallo cultivation.
在全球范围内，优化使用有机肥料在可持续农业中发挥着重要作用，对提高作物产量和改善土壤健康至关重要，同时有机肥料也很容易获得且成本低廉。本研究的具体目标是确定有机肥（高、中施肥量）与尿素化肥施用方法对 zapallo tetsukabuto 的作物产量和质量的影响。其中包括不施肥的对照处理。农艺质量是通过测量杂交zapallo tetsukabuto（Cucurbita maxima x Cucurbita moschata）的主要性能参数来评价的：REND，每块地每株果实的总产量（公斤）；NFRC，每块地每株果实的商品果数量；NFRT，每块地每株果实的总数量。研究结果表明，与未施肥的对照组相比，施用最高剂量堆肥的有机肥处理的产量提高了 30%，但与施用尿素的处理（1%）相比，zapallo 的产量没有显著差异。也就是说，施用堆肥和尿素的zapallo作物表现参数相似。这些试验表明，堆肥是一种可持续的替代品，也是zapallo种植的充足养分来源。
{"title":"Organic fertilization enhances the crop yield and quality of zapallo tetsukabuto","authors":"G. Pellejero, R. Rodríguez, M. Tellería, L. Gallego, G. Aschkar, F.J. Garcia-Navarro, R Jiménez Ballesta","doi":"10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113766","url":null,"abstract":"Globally speaking, optimizing the use of organic fertilizers plays a significant role in sustainable agriculture and is essential for enhancing crop productivity and improving soil health, while organic fertilizers are also easily available at a low cost. This study specifically aimed to determine the influence of organic fertilizer incorporation (high and medium levels) practices <ce:italic>versus</ce:italic> chemical fertilization with urea on the crop yields and quality of <ce:italic>zapallo tetsukabuto</ce:italic>. This included a control treatment without fertilization. Agronomic quality was evaluated by measuring the main performance parameters of the hybrid <ce:italic>zapallo tetsukabuto</ce:italic> (<ce:italic>Cucurbita maxima x Cucurbita moschata</ce:italic>): REND yield (in kg) of the total fruit per plant per plot; NFRC, number of commercial fruit per plant per plot; NFRT, total number of fruit per plant per plot, grown following the production guidelines of the area. The research findings show that the yields with organic fertilizer with the highest dose of the compost incorporation treatments increased 30% compared to the unfertilized control, but with no significant differences to the urea-fertilized treatment (1%) for zapallo. That is, performance parameters were similar in the zapallo crop fertilized with compost and with urea. These trials demonstrate that compost is a sustainable alternative and an adequate source of nutrients for zapallo cultivation.","PeriodicalId":21679,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Horticulturae","volume":"248 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crop management affects the anatomical and physiological characteristics of gladiolus floral stems. Particulary, shading screens are important in gladiolus production. The aim of the study was to evaluate the meteorological conditions, physiological indicators, stomatal characteristics, and quality of gladiolus flower stems grown in different seasons under shading screens and mulching. Field experiments were conducted during the four growing seasons: 1 (March-June 2019), 2 (August-November 2019), 3 (August-November 2020), and 4 (October-December 2021). Gladiolus cv. White goddess was grown in beds with and without mulch. Shading treatments included 35% black, silver, and red shading screens, and an unshaded control. Weather conditions during four growing seasons over two years were within the range of maximum and minimum temperatures suitable for the crop. The black and red shading screens resulted in higher stomatal density (374.9; 362.0 stomatal mm-2), which improved the photosynthetic rate of the leaf resulting in greater flower stem length (116.32 cm) and number of florets (19.00) in the red shading screen. The highest relative chlorophyll index (57.75) was recorded in season 2, which contributed to a greater accumulation of assimilates and resulted in longer stems and better-quality florets. Planting under a red shading screen and mulched soil produced longer stems (8.60 %; 9.05 %, respectively), and a greater number of florets in seasons 2 (8.43 %) and 4 (14.74 %), compared to growing unshaded control. The lowest percentage of damage to flower stems was found in the silver shading screen (3.6%) and mulched soil (6.7%). Long flower stems without damage to the sepals and petals, and with a large number of florets are of better quality, have greater ornamental value and are more attractive to flower consumers. Our results showed that planting in seasons 2 and 4, and using red shading screens and mulching soil, are sustainable and conservation soil-management practices to provide a favorable environment which allowed us to obtain high-quality gladiolus flowers. The results of this study are parameters for future research with different soil mulchings and shading screen colors.
{"title":"Effects of shading, mulching and growing season on physiological indicators, anatomical characterization and quality of gladiolus flower stems","authors":"Dalva Paulus, Dislaine Becker, Leosane Cristina Bosco, Celso Eduardo Pereira Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.113777","url":null,"abstract":"Crop management affects the anatomical and physiological characteristics of gladiolus floral stems. Particulary, shading screens are important in gladiolus production. The aim of the study was to evaluate the meteorological conditions, physiological indicators, stomatal characteristics, and quality of gladiolus flower stems grown in different seasons under shading screens and mulching. Field experiments were conducted during the four growing seasons: 1 (March-June 2019), 2 (August-November 2019), 3 (August-November 2020), and 4 (October-December 2021). Gladiolus cv. White goddess was grown in beds with and without mulch. Shading treatments included 35% black, silver, and red shading screens, and an unshaded control. Weather conditions during four growing seasons over two years were within the range of maximum and minimum temperatures suitable for the crop. The black and red shading screens resulted in higher stomatal density (374.9; 362.0 stomatal mm<ce:sup loc=\"post\">-2</ce:sup>), which improved the photosynthetic rate of the leaf resulting in greater flower stem length (116.32 cm) and number of florets (19.00) in the red shading screen. The highest relative chlorophyll index (57.75) was recorded in season 2, which contributed to a greater accumulation of assimilates and resulted in longer stems and better-quality florets. Planting under a red shading screen and mulched soil produced longer stems (8.60 %; 9.05 %, respectively), and a greater number of florets in seasons 2 (8.43 %) and 4 (14.74 %), compared to growing unshaded control. The lowest percentage of damage to flower stems was found in the silver shading screen (3.6%) and mulched soil (6.7%). Long flower stems without damage to the sepals and petals, and with a large number of florets are of better quality, have greater ornamental value and are more attractive to flower consumers. Our results showed that planting in seasons 2 and 4, and using red shading screens and mulching soil, are sustainable and conservation soil-management practices to provide a favorable environment which allowed us to obtain high-quality gladiolus flowers. The results of this study are parameters for future research with different soil mulchings and shading screen colors.","PeriodicalId":21679,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Horticulturae","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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