Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献_第10页

Optimisation of adhesive-free high-frequency miniature class IV transducers incorporating single-element piezoelectric plates 包含单元件压电板的无粘合剂高频微型IV类换能器的优化

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117489

Xuan Li , Yifei Wang , Youheng Zeng , Dongliang Shi , Zhihong Huang , Kwok-Ho Lam

Tissue biopsy under regional anaesthesia requires accurate localisation of the needle tip during penetration through skin and soft tissue. To enhance needle tip visibility in colour Doppler imaging, ultrasonically actuated needle systems based on bolted Langevin transducers have been developed. However, these systems impose design constraints as the needle length must be tuned to the transducer resonance, and their relatively large size limits the suitability for hand-held procedures. Flextensional transducers offer a compact alternative, enabling large displacement with minimal bulk piezoelectric material. This paper presents an optimisation study of three metal shell geometries for class IV miniature flextensional transducers, excited by hard piezoelectric plates to maximise displacement amplification. The transducers employ a negative interference fit between the piezoelectric plate and metal shell, introducing structural pre-stress without bonding or transition mechanisms. Additionally, the dynamic response and power density of the transducers are evaluated for different active materials, including piezoceramics (Pz54) and piezocrystals (Mn:PIN-PMN-PT). Experimental results show that, for identical dimensions, the Mn:PIN-PMN-PT transducer achieves a lower resonant frequency, reduced and near-resistive impedance, enhanced electromechanical coupling, higher mechanical Q, and increased power density compared with the piezoceramic counterpart.

区域麻醉下的组织活检需要针头在穿透皮肤和软组织时准确定位。为了提高彩色多普勒成像中针尖的可见性，基于螺栓朗格万换能器的超声驱动针系统已经被开发出来。然而，这些系统施加了设计限制，因为针头长度必须调整到换能器共振，并且它们相对较大的尺寸限制了手持式程序的适用性。弯张换能器提供了一种紧凑的替代方案，可以用最小的体积压电材料实现大位移。本文提出了一个优化研究的三种金属外壳几何形状的IV类微型弯张换能器，由硬压电板激发，以最大限度地扩大位移。换能器在压电板和金属外壳之间采用负干涉配合，在没有粘合或过渡机制的情况下引入结构预应力。此外，对不同活性材料（包括压电陶瓷（Pz54）和压电晶体（Mn:PIN-PMN-PT））下换能器的动态响应和功率密度进行了评估。实验结果表明，在相同尺寸下，Mn:PIN-PMN-PT换能器比压电陶瓷换能器具有更低的谐振频率、更低的近阻阻抗、更强的机电耦合、更高的机械Q和更高的功率密度。

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引用次数: 0

A flexible miniatured wearable device for monitoring lactic acid and pH in sweat 一种灵活的微型可穿戴设备，用于监测汗液中的乳酸和pH值

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117478

Shengzhao Zhang , Jiaxin Li , Xinrui Qiu , Lei Xuan , Yuyang Xu , Jian Li , Haibo Xing , Guangli Liu , Runhuai Yang

Wearable sensor devices are crucial for monitoring physiological states and biochemical markers. A device that combines circuit miniaturization with accurate biochemical monitoring is essential for achieving long-term, continuous physiological tracking without burdening the user. In this paper, we introduce a flexible miniatured wearable device for simultaneous monitoring of sweat pH and lactate. The device is composed of a miniatured wireless flexible printed circuit board (FPCB, 25 mm×11 mm) and a flexible polyaniline (PANI) sensing patch which has good linearity, stability, and ion selectivity. Every component on the FPCB was meticulously selected to achieve a compact form factor, and a guard ring structure was used in the PCB layout to reduce the voltage decrease of the pH sensing patch. The resulting flexible, miniatured, and wearable (FMW) device features a low minimum detection volume threshold (20 μL) making it well-suited for low-volume biofluids such as sweat, which is typically secreted gradually rather than abundantly. Practical applicability was demonstrated through tests on artificial sweat, volunteer sweat, and other samples, confirming the accuracy for non-invasive monitoring. The low-power design enables prolonged operation, supporting continuous use for over 10 days. This FMW system enables for dual sweat biomarker monitoring and holds significant promise for providing user-friendly health assessments.

可穿戴传感器设备对于监测生理状态和生化指标至关重要。将电路小型化与精确的生化监测相结合的设备对于实现长期、连续的生理跟踪而不给用户带来负担至关重要。在本文中，我们介绍了一种灵活的微型可穿戴设备，用于同时监测汗液pH和乳酸。该器件由微型无线柔性印刷电路板（FPCB, 25 mm×11 mm）和柔性聚苯胺（PANI）传感贴片组成，具有良好的线性度、稳定性和离子选择性。FPCB上的每个元件都经过精心选择，以实现紧凑的外形因素，并且在PCB布局中使用保护环结构，以减少pH传感贴片的电压降低。由此产生的柔性，小型化和可穿戴（FMW）设备具有低最小检测体积阈值（20 μL），使其非常适合小体积生物流体，如汗液，这通常是逐渐分泌而不是大量分泌。通过对人工汗液、志愿者汗液等样本的测试，验证了其实用性，证实了其无创监测的准确性。低功耗设计可延长工作时间，支持连续使用10天以上。该FMW系统可实现双汗液生物标志物监测，并有望提供用户友好的健康评估。

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引用次数: 0

Voiceprint features and CNN for label-free identification of Na-alginate microdroplet size and concentration during high-frequency generation 声纹特征和CNN用于无标签识别海藻酸钠微滴在高频产生过程中的大小和浓度

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117467

Peng-Nian Chen, Chia-Hung Dylan Tsai

A voiceprint-based method was developed for label-free and non-contact identification of Na-alginate microdroplet properties during high-frequency (

\sim

1 kHz) generation using a simple microphone setup. The generation of alginate microdroplets enables mass production in applications such as drug delivery and cell encapsulation, while the monitoring of droplets’ properties remains challenging. Conventional labeling-based or electrical methods can be costly and intrusive. In this study, sounds emitted from a coaxial microfluidic device were analyzed via short-time Fourier transform (STFT), and spectral features were input into a convolutional neural network (CNN) for droplet concentration estimation. Experimental results show that the sound’s spectral energy increased by 1.5 fold as the droplet diameter increased from 60 to 120

μ

m, attributed by varying the inner capillary diameter from 10 to 30

μ

m. Changes in Na-alginate concentration from 0.0 to 2.0 wt.% produced systematic shifts in spectral centroid and bandwidth, reflecting variations in droplet viscosity. The CNN model achieved a concentration estimation accuracy with a root mean square error of 0.1 wt.%. These results demonstrate that the proposed voiceprint-based approach provides a simple, accurate, and cost-effective alternative for monitoring microdroplet properties, while its millisecond-level detection speed makes the method practical for rapid microencapsulation and other fast-throughput processes.

利用简单的麦克风设置，开发了一种基于声纹的方法，用于在高频（~ 1 kHz）产生过程中无标签和非接触地鉴定海藻酸钠微滴的性质。海藻酸盐微滴的产生使药物输送和细胞封装等应用的大规模生产成为可能，但对微滴性质的监测仍然具有挑战性。传统的基于标签或电的方法可能是昂贵的和侵入性的。本研究通过短时傅里叶变换（STFT）对同轴微流控装置发出的声音进行分析，并将频谱特征输入卷积神经网络（CNN）进行液滴浓度估计。实验结果表明，当液滴直径从60 μm增加到120 μm时，声谱能量增加了1.5倍，这是由于内部毛细直径从10 μm增加到30 μm所致。海藻酸钠浓度从0.0 wt.%到2.0 wt.%的变化产生了光谱质心和带宽的系统变化，反映了液滴粘度的变化。CNN模型达到了浓度估计精度，均方根误差为0.1 wt.%。这些结果表明，所提出的基于声纹的方法为监测微滴特性提供了一种简单、准确、经济的替代方法，而其毫秒级的检测速度使该方法适用于快速微封装和其他快速吞吐过程。

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引用次数: 0

Geometry optimization of printed piezoresistive sensors for catheter monitoring 导管监测用印刷压阻式传感器的几何优化

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117483

E. Pimentel , S.G. Pereira , J.L. Vilaça , C.M. Costa , S. Lanceros-Méndez , D. Miranda

An increasing number of biomedical applications would benefit to implement printed piezoresistive sensors for improving device performance and sensor integration. In specific, in urinary catheters used to address urinary incontinence and retention, the implementation of piezoresistive sensors would allow to monitor the deformation along the process of insertion, allowing to reduce or even eliminate some of the inconveniences of this type of procedures. This works reports the development of composite inks based on poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PDLG) 50/50 with 2 % of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and the development by spray printing of piezoresistive sensors with two types of geometry: square and zig zag shape. The spray printed sensors demonstrate a Gauge factor in the range 0.8–1.2 for the zig-zag geometry and 0.3–1.1 for the rectangular geometry. A theoretical study was performed to evaluate the stress on the piezoresistive sensors and predict the mechanical behavior of the developed geometries proving that, when strain is applied in the longitudinal way, the rectangular geometry presented double the stress value in relation to the zig zag one. Finally, the zig zag geometry was selected for a proof of concept using a KUKA LBR iiwa 7R800 robot, proving the suitability of the developed sensors for applications. Overall, this work demonstrates that the implementation of piezoresistive sensors based on natural polymers in a zig zag geometry is a suitable approach for urinary catheter deformation monitoring.

越来越多的生物医学应用将有利于实现印刷压阻传感器，以提高设备性能和传感器集成。具体来说，在用于解决尿失禁和尿潴留的导尿管中，压阻式传感器的实施将允许监测插入过程中的变形，从而减少甚至消除此类手术的一些不便。本文报道了基于聚（D， l -丙交酯-羟基乙醇酸酯）（PDLG） 50/50和2 %多壁碳纳米管的复合油墨的发展，以及通过喷涂打印具有两种几何形状的压阻传感器的发展：正方形和之字形。喷印传感器的测量系数范围为0.8-1.2 之字形几何形状和0.3-1.1 矩形几何形状。通过理论研究，对压阻式传感器的应力进行了评估，并预测了所开发几何形状的力学行为，证明了当应变以纵向方式施加时，矩形几何形状的应力值是之字形几何形状的两倍。最后，使用库卡LBR iiwa 7R800机器人选择之字形几何形状进行概念验证，证明开发的传感器适用于应用。总的来说，这项工作表明，基于天然聚合物的z形几何压阻传感器的实现是一种适用于导尿管变形监测的方法。

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引用次数: 0

A novel miniaturized paraffin actuator with Peltier-controlled cooling and graphene thermal conductivity enhancers 一种新型小型化石蜡致动器，具有珀耳梯控制冷却和石墨烯导热增强剂

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117482

Stefano Morese , Kiran Paul Nalli , Uwe Pelz , Swathi Krishna Subhash , Suman Kundu , Frank Goldschmidtböing , Peter Woias

Paraffin-based microactuators show great potential in the field of phase change materials actuators owing to their high mechanical work capacity and large thermal expansion. In recent years, researchers have directed efforts toward enhancing the response times of these systems, by mixing paraffin with thermal conductivity enhancers or by optimizing their designs. However, no previous research has focused on improving the cooling time of a paraffin actuator, which is essential for ensuring faster cyclic performance and adaptable thermal control in environments where temperature fluctuates. In this study, we present the first miniaturized thermoelectric cooler (µTEC)-paraffin-based actuator. This design utilizes the µTEC to control the phase change of paraffin, by heating or cooling it on demand. Furthermore, we investigated the use of graphene nano-platelets (GnPs) as a thermal conductivity enhancer and its effect on design performance. The system featured an aluminum cavity filled with a paraffin composite formulation, a µTEC device and a copper heat sink. The results showed that the presence of a µTEC could enable not only cyclic actuation, but also reduced the actuator reset time to approximately 20 % of the original duration. The device also demonstrated a peak work density and efficiency around 25.6 kJ/m³ and 17.8 × 10⁻⁶, respectively. These results place our actuator system among the highest-performing flexible membrane-based paraffin microactuators reported in the literature with the additional benefit of controlled and fast cooling.

石蜡基微致动器具有机械功容量大、热膨胀大等优点，在相变材料致动器领域具有很大的发展潜力。近年来，研究人员一直致力于通过将石蜡与导热增强剂混合或优化设计来提高这些系统的响应时间。然而，之前没有研究关注于提高石蜡致动器的冷却时间，这对于确保在温度波动的环境中更快的循环性能和适应性热控制至关重要。在这项研究中，我们提出了第一个小型化热电冷却器（µTEC）-石蜡基致动器。该设计利用µTEC控制石蜡的相变，根据需要加热或冷却石蜡。此外，我们还研究了石墨烯纳米片（GnPs）作为导热增强剂的使用及其对设计性能的影响。该系统的特点是一个铝腔填充石蜡复合配方，一个µTEC装置和一个铜散热器。结果表明，µTEC的存在不仅可以实现循环驱动，还可以将执行器复位时间减少到原始持续时间的约20% %。该器件的峰值工作密度和效率分别约为25.6 kJ/m3和17.8 × 10−6。这些结果使我们的致动器系统在文献中报道的性能最高的柔性膜基石蜡微致动器中具有控制和快速冷却的额外好处。

{"title":"A novel miniaturized paraffin actuator with Peltier-controlled cooling and graphene thermal conductivity enhancers","authors":"Stefano Morese , Kiran Paul Nalli , Uwe Pelz , Swathi Krishna Subhash , Suman Kundu , Frank Goldschmidtböing , Peter Woias","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paraffin-based microactuators show great potential in the field of phase change materials actuators owing to their high mechanical work capacity and large thermal expansion. In recent years, researchers have directed efforts toward enhancing the response times of these systems, by mixing paraffin with thermal conductivity enhancers or by optimizing their designs. However, no previous research has focused on improving the cooling time of a paraffin actuator, which is essential for ensuring faster cyclic performance and adaptable thermal control in environments where temperature fluctuates. In this study, we present the first miniaturized thermoelectric cooler (µTEC)-paraffin-based actuator. This design utilizes the µTEC to control the phase change of paraffin, by heating or cooling it on demand. Furthermore, we investigated the use of graphene nano-platelets (GnPs) as a thermal conductivity enhancer and its effect on design performance. The system featured an aluminum cavity filled with a paraffin composite formulation, a µTEC device and a copper heat sink. The results showed that the presence of a µTEC could enable not only cyclic actuation, but also reduced the actuator reset time to approximately 20 % of the original duration. The device also demonstrated a peak work density and efficiency around 25.6 kJ/m<sup>3</sup> and 17.8 × 10<sup>−6</sup>, respectively. These results place our actuator system among the highest-performing flexible membrane-based paraffin microactuators reported in the literature with the additional benefit of controlled and fast cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 117482"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Floating PBTTT-graphene quantum dots composite coated thin film transistor for ammonia sensing 用于氨传感的浮动pbttt -石墨烯量子点复合涂层薄膜晶体管

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117477

Nikhil Nikhil , Chandan Kumar , Srinu Gangolu

Conventionally pristine conducting polymer-based thin film transistors (TFTs) are used for sensing applications, but sensitivity is limited. In this article, the composite of conductive polymer and quantum dots is exploited for the improvement in the sensitivity towards ammonia. Poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene] (PBTTT-C14) or a simple PBTTT solution is mixed with as-synthesized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) solution for the preparation of PBTTT-GQDs composite. Unidirectional floating-film transfer method (UFTM) deposited PBTTT- GQDs composite on a Si/SiO₂ substrate-based TFT is fabricated. The fabricated PBTTT-GQDs composite-based TFT provides performance enhancement due to the self-assembled and oriented film by the UFTM technique, as well as the incorporation of GQDs in the polymer framework. The PBTTT-GQDs composite-based TFT has achieved higher field effect mobility as well as gas response up to ∼84.2 % for 25 ppm of ammonia. The composite-based ammonia sensor also exhibits improvement in detection limit and response/recovery time.

传统上，原始导电聚合物薄膜晶体管（TFTs）用于传感应用，但灵敏度有限。本文利用导电聚合物和量子点的复合材料来提高对氨的灵敏度。将聚[2,5-二（3-十四烷基噻吩-2-基）噻吩]（PBTTT- c14）或简单的PBTTT溶液与合成的石墨烯量子点（GQDs）溶液混合，制备PBTTT-GQDs复合材料。采用单向浮膜转移法（UFTM）在Si/SiO2基TFT上沉积PBTTT- GQDs复合材料。制备的PBTTT-GQDs复合基TFT由于UFTM技术的自组装和定向膜以及GQDs在聚合物框架中的结合而提供了性能增强。PBTTT-GQDs复合基TFT在25 ppm的氨气条件下获得了更高的场效应迁移率和高达84.2 %的气体响应。基于复合材料的氨传感器在检测限和响应/恢复时间方面也有改善。

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引用次数: 0

Synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes in flexible composite films for boosted photothermoelectric properties 纳米银和碳纳米管在柔性复合薄膜中对提高光热电性能的协同效应

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117476

Yan Ma , Haigang Hou , Dongliang Zhang , Jian Yang , Yuanzhi Pan , Guiwu Liu , Junlin Liu , Guanjun Qiao

Against the backdrop of the global low-carbon energy transition, the Photothermoelectric Effect has garnered considerable attention as an efficient route for light-to-electricity conversion. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) stand out as potential substrates for photothermoelectric thin films, owing to their broad-spectrum light absorption and exceptional electrical properties. Nevertheless, they are hindered by inherent bottlenecks: insufficient light absorption intensity and excessively high thermal conductivity, which impede the maintenance of temperature differences. In this study, a silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)-decorated CNT composite thin film (CNT@Ag) was constructed. The photothermal properties of the CNT@Ag film were 57 % higher than those of the Raw CNT as the local irradiation was applied. Furthermore, the composite film achieved a photovoltage of 0.2 mV, 2.86 times that of the Raw CNT. Current-voltage profiles, position-sensitive photovoltage, and synchronized thermal-voltage data verify that the electrical signal originates from the PTE effect. This research deepens the understanding of the PTE effect mechanism dominated by metal/carbon nanotube heterojunctions and provides a basis for the design of high-performance light energy conversion materials and the material development of intelligent sensing devices.

在全球低碳能源转型的背景下，光热电效应作为光-电转换的有效途径受到了广泛关注。单壁碳纳米管（CNTs）由于其广谱光吸收和特殊的电学性能而成为光热电薄膜的潜在衬底。然而，它们受到固有瓶颈的阻碍：光吸收强度不足和过高的热导率，这阻碍了温差的维持。在本研究中，构建了银纳米粒子（Ag NPs）修饰的碳纳米管复合薄膜（CNT@Ag）。在局部辐照下，CNT@Ag薄膜的光热性能比原始碳纳米管高57 %。此外，复合薄膜的光电压达到0.2 mV，是原始碳纳米管的2.86倍。电流电压曲线、位置敏感光电压和同步热电压数据验证了电信号源于PTE效应。本研究加深了对以金属/碳纳米管异质结为主的PTE效应机理的认识，为高性能光能转换材料的设计和智能传感器件的材料开发提供了依据。

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引用次数: 0

Magnetic-driven micromixer induced by oscillatory ferrofluid droplets as on-demand soft microactuators 由振荡铁磁流体液滴诱导的磁驱动微混合器作为按需软微执行器

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117475

Amir Mohammad Haghgoo , Tina Hajihadi Naghash , Majid Ghassemi , Mohamad Ali Bijarchi , Mohammad Behshad Shafii

Using ferrofluids as smart materials in micromixers for achieving homogeneous mixing can be taken into account as a promising tool for improving the total efficiency of microfluidic platforms. A wide range of scenarios for employing the ferrofluid, as a miscible stream with reactants, have been explored to enhance mixing. However, the function of the ferrofluid as an immiscible agent in mixing is overlooked. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, the effect of oscillating a train of ferrofluid droplets as a controllable and on-demand actuator for ameliorating mass transfer in a 3D-printed micromixer is experimentally investigated. Another motivation for conducting this study is to meet the request of mixing two miscible fluids with the help of ferrofluid droplets as immiscible actuators in less contact with the biological reactant along with less impact on the final properties of the product. The movement of these magnetized droplets across to the flow direction becomes possible by a linear-moving magnet. By adjusting the influencing parameters including miscible fluids and ferrofluid flow rates, magnet movement frequency, magnet diameter, displacement amplitude, and the number of magnets the harmonic oscillations of bio-compatible ferrofluid droplets are comprehensively surveyed. The results show that by switching the magnetic system from off to on, the mixing index in the best case increases from 0.21 to 0.89. Thanks to the controllability of ferrofluid droplets, this novel idea offers an effective solution to intensify microfluidic mixing efficiency and can pave the way for other biomedicine and engineering applications.

在微混合器中使用铁磁流体作为智能材料来实现均匀混合，是提高微流控平台总效率的一种有前途的工具。铁磁流体作为一种与反应物混相的流体，已经被广泛地应用于各种场景中，以加强混合。然而，铁磁流体作为一种非混相剂在混合中的作用却被忽视了。因此，在本研究中，首次实验研究了在3d打印微混合器中振荡铁磁流体液滴作为可控按需执行器改善传质的效果。进行这项研究的另一个动机是为了满足混合两种可混相流体的要求，借助铁磁流体液滴作为不混相执行器，在与生物反应物接触较少的情况下，对产品的最终性能影响较小。这些被磁化的液滴通过线性移动的磁铁向流动方向移动成为可能。通过调整混相流体和铁磁流体流速、磁体运动频率、磁体直径、位移幅值和磁体数量等影响参数，对生物相容性铁磁流体液滴的谐波振荡进行了全面研究。结果表明，通过将磁性系统由关转通，混合指数由0.21提高到0.89。由于铁磁流体液滴的可控性，这一新颖的想法为增强微流体混合效率提供了有效的解决方案，并为其他生物医学和工程应用铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

A flexible modular neural interface for investigating functional connectivity between deep brain structures and the cerebral cortex 一个灵活的模块化神经接口，用于研究脑深部结构和大脑皮层之间的功能连接

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117470

Sehwan Park , Seungjun Lee , Haeyun Lee , Minseok Kim , Jimin Lee , Namsun Chou , Hyogeun Shin

Understanding the connectivity between deep brain structures and the cerebral cortex is crucial for unraveling complex brain functions. However, existing neural interfaces are mostly limited to studying connections within either deep brain regions or the cortex. Herein, we present a flexible modular neural interface in which multiple modules comprising a flexible neural probe, an optical fiber, and a micro-needle for drug delivery can be integrated. This enables precise stimulation of various deep brain regions and simultaneous cortical signal measurements in response to various stimuli. The system enables the flexible positioning of modules at different depths, thereby supporting EEG signal recording and providing versatile targeting and modulation of neural circuits. The interface facilitates detailed investigations into functional connectivity by enabling localized stimulation while capturing neural activity from both deep brain structures and cortical areas. The results of validation experiments indicate that the system effectively induced epileptic-like signals in the cortex of anesthetized mice through deep brain stimulation and enabled measurement thereof. In addition, localized intracerebral drug delivery produces clear modulation of cortical EEG signals, demonstrating effective multimodal integration under physiological conditions. This adaptable modular design offers significant potential for expanding research into neural mechanisms and probing interactions between deep brain structures and the cortex with high precision.

了解大脑深层结构和大脑皮层之间的联系对于揭示复杂的大脑功能至关重要。然而，现有的神经接口大多局限于研究大脑深层区域或皮层内的连接。在此，我们提出了一种灵活的模块化神经接口，其中包含柔性神经探针，光纤和用于药物递送的微针的多个模块可以集成。这使得精确刺激不同的大脑深部区域和同时皮层信号测量响应于各种刺激。该系统能够在不同深度灵活定位模块，从而支持脑电图信号记录，并提供神经回路的多功能定位和调制。该接口通过实现局部刺激，同时捕获来自大脑深部结构和皮层区域的神经活动，从而促进了对功能连接的详细研究。验证实验结果表明，该系统通过深部脑刺激在麻醉小鼠皮层有效诱导癫痫样信号并使其能够测量。此外，局部脑内给药对皮层脑电图信号产生明显的调节，表明生理条件下有效的多模态整合。这种适应性强的模块化设计为扩展神经机制的研究以及高精度地探测脑深部结构和皮层之间的相互作用提供了巨大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Low-noise AC current measurement with a single-element magnetoresistive sensor and lock-in amplification 用单元件磁阻传感器和锁相放大进行低噪声交流电流测量

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117469

Diego Ramírez Muñoz , Rafael García-Gil , Sandra Soriano Díaz , Carlo Alfisi , Susana Cardoso , Paulo P. Freitas

In this paper, a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor implemented with a single MR element, instead of the usual bridge configuration, has been developed for alternating (AC) current measurement, including the design of its low-noise signal conditioning circuit. The sensor is based on a tunneling magnetoresistive effect (TMR) and is placed on a copper bar carrying the high current under measurement. The circuit incorporates a voltage-to-current (v-i) driver to bias the MR element, as well as a lock-in amplifier for extracting the sensor signal with improved signal-to-noise ratio. The v-i driver is based on a full Wilson current mirror with emitter degeneration, which also compensates the sensor output at zero current (offset). A lock-in amplifier is added to extract small sensor signals from noise by synchronous detection, enabling precise measurement of sensor resistance variations. The v-i driver was analysed to evaluate the accuracy of the mirror current under realistic transistor mismatch conditions, and the boundary design conditions for its operation as a current mirror were established both by simulation and experimentally. The design and analysis of the proposed circuit are verified experimentally with a MR element submitted up to 125 A at 50 Hz, analysing immunity to interferences.

在本文中，一个磁阻（MR）传感器实现了一个单一的磁阻元件，而不是通常的桥配置，已开发用于交流（AC）电流测量，包括其低噪声信号调理电路的设计。该传感器是基于隧道磁阻效应（TMR），并放置在铜排承载被测量的大电流。该电路包含一个电压电流（v-i）驱动器来偏置磁流变元件，以及一个锁相放大器，用于提取具有改进信噪比的传感器信号。v-i驱动器是基于一个全威尔逊电流反射镜与发射极退化，这也补偿传感器输出在零电流（偏移）。锁相放大器通过同步检测从噪声中提取小传感器信号，从而精确测量传感器电阻的变化。分析了v-i驱动器在实际晶体管失配条件下反射镜电流的精度，并通过仿真和实验建立了其作为电流反射镜工作的边界设计条件。通过实验验证了所提出电路的设计和分析，并在50 Hz下提供了高达125 a的MR元件，分析了对干扰的抗扰性。

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