Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献_第8页

A freeze-resistant, highly reliable hydrogel strain sensors for ultralow-temperatures via EHD printing method 一种抗冻、高可靠性的水凝胶应变传感器，通过EHD打印方法用于超低温

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117449

Fengli Huang , Jun Gao , Zhiheng Yu , Taiyao Pan , Tianyu Zhang , Hao Xue

Hydrogel sensors with excellent mechanical and electrical properties show great potential in the field of flexible intelligent sensing. However, hydrogel sensors cannot simultaneously possess good water-holding ability, anti-freezing performance and fatigue resistance, resulting in unstable sensing performance and poor reusability. This work constructed a cross-linked hydrogel conductive network by introducing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), ethylene glycol (EG) and MXene nanosheets into a sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel system, and fabricated SPE₄M₂ hydrogel strain sensors using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing method. Benefiting from the excellent water-holding capability of the EG/water binary solvent within the hydrogel matrix, and the orientation-introduced of the conductive medium inside the hydrogel matrix by the EHD printing process, the fabricated SPE₄M₂ hydrogel sensor exhibits high sensitivity (100 % strain: GF = 2.1), fast response/recovery time (142 ms / 205 ms) and detection stability (100 % strain with 2.7 % DH). Meanwhile, the fabricated hydrogel sensor exhibits excellent anti-freezing and water-holding capabilities, maintaining good flexibility and conductivity even after exposure to low temperatures (-30 ℃) or prolonged storage (50 ℃ for 3 days). Wearable applications of the fabricated sensors in both room temperature and extremely low-temperature environments (-30 ℃) were demonstrated to show the excellent wearable environmental adaptability of the fabricated hydrogel sensors.

水凝胶传感器具有优良的机械性能和电气性能，在柔性智能传感领域显示出巨大的潜力。但水凝胶传感器不能同时具备良好的保水性、防冻性和抗疲劳性，导致传感性能不稳定，重复使用性差。本研究将聚乙烯醇（PVA）、乙二醇（EG）和MXene纳米片引入海藻酸钠（SA）水凝胶体系，构建交联水凝胶导电网络，并采用电流体动力（EHD）打印方法制备SPE4M2水凝胶应变传感器。得益于水凝胶基质中EG/水双溶剂优异的保水性，以及EHD打印工艺在水凝胶基质中引入的导电介质定向，制备的SPE4M2水凝胶传感器具有高灵敏度（100 %应变：GF = 2.1）、快速响应/恢复时间（142 ms / 205 ms）和检测稳定性（100 %应变：2.7 % DH）。同时，制备的水凝胶传感器具有优异的防冻和保水能力，即使在低温（-30℃）或长时间储存（50℃3天）下也能保持良好的柔韧性和导电性。在室温和极低温环境（-30℃）下的可穿戴应用表明，所制备的水凝胶传感器具有良好的可穿戴环境适应性。

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引用次数: 0

Flexible Ag nanoparticles-decorated Ag2Te nanowire film for broad-band and self-powered Photothermoelectric detection 用于宽带自供电光热电检测的柔性银纳米粒子修饰的Ag2Te纳米线薄膜

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117448

Chenyang Guo, Jianli Jiang, Haigang Hou, Jian Yang, Dongliang Zhang, Quanjiang Lv, Junlin Liu, Guanjun Qiao

Photothermoelectric (PTE) detectors, characterized by self-powered operation and broadband response, represent a promising alternative to conventional photodetectors. However, achieving efficient photothermal conversion and thermoelectric response within a single material remains a key challenge. In this work, we successfully constructed a flexible Ag₂Te@Ag composite film of Ag₂Te nanowires (NWs) decorated with Ag nanoparticles (NPs), which exhibits a pronounced PTE effect. The Ag NPs act as plasmonic nanoheaters, significantly enhancing light absorption and local heat generation through localized surface plasmon resonance, while the porous Ag₂Te NW network serves as an efficient thermoelectric scaffold with low lattice thermal conductivity and optical absorption cavity. As a result, this Ag₂Te@Ag film achieves a remarkable temperature difference of 73.4 K and a corresponding photovoltage of 1.41 mV under 450 nm laser irradiation, with a maximum responsivity of 17.17 mV W⁻¹ across the 380–1550 nm range. The device operates in a fully self-powered mode, exhibiting fast response, excellent output linearity, and outstanding mechanical flexibility with negligible degradation of properties after 200 bending cycles. This work provides a viable strategy for developing high-performance, flexible PTE detectors for wearable optoelectronics and energy harvesting.

光热电（PTE）探测器具有自供电和宽带响应的特点，是传统光电探测器的一个很有前途的替代方案。然而，在单一材料中实现有效的光热转换和热电响应仍然是一个关键的挑战。在这项工作中，我们成功地构建了一种柔性Ag2Te@Ag复合膜Ag2Te纳米线（NWs）与银纳米粒子（NPs）装饰，表现出明显的PTE效应。Ag NPs作为等离子体纳米加热器，通过局部表面等离子体共振显著增强光吸收和局部热产生，而多孔Ag2Te NW网络具有低晶格热导率和光吸收腔，是高效的热电支架。结果表明，该Ag2Te@Ag薄膜在450 nm激光照射下的温差为73.4 K，对应的光电压为1.41 mV，在380-1550 nm范围内的最大响应度为17.17 mV W−1。该设备在完全自供电模式下工作，具有快速响应，优异的输出线性度和出色的机械灵活性，在200次弯曲循环后性能退化可以忽略不计。这项工作为开发用于可穿戴光电子和能量收集的高性能、柔性PTE探测器提供了一种可行的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Multifunctional PVDF composites with MXene nanosheets and SAP particles for sensors 多功能PVDF复合材料与MXene纳米片和SAP颗粒传感器

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117443

Xiang Li , Wentong Lu , Jincheng Wang , Jiaming Chen , Long Li , Hao Tian , Peilong Zhou , Hua Zhang

This study introduces a novel multifunctional composite material composed of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) fiber mats, MXene nanosheets, and superabsorbent polymer (SAP) particles, aimed at addressing limitations in traditional piezoelectric materials such as low strength and poor multifunctionality. The PVDF fiber mats were fabricated via electrospinning, with MXene nanosheets uniformly deposited on their surface through a filtration process. SAP particles were subsequently incorporated to enhance moisture absorption, functional diversity, and mechanical performance. Comprehensive characterization revealed the successful integration of MXene and SAP, achieving uniform distribution and synergy at the microstructural level. The composite exhibited excellent piezoelectric properties (4–6 V) and mechanical stability (The sample can withstand thousands of cyclic compressions with good stability within a few hundred kPa), maintaining a linear response to pressure under both dry and water-absorbed conditions. Finite element analysis (FEA) and various application tests demonstrated the material’s ability to detect a wide range of external pressures, from subtle touches to high-pressure impacts, highlighting its potential for use in flexible sensors, electronic skin, and dynamic monitoring systems. The study underscores the importance of structural optimization in enhancing piezoelectric performance and environmental adaptability. Future research could explore long-term stability and further optimization of material composition to support broader applications in wearable devices, energy harvesting, and intelligent sensing technologies.

本研究介绍了一种由聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）纤维垫、MXene纳米片和高吸水性聚合物（SAP）颗粒组成的新型多功能复合材料，旨在解决传统压电材料强度低、多功能性差的局限性。采用静电纺丝法制备了聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）纤维垫，并通过过滤工艺将MXene纳米片均匀沉积在其表面。随后加入SAP颗粒以增强吸湿性、功能多样性和机械性能。综合表征表明MXene和SAP成功集成，在微观结构水平上实现均匀分布和协同。该复合材料具有优异的压电性能（4-6 V）和机械稳定性（样品可以承受数千次循环压缩，稳定性在几百kPa以内），在干燥和吸水条件下都保持对压力的线性响应。有限元分析（FEA）和各种应用测试表明，该材料能够检测各种外部压力，从细微的触摸到高压冲击，突出了其在柔性传感器、电子皮肤和动态监测系统中的应用潜力。该研究强调了结构优化对提高压电性能和环境适应性的重要性。未来的研究可以探索材料成分的长期稳定性和进一步优化，以支持在可穿戴设备、能量收集和智能传感技术中的更广泛应用。

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引用次数: 0

An innovative meander line coil-based electromagnetic acoustic transducer for single-mode lamb wave excitation 一种创新的曲线线圈型单模lamb波激励电磁声换能器

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117445

Zongmin Lv , Wei Guan , Yinghong Zhang , Weiyong Li , Ming Que

In this paper, an improved design method for the single-mode Lamb wave electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is proposed by using uneven meander line coil EMAT (UMLC-EMAT) instead of the conventional even meander line coil EMAT (EMLC-EMAT). By adjusting the number of turns of each meander line in the coil, the desired mode is enhanced and the unwanted mode is suppressed. Consider the excitation of the A0 mode Lamb wave as an example. First, the working mechanisms of acoustic wave destructive interference and constructive interference in the UMLC-EMAT are described in detail. Second, numerical models for the structures of UMLC-EMAT and EMLC-EMAT are established, and the eddy current density and Lorentz force magnitude generated by the two transducers are compared. And then, the displacement amplitudes of A0 and S0 waves excited and received by the two EMATs are contrasted to verify the feasibility of generating pure A0 waves via the novel design method. Finally, comparative experiments on the two structures are carried out to validate the correctness of the theoretical analysis. The experimental results reveal that UMLC-EMAT can generate the single-mode Lamb waves with high purity. Furthermore, switching the bias magnetic field direction increases the excitation efficiency by 110 %, which is consistent with the simulation results. This design method can be further extended to the excitation of pure S0 mode Lamb waves, providing new guidance for the design of single-mode Lamb wave EMATs.

本文提出了一种改进的单模Lamb波电磁声换能器（EMAT）的设计方法，即用非均匀曲线线圈EMAT （UMLC-EMAT）代替传统的均匀曲线线圈EMAT （EMLC-EMAT）。通过调整线圈中每个曲线的匝数，可以增强所需的模式，抑制不需要的模式。以A0型兰姆波的激发为例。首先，详细描述了UMLC-EMAT中声波相消干涉和相消干涉的工作机理。其次，建立了UMLC-EMAT和EMLC-EMAT结构的数值模型，比较了两种换能器产生的涡流密度和洛伦兹力大小。然后，对比了两种emat激发和接收的A0和S0波的位移幅值，验证了采用新设计方法产生纯A0波的可行性。最后，对两种结构进行了对比实验，验证了理论分析的正确性。实验结果表明，UMLC-EMAT可以产生高纯度的单模兰姆波。改变偏置磁场方向可使励磁效率提高110 %，与仿真结果一致。该设计方法可进一步推广到纯50模兰姆波的激发，为单模兰姆波emat的设计提供新的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Controlled α-to-κ phase transformation in Mg-doped Ga2O3 films for high-performance UV-C detection 用于高性能UV-C检测的mg掺杂Ga2O3薄膜受控α-to-κ相变

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117447

Chien-Sheng Cheng , Shun-Cheng Shih , Wen-Chau Liu , Hao-Chun Hung , Wei-Chou Hsu

Conventional UV-C sensing materials face challenges such as high defect densities, complex synthesis, and low photo response. This study presents an innovative approach in Mg-doped Ga₂O₃ thin films, fabricated via mist chemical vapor deposition (Mist-CVD) process. By tuning the precursor composition, we achieved controllable phase transformation from the α-phase to a mixed α/κ phase, and ultimately to stabilized κ-Ga₂O₃. Notably, the κ-Mg:Ga₂O₃ photodetector, synthesized at 500°C with 60 % Mg, exhibited an exceptional photo-to-dark current ratio of 1.4 × 10⁸, a detectivity of 1.1 × 10¹⁸ Jones, and an ultrahigh responsivity of 6821.9 A/W. These outstanding performance metrics stem from Mg-induced phase stabilization, reduced defect densities, and improved photoconductive gain, collectively leading to enhanced photo response, dark current suppression, and photo-switching stability. The findings underscore the potential of Mg-doped κ-Ga₂O₃ as a next-generation UV-C detection material, offering superior sensitivity and low-noise operation for advanced optoelectronic applications.

传统的UV-C传感材料面临缺陷密度高、合成复杂、光响应低等挑战。本研究提出了一种通过雾化学气相沉积（mist - cvd）工艺制备mg掺杂Ga2O3薄膜的创新方法。通过调整前驱体组成，我们实现了α-相向混合α/κ相的可控相变，最终实现了稳定的κ- ga2o3。值得注意的是，在500°C下，以60 % Mg合成的κ-Mg:Ga2O3光电探测器表现出异常的光暗电流比为1.4 × 108，探测率为1.1 × 1018 Jones，超高响应率为6821.9 a /W。这些卓越的性能指标源于mg诱导的相位稳定、降低的缺陷密度和改进的光导增益，共同导致增强的光响应、暗电流抑制和光开关稳定性。这些发现强调了mg掺杂的κ-Ga2O3作为下一代UV-C检测材料的潜力，为先进的光电应用提供了卓越的灵敏度和低噪声操作。

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引用次数: 0

Flexible dual-mode capacitive tactile sensor with wide linear range based on three-level gradient micro-dome porous structure 基于三能级梯度微圆顶多孔结构的宽线性范围柔性双模电容式触觉传感器

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117440

Han Zhang, Ling Weng, Huiwen Yang, Lanyang Hao, Shichao Zuo, Mingyuan Wang, Xinpei Huang, Shixin Wang

The sensitivity and linearity of flexible capacitive tactile sensors are usually difficult to achieve simultaneously. To maintain high sensitivity in a broad pressure range, this study designed a flexible dual-mode tactile sensor with a three-level gradient micro-dome porous (TGP) structure dielectric layer. The TGP dielectric layer adopts a novel working mechanism: the porous structure operates in the low-pressure zone, while the gradient structure mainly works in the medium-high pressure zone. This pressure-adaptive mechanism successfully enables this sensor to exhibit relatively good linearity with R²= 0.986 over a wide pressure range of 0–1800 kPa, and has a high sensitivity of 0.181 kPa⁻¹. It also maintains good linearity within the bending range of 0°–45°. Leveraging the pressure characteristics of this sensor, a gripe dynamometer that can accurately measure grip strength has been made. Its bending property enables Morse code transmission which could generate clear and independent signals through finger bending. The sensor has practical value and vast potential in multiple fields such as tactile perception and medical detection.

柔性电容式触觉传感器的灵敏度和线性度往往难以同时实现。为了在宽压力范围内保持高灵敏度，本研究设计了一种柔性双模触觉传感器，该传感器具有三级梯度微圆顶多孔（TGP）结构介电层。TGP介质层采用了一种新颖的工作机制：多孔结构在低压区工作，梯度结构主要在中高压区工作。这种压力自适应机制成功地使该传感器在0-1800 kPa的宽压力范围内表现出相对较好的线性，R2= 0.986，并且具有0.181 kPa−1的高灵敏度。在0°-45°的弯曲范围内也保持良好的线性度。利用该传感器的压力特性，制作了一种能够准确测量握力的握力计。它的弯曲特性使得莫尔斯电码可以通过手指弯曲产生清晰独立的信号。该传感器在触觉感知、医疗检测等多个领域具有实用价值和巨大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Ultrahigh-resolution relative humidity sensor based on Pound-Drever-Hall technique with unmodified optical fiber 基于未改性光纤庞德-德雷弗-霍尔技术的超高分辨率相对湿度传感器

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117427

Wei Jin , Hao Lin , Jiaxing Gao , Jinhua Mou , He Zhang , Yu Zhang , Xuhao Ji , Fengjun Tian , Yifan Qin , Zhihai Liu , Longxiang Guo , Liang Zhang , Heping Shen , Libo Yuan

High-precision humidity monitoring is essential for industrial and scientific applications such as precision machining, semiconductor fabrication, and energy storage. Most fiber-optic humidity sensors rely on hygroscopic materials and microfabrication to enhance performance; however, these strategies increase structural complexity and compromise long-term robustness. Nevertheless, the intrinsic humidity sensitivity of the native coating is commonly overlooked. Here, we demonstrate that the native acrylate coating of commercial optical fibers functions as a humidity-sensitive medium. To overcome the limitation of the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA)’s insufficient resolution, which impedes the detection of coating variations induced by humidity changes, we employ the Pound–Drever–Hall (PDH) frequency-locking technique in conjunction with a fiber Bragg grating-based Fabry–Perot interferometer (FBG-FFPI). This configuration enables precise measurement of cavity length variations resulting from the hygroscopic expansion of the acrylic coating on the unmodified fiber, and as a result, the proposed sensor can measure humidity across a wide range (5–95 % RH), with a resolution of 5.62 × 10⁻⁵ %RH and an accuracy of 9.36 × 10⁻⁵ %RH. As no additional structural modifications are required, the sensor exhibits high robustness and structural simplicity. Consequently, the proposed approach holds great potential for long-term deployment in harsh industrial settings and environmental monitoring.

高精度湿度监测对于工业和科学应用至关重要，如精密加工，半导体制造和能源存储。大多数光纤湿度传感器依靠吸湿材料和微加工来提高性能；然而，这些策略增加了结构的复杂性，并损害了长期的健壮性。然而，天然涂层的固有湿度敏感性通常被忽视。在这里，我们证明了商用光纤的天然丙烯酸酯涂层作为湿度敏感介质的功能。为了克服光谱分析仪（OSA）分辨率不足的限制，从而影响检测湿度变化引起的涂层变化，我们采用了pdd - drever - hall （PDH）锁频技术和基于光纤布拉格光栅的法布里-珀罗干涉仪（FBG-FFPI）。这种配置可以精确测量由未改性纤维上丙烯酸涂层的吸湿膨胀引起的腔长变化，因此，所提出的传感器可以测量宽范围（5-95 % RH）的湿度，分辨率为5.62 × 10⁻5 %RH，精度为9.36 × 10⁻5 %RH。由于不需要额外的结构修改，传感器具有高稳健性和结构简单性。因此，拟议的方法在恶劣的工业环境和环境监测中具有长期部署的巨大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Electrical and thermo-mechanical properties of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene/carbon nanotube and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene/carbon black multipin electrodes for electroencephalography 脑电多针电极的电学和热机械性能的研究

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117446

George Gnonhoue, Ilyass Tabiai, Jérémie Voix, Éric David

Flexible electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes have attracted increasing attention due to their potential applications in mobile health monitoring. However, balancing electrical conductivity, flexibility, stretchability, and EEG signal recording remains challenging. Here, we fabricated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene butylene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS) composites with carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon black (CB) via solvent dissolution. The percolation threshold was approximately 12 wt% for SEBS/CB composites and approximately 2 wt% for SEBS/CNT composites. At 20 wt%, SEBS/CB composite conductivity plateaued at 0.01 S/m, whereas SEBS/CNT composite conductivity reached 1.26 S/m at 16 wt%. Contact impedance was 4.2 ± 0.45 kΩ for SEBS/16 wt%CNT and 5.4 ± 0.9 kΩ for SEBS/20 wt%CB. SEBS/CNT was slightly stiffer than SEBS/CB. The electrodes reliably recorded EEG signals, demonstrating their potential for health monitoring and long-term EEG measurements.

柔性脑电图（EEG）电极因其在移动健康监测中的潜在应用而受到越来越多的关注。然而，平衡电导率、柔韧性、可拉伸性和脑电图信号记录仍然具有挑战性。本文以碳纳米管（CNT）和炭黑（CB）为原料，通过溶剂溶解法制备了聚苯乙烯-嵌段-聚乙烯醇-嵌段-聚苯乙烯（SEBS）复合材料。SEBS/CB复合材料的渗透阈值约为12 wt%， SEBS/CNT复合材料的渗透阈值约为2 wt%。在20 wt%时，SEBS/CB复合材料的电导率稳定在0.01 S/m，而在16 wt%时，SEBS/CNT复合材料的电导率达到1.26 S/m。SEBS/16 wt%CNT的接触阻抗为4.2 ± 0.45 kΩ， SEBS/20 wt%CB的接触阻抗为5.4 ± 0.9 kΩ。SEBS/CNT比SEBS/CB稍硬。这些电极可靠地记录了脑电图信号，证明了它们在健康监测和长期脑电图测量方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Electrorheological and electromechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride gel actuators 聚氯乙烯凝胶致动器的电流变特性和机电特性

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117442

Kinji Asaka , Kazuki Furuse , Yuuki Ooba , Kosuke Kaneko , Tomonori Hanasaki

We investigated the electrorheological and electromechanical properties of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel actuator comprising PVC plasticized with various plasticizers including dibutyl adipate (DBA), diethyl adipate (DEA), dimethyl adipate (DMA), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA). PVC gel actuators fabricated with various plasticizers were evaluated in terms of electrorheology, namely, the viscoelastic change under an applied electric field. For all PVC gels, the storage modulus G' value slightly increased with increasing frequency, but the response was almost flat to frequency changes, indicating that the PVC gels were in a gel state owing to the formation of an infinite network. The observed change in storage modulus G′ under applied voltage was successfully analyzed using a deformation model of the PVC gel. This model incorporates an affine mesh framework together with the formation of a solvent- (plasticizer-) rich (S-R) layer, caused by the migration of plasticizers to the anode interface under voltage. Bending deformation experiments were also conducted for PVC gel actuators with various plasticizers by applying a step voltage ranging from 0 to 500 V and coating with conductive carbon grease on both surfaces. The observed bending deformation was successfully evaluated by an electrical response model linked to the storage modulus, revealing the contribution of the S-R layer to the electromechanical actuation. This study provides a practical approach for selecting both the optimal molecular structure and the concentration of plasticizers, which are crucial factors in improving the actuation performance of PVC-based gel devices.

我们研究了聚氯乙烯（PVC）凝胶致动器的电流变和机电性能，该致动器由不同增塑剂塑化的PVC组成，包括己二酸二丁酯（DBA）、己二酸二乙酯（DEA）、己二酸二甲酯（DMA）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和己二酸二（2-乙基己基）（DEHA）。用不同增塑剂制备的PVC凝胶致动器在外加电场作用下的粘弹性变化进行了电流流变学评价。所有PVC凝胶的存储模量G′值均随频率的增加而略有增加，但对频率变化的响应基本持平，说明PVC凝胶由于形成无限网络而处于凝胶状态。利用聚氯乙烯凝胶的变形模型成功地分析了在外加电压作用下所观察到的存储模量G '的变化。该模型结合了一个仿射网格框架，并形成了一个富含溶剂（增塑剂）的（S-R）层，这是由于增塑剂在电压作用下迁移到阳极界面造成的。通过施加0 ~ 500 V的阶进电压，并在两表面涂覆导电碳脂，对不同增塑剂的PVC凝胶致动器进行了弯曲变形实验。通过与存储模量相关的电响应模型成功评估了观察到的弯曲变形，揭示了S-R层对机电驱动的贡献。该研究为选择最佳分子结构和增塑剂浓度提供了一种实用的方法，这是提高pvc凝胶装置驱动性能的关键因素。

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引用次数: 0

Study of active-matrix high-power transistor design for electrical stimulation 电刺激有源矩阵大功率晶体管设计研究

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117441

Joonghyun Kim , Jeonghun Lee , Jiwon Chae , Dongsu Kim , Goeun Pyo , Su Jin Heo , Junggyun Jang , Heechang Park , Hongki Kang , Hyuk-Jun Kwon , Jae Eun Jang

Among various methods for generating artificial tactile sensations, a haptic device that employs electrical stimulation has attracted significant attention due to its high potential for realizing hyper-realistic touch. Considering the high skin impedance and the dense population of tactile receptors in the fingers, achieving a high-resolution electrode design with high-power operation and a flexible form-factor is required. In this study, an electrical stimulation haptic device employing a high-power transistor with an active matrix (AM) design on a flexible substrate was demonstrated. We optimized parameters for the thin-film transistor (TFT) employing Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (IGZO) to sustain biphasic signal conditions as well as high power driving for electrical stimulation and its compatibility with low-process temperature for flexible form-factor. In order to secure the operating range of the driving TFT, the skin resistance value was measured based on the actual electrical stimulation waveform and confirmed to be 20–30 kΩ on average. The resulting device achieved a spatial resolution of 64 channels within a 1 cm² area. To achieve high drain current of TFT, a comb-shaped design of source and drain was suggested. The TFT can transfer high biphasic voltage (∼±50 V) with high simulation current (>10 mA). Therefore, the electrical stimulation device with high electrode density can supply sufficient power with wide bipolar stimulus signal swings stably for finger skin stimulation and various human interface devices.

在产生人工触觉的各种方法中，利用电刺激的触觉装置因其具有实现超逼真触觉的巨大潜力而备受关注。考虑到高皮肤阻抗和手指中密集的触觉感受器，需要实现具有高功率操作和灵活形状因素的高分辨率电极设计。在本研究中，展示了一种在柔性衬底上采用有源矩阵（AM）设计的大功率晶体管的电刺激触觉装置。我们优化了采用铟镓锌氧化物（IGZO）的薄膜晶体管（TFT）的参数，以维持双相信号条件，以及用于电刺激的高功率驱动，以及它与低工艺温度的兼容性，以实现灵活的形状因素。为了确定驱动TFT的工作范围，根据实际电刺激波形测量皮肤电阻值，确定皮肤电阻值平均为20-30 kΩ。该装置在1 cm²区域内实现了64通道的空间分辨率。为了实现高漏极电流，提出了一种梳状源漏极设计。TFT可以传输高双相电压（~±50 V）和高模拟电流（>10 mA）。因此，具有高电极密度的电刺激装置可以为手指皮肤刺激和各种人机界面装置提供足够的功率和稳定的宽双极刺激信号波动。

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引用次数: 0