Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献_第5页

Design and prototyping of a multilayer polyvinyl chloride gel actuator for suppressing resting hand tremor 用于抑制静息手颤的多层聚氯乙烯凝胶致动器的设计和原型

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117536

Xia Zhang , Zhongliang Liu , Hanli Wang , Yi Li , Shaojiang Dong , Shizheng Sun , Minoru Hashimoto

Resting hand tremor, a prevalent neurological disorder, significantly compromises patients’ quality of life without being directly life-threatening. Conventional pharmacological and surgical interventions are often costly and carry potential complications, thereby generating considerable interest in non-invasive wearable assistive devices. However, existing exoskeleton-based tremor suppression devices, which predominantly rely on conventional motor-driven mechanisms, are frequently hampered by issues such as large size, substantial weight, and significant obtrusiveness. These limitations readily induce muscle fatigue, severely restricting their clinical utility and patient compliance. To address these challenges, this study pioneers the application of multilayer polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel actuators for hand tremor suppression. Aiming to develop a practical suppression device, we first identified the optimal parameter set by investigating the force/displacement characteristics of the actuator under varying plasticizer contents and stacking layers. This established a high-performance gel actuator configuration suitable for tremor suppression, upon which a modular encapsulation structure with adjustable pre-tension was designed. Subsequently, guided by the principles of active vibration control, a dedicated control system was developed, incorporating tremor signal frequency/phase detection and a voltage-source switching control strategy. Finally, a hand tremor simulation test platform was constructed for validation. Experimental results demonstrated that the multilayer PVC gel actuator achieved a suppression efficiency of up to 49%. The encapsulated actuator exhibited outstanding comprehensive performance, including low power dissipation (5.2%), rapid response (

\sim

50 ms), high operational bandwidth (10 Hz), and lightweight (33 g), thereby fully validating its application potential in physiological tremor suppression.

静息性手颤是一种常见的神经系统疾病，严重影响患者的生活质量，但不会直接危及生命。传统的药物和手术干预往往是昂贵的，并有潜在的并发症，因此产生了对非侵入性可穿戴辅助设备的相当大的兴趣。然而，现有的基于外骨骼的震颤抑制装置主要依赖于传统的电机驱动机制，经常受到诸如尺寸大、重量大和显著突兀性等问题的阻碍。这些限制很容易引起肌肉疲劳，严重限制了它们的临床应用和患者的依从性。为了解决这些挑战，本研究开创了多层聚氯乙烯（PVC）凝胶致动器用于手部震颤抑制的应用。为了开发一种实用的抑制装置，我们首先通过研究不同增塑剂含量和堆叠层下执行器的力/位移特性来确定最优参数集。建立了一种适用于震颤抑制的高性能凝胶致动器结构，并在此基础上设计了预张力可调的模块化封装结构。随后，在振动主动控制原理的指导下，开发了一种专用的控制系统，该系统结合了振动信号的频率/相位检测和电压源开关控制策略。最后，搭建了手颤仿真测试平台进行验证。实验结果表明，多层PVC凝胶致动器的抑制效率高达49%。封装驱动器具有低功耗（5.2%）、快速响应（~ 50 ms）、高工作带宽（10 Hz）、轻量化（33 g）等综合性能，充分验证了其在生理震颤抑制方面的应用潜力。

{"title":"Design and prototyping of a multilayer polyvinyl chloride gel actuator for suppressing resting hand tremor","authors":"Xia Zhang , Zhongliang Liu , Hanli Wang , Yi Li , Shaojiang Dong , Shizheng Sun , Minoru Hashimoto","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resting hand tremor, a prevalent neurological disorder, significantly compromises patients’ quality of life without being directly life-threatening. Conventional pharmacological and surgical interventions are often costly and carry potential complications, thereby generating considerable interest in non-invasive wearable assistive devices. However, existing exoskeleton-based tremor suppression devices, which predominantly rely on conventional motor-driven mechanisms, are frequently hampered by issues such as large size, substantial weight, and significant obtrusiveness. These limitations readily induce muscle fatigue, severely restricting their clinical utility and patient compliance. To address these challenges, this study pioneers the application of multilayer polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel actuators for hand tremor suppression. Aiming to develop a practical suppression device, we first identified the optimal parameter set by investigating the force/displacement characteristics of the actuator under varying plasticizer contents and stacking layers. This established a high-performance gel actuator configuration suitable for tremor suppression, upon which a modular encapsulation structure with adjustable pre-tension was designed. Subsequently, guided by the principles of active vibration control, a dedicated control system was developed, incorporating tremor signal frequency/phase detection and a voltage-source switching control strategy. Finally, a hand tremor simulation test platform was constructed for validation. Experimental results demonstrated that the multilayer PVC gel actuator achieved a suppression efficiency of up to 49%. The encapsulated actuator exhibited outstanding comprehensive performance, including low power dissipation (5.2%), rapid response (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>50 ms), high operational bandwidth (10 Hz), and lightweight (33 g), thereby fully validating its application potential in physiological tremor suppression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117536"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-responsive and self-sensing flexible actuators based on conductive polypyrrole/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels 基于导电聚吡咯/聚n -异丙基丙烯酰胺水凝胶的多响应自传感柔性致动器

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117539

Yaling Mao, Minjuan Gao, Changhao Qian, Ning Zhang, Runtian Miao, Xingyu Fan, Yueqin Li

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanocomposite hydrogels have recently emerged as promising candidates for soft hydrogel actuators. However, achieving autonomous response to external stimuli while providing real-time feedback on their motion states remains a key challenge for PNIPAM hydrogel actuators. Herein, conductive polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles were homogeneously incorporated into PNIPAM networks via multiple in situ polymerization steps. Through direct adhesion to a passive PAA-Fe³ ⁺/clay hydrogel layer, a bilayer hydrogel actuator with the configuration PNIPAM/PPy//PAA-Fe³ ⁺/clay was successfully fabricated. This hydrogel actuator exhibited rapid bending deformation under thermal stimulation, enabling swift object grasping and lifting actions in hot water. The PPy network infiltrated within the hydrogel matrix served as an effective photothermal agent, facilitating stable and repeatable temperature elevation under NIR light irradiation. Therefore, the PNIPAM/PPy hydrogel achieved diverse biomimetic functionalities, including the simulation of hand gestures, the closure of Venus flytrap-mimetic leaves, the operation of fluid valves, and the programmable bending of flower petals. Notably, the PNIPAM/PPy hydrogel exhibited excellent electrical conductivity (1.24 ± 0.04 S/m) and could be fabricated into strain sensors with a gauge factor (GF) of up to 3.44, accompanied by fast response speeds and exceptional durability. Leveraging these integrated properties, the PNIPAM/PPy hydrogel is capable of detecting bending and weight-lifting actuations through real-time resistance changes, thereby achieving self-sensing actuation capabilities within the monolithic material. This distinctive design highlights the material’s promising potential for applications in soft robots.

聚n -异丙基丙烯酰胺（PNIPAM）纳米复合水凝胶最近成为软水凝胶致动器的有前途的候选材料。然而，实现对外部刺激的自主反应，同时提供运动状态的实时反馈，仍然是PNIPAM水凝胶致动器面临的一个关键挑战。在这里，导电聚吡咯（PPy）纳米颗粒通过多个原位聚合步骤均匀地加入到PNIPAM网络中。通过直接粘附在被动PAA-Fe³ + /粘土水凝胶层上，成功制备了一种结构为PNIPAM/PPy//PAA-Fe³ + /粘土的双层水凝胶驱动器。该水凝胶驱动器在热刺激下表现出快速弯曲变形，能够在热水中快速抓取和提升物体。渗透在水凝胶基质中的聚吡啶网络作为一种有效的光热剂，在近红外光照射下促进稳定和可重复的温度升高。因此，PNIPAM/PPy水凝胶实现了多种仿生功能，包括模拟手势、模拟捕蝇草叶子的闭合、流体阀门的操作以及可编程的花瓣弯曲。值得注意的是，PNIPAM/PPy水凝胶具有优异的电导率（1.24 ± 0.04 S/m），可制成测量因子（GF）高达3.44的应变传感器，同时具有快速响应速度和优异的耐用性。利用这些综合性能，PNIPAM/PPy水凝胶能够通过实时阻力变化检测弯曲和举重驱动，从而在单片材料中实现自感知驱动能力。这种独特的设计突出了这种材料在软机器人中的应用前景。

{"title":"Multi-responsive and self-sensing flexible actuators based on conductive polypyrrole/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels","authors":"Yaling Mao, Minjuan Gao, Changhao Qian, Ning Zhang, Runtian Miao, Xingyu Fan, Yueqin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanocomposite hydrogels have recently emerged as promising candidates for soft hydrogel actuators. However, achieving autonomous response to external stimuli while providing real-time feedback on their motion states remains a key challenge for PNIPAM hydrogel actuators. Herein, conductive polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles were homogeneously incorporated into PNIPAM networks via multiple in situ polymerization steps. Through direct adhesion to a passive PAA-Fe³ ⁺/clay hydrogel layer, a bilayer hydrogel actuator with the configuration PNIPAM/PPy//PAA-Fe³ ⁺/clay was successfully fabricated. This hydrogel actuator exhibited rapid bending deformation under thermal stimulation, enabling swift object grasping and lifting actions in hot water. The PPy network infiltrated within the hydrogel matrix served as an effective photothermal agent, facilitating stable and repeatable temperature elevation under NIR light irradiation. Therefore, the PNIPAM/PPy hydrogel achieved diverse biomimetic functionalities, including the simulation of hand gestures, the closure of Venus flytrap-mimetic leaves, the operation of fluid valves, and the programmable bending of flower petals. Notably, the PNIPAM/PPy hydrogel exhibited excellent electrical conductivity (1.24 ± 0.04 S/m) and could be fabricated into strain sensors with a gauge factor (GF) of up to 3.44, accompanied by fast response speeds and exceptional durability. Leveraging these integrated properties, the PNIPAM/PPy hydrogel is capable of detecting bending and weight-lifting actuations through real-time resistance changes, thereby achieving self-sensing actuation capabilities within the monolithic material. This distinctive design highlights the material’s promising potential for applications in soft robots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and application of multimodal visual-tactile sensor for object information perception 面向物体信息感知的多模态视触觉传感器的设计与应用

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117529

Shixin Wang, Ling Weng, Lanyang Hao, Shichao Zuo, Zipeng Yang, Mingyuan Wang, Xiaotao Du

Aiming at the problem of single perception modality in existing tactile sensing systems, this paper designs and implements a multimodal visual-tactile sensor tailored for robotic grasping. This sensor adopts a modular hierarchical design and integrates three functional modules: the texture perception layer, the temperature and force perception layer, and the visual perception layer. The texture perception layer achieves high-precision 3D shape reconstruction through translucent elastomer and a dual-layer surface reflection coating, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0512 mm. The temperature and force perception layer utilizes thermochromic materials and a 5 × 7 marking point array to achieve temperature and multi-dimensional force perception respectively, among which the response time of the thermochromic material is 0.1 s and the recovery time is 0.2 s. The visual perception layer adopts transparent PDMS material to ensure visual information acquisition in a non-contact state. By integrating sensors into the UR5e robotic arm system and combining the YOLOv11 object detection algorithm with ArUco visual positioning technology, a complete vision-guided robotic grasping system was constructed. Through the grasping experiments with three distinct fruit types, namely mandarin, lychee, and nectarine, the effectiveness of the multimodal collaborative perception was validated across object recognition, pose detection, texture reconstruction, and temperature and force perception. The experimental results demonstrate that this sensor enables comprehensive information acquisition ranging from macro-level scene understanding to micro-level contact details. This improves the environment adaptability and operational precision of robots while optimizing robotic tactile perception technology.

针对现有触觉传感系统感知模式单一的问题，设计并实现了一种适合机器人抓取的多模态视触觉传感器。该传感器采用模块化分层设计，集成了纹理感知层、温度与力感知层、视觉感知层三个功能模块。纹理感知层通过半透明弹性体和双层表面反射涂层实现高精度三维形状重建，平均绝对误差（MAE）为0.0512 mm。温度和力感知层分别利用热致变色材料和5 × 7标记点阵列实现温度和多维力感知，其中热致变色材料的响应时间为0.1 s，恢复时间为0.2 s。视觉感知层采用透明PDMS材料，确保在非接触状态下获取视觉信息。通过将传感器集成到UR5e机械臂系统中，并将YOLOv11目标检测算法与ArUco视觉定位技术相结合，构建了完整的视觉引导机器人抓取系统。通过柑橘、荔枝和油桃三种不同水果类型的抓取实验，验证了多模态协同感知在物体识别、姿态检测、纹理重建、温度和力感知等方面的有效性。实验结果表明，该传感器能够实现从宏观层面的场景理解到微观层面的接触细节的综合信息采集。在优化机器人触觉感知技术的同时，提高了机器人的环境适应性和操作精度。

{"title":"Design and application of multimodal visual-tactile sensor for object information perception","authors":"Shixin Wang, Ling Weng, Lanyang Hao, Shichao Zuo, Zipeng Yang, Mingyuan Wang, Xiaotao Du","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aiming at the problem of single perception modality in existing tactile sensing systems, this paper designs and implements a multimodal visual-tactile sensor tailored for robotic grasping. This sensor adopts a modular hierarchical design and integrates three functional modules: the texture perception layer, the temperature and force perception layer, and the visual perception layer. The texture perception layer achieves high-precision 3D shape reconstruction through translucent elastomer and a dual-layer surface reflection coating, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0512 mm. The temperature and force perception layer utilizes thermochromic materials and a 5 × 7 marking point array to achieve temperature and multi-dimensional force perception respectively, among which the response time of the thermochromic material is 0.1 s and the recovery time is 0.2 s. The visual perception layer adopts transparent PDMS material to ensure visual information acquisition in a non-contact state. By integrating sensors into the UR5e robotic arm system and combining the YOLOv11 object detection algorithm with ArUco visual positioning technology, a complete vision-guided robotic grasping system was constructed. Through the grasping experiments with three distinct fruit types, namely mandarin, lychee, and nectarine, the effectiveness of the multimodal collaborative perception was validated across object recognition, pose detection, texture reconstruction, and temperature and force perception. The experimental results demonstrate that this sensor enables comprehensive information acquisition ranging from macro-level scene understanding to micro-level contact details. This improves the environment adaptability and operational precision of robots while optimizing robotic tactile perception technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117529"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trapezoidal sandwiched dual-layer hot-film sensors for highly sensitive and spatial-resolved wall shear stress measurement: A static investigation 用于高灵敏度和空间分辨墙体剪应力测量的梯形夹层双层热膜传感器：静态研究

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117524

Daoyuan Wang , Jinjun Deng , Yuchao Yan , Binghe Ma , Jian Luo , Weizheng Yuan

The measurement of wall shear stress using MEMS hot-film sensors has received considerable attentions. However, the substrate heat losses and axial diffusion effects fundamentally constrain the sensitivity and spatial resolution of MEMS hot-film sensors. In this work, a novel trapezoidal sandwiched dual-layer hot-film sensor with both reduced substrate and axial diffusion effects is proposed and micro-fabricated. This paper aims to verify and clarify the improvements in steady-state response and the space-resolved capacity of hot-film sensors using the proposed dual-layer active thermal insulation strategy. Both static calibration experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to achieve this. The trapezoidal sandwiched dual-layer sensor shows over 100 % improvement in output voltage sensitivity compared to its single-layer counterpart within a wall shear stress range from 0 to 5 Pa. We emphasize and clarify that the widely used sensitivity metric based on total heating power is inadequate for dual-layer hot-films. Instead, a more preferable metric relating to the relative net heating power, reveals that the newly proposed sensor exhibits 11 times the sensitivity of its single-layer counterpart and 6 times that of the previously reported dual-layer sensors. Besides, the effective sensing length of the trapezoidal sandwiched dual-layer sensors is no more than twice its physical size. Meanwhile, axial diffusion is greatly reduced, based on which the well-known conflicting constraint between spatial resolution and edge effects of conventional hot-films could be loosened. The confirmed reductions in substrate and axial diffusion open new opportunities for high-quality wall shear stress measurement using thermal sensors in the future.

利用MEMS热膜传感器测量壁面剪应力受到了广泛的关注。然而，衬底热损失和轴向扩散效应从根本上制约了MEMS热膜传感器的灵敏度和空间分辨率。在这项工作中，提出了一种新型的梯形夹层双层热膜传感器，具有减少衬底和轴向扩散效应。本文旨在验证和阐明采用所提出的双层主动绝热策略对热膜传感器稳态响应和空间分辨能力的改进。为此进行了静态标定实验和数值模拟。梯形夹层双层传感器显示，在0至5 Pa的壁剪切应力范围内，与单层传感器相比，输出电压灵敏度提高了100 %以上。我们强调并澄清，广泛使用的基于总加热功率的灵敏度度量并不适用于双层热膜。相反，一个与相对净加热功率相关的更可取的度量表明，新提出的传感器的灵敏度是单层传感器的11倍，是先前报道的双层传感器的6倍。此外，梯形夹层双层传感器的有效传感长度不超过其物理尺寸的两倍。同时，轴向扩散也大大降低，从而打破了传统热膜空间分辨率与边缘效应之间的冲突约束。基材和轴向扩散的减少为将来使用热传感器进行高质量的壁剪应力测量提供了新的机会。

{"title":"Trapezoidal sandwiched dual-layer hot-film sensors for highly sensitive and spatial-resolved wall shear stress measurement: A static investigation","authors":"Daoyuan Wang , Jinjun Deng , Yuchao Yan , Binghe Ma , Jian Luo , Weizheng Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The measurement of wall shear stress using MEMS hot-film sensors has received considerable attentions. However, the substrate heat losses and axial diffusion effects fundamentally constrain the sensitivity and spatial resolution of MEMS hot-film sensors. In this work, a novel trapezoidal sandwiched dual-layer hot-film sensor with both reduced substrate and axial diffusion effects is proposed and micro-fabricated. This paper aims to verify and clarify the improvements in steady-state response and the space-resolved capacity of hot-film sensors using the proposed dual-layer active thermal insulation strategy. Both static calibration experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to achieve this. The trapezoidal sandwiched dual-layer sensor shows over 100 % improvement in output voltage sensitivity compared to its single-layer counterpart within a wall shear stress range from 0 to 5 Pa. We emphasize and clarify that the widely used sensitivity metric based on total heating power is inadequate for dual-layer hot-films. Instead, a more preferable metric relating to the relative net heating power, reveals that the newly proposed sensor exhibits 11 times the sensitivity of its single-layer counterpart and 6 times that of the previously reported dual-layer sensors. Besides, the effective sensing length of the trapezoidal sandwiched dual-layer sensors is no more than twice its physical size. Meanwhile, axial diffusion is greatly reduced, based on which the well-known conflicting constraint between spatial resolution and edge effects of conventional hot-films could be loosened. The confirmed reductions in substrate and axial diffusion open new opportunities for high-quality wall shear stress measurement using thermal sensors in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117524"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Self-powered sensing arrays with single-channel readout and damage-tolerant capability 具有单通道读出和容错能力的自供电传感阵列

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117527

Borong Chen , Hongxin Hong , Qian Wei , Yuhang Han , Hao Wu

Self-powered sensing arrays for human–machine interaction (HMI) offer a promising alternative to conventional systems by eliminating the need for external power supplies. However, scaling such arrays often requires multi-channel readout architectures, which introduce wiring complexity and compromise robustness. To address this, we present a damage-tolerant, self-powered sensor array that uses an impedance-modulated single-channel readout (ISR-SA) for multi-site sensing with minimal hardware. The array’s parallel units are uniquely encoded by modulated resistors, which connect to the readout loop upon activation, converting spatial information into a single channel with distinct electrical signatures. To mitigate misinterpretation arising from analogous voltage peaks, we introduce a machine learning-based demodulation framework that leverages both peak voltage and signal shape features. This approach achieves 98.3 % recognition accuracy under manual pressing and sustains stable performance over 34,000 s of continuous operation. Moreover, the system exhibits damage tolerance, maintaining functionality even when some sensors fail. We demonstrate practical applicability through a self-powered numeric keyboard and a virtual vehicle controller, offering a low-power, minimally wired HMI solution suitable for integration into Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable devices.

用于人机交互（HMI）的自供电传感阵列通过消除对外部电源的需求，为传统系统提供了一个有前途的替代方案。然而，扩展这样的阵列通常需要多通道读出架构，这会引入布线复杂性并损害健壮性。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种抗损伤、自供电的传感器阵列，它使用阻抗调制单通道读出（ISR-SA），以最小的硬件进行多站点传感。阵列的并行单元由调制电阻唯一编码，在激活时连接到读出环路，将空间信息转换成具有不同电特征的单一通道。为了减轻由类似电压峰值引起的误解，我们引入了一种基于机器学习的解调框架，该框架利用峰值电压和信号形状特征。该方法在手动按压下的识别准确率达到98.3% %，连续运行34,000 s以上，性能稳定。此外，该系统具有损伤容忍度，即使在某些传感器发生故障时也能保持功能。我们通过自供电数字键盘和虚拟车辆控制器展示了实用性，提供了适合集成到物联网（IoT）和可穿戴设备中的低功耗，最少布线的HMI解决方案。

{"title":"Self-powered sensing arrays with single-channel readout and damage-tolerant capability","authors":"Borong Chen , Hongxin Hong , Qian Wei , Yuhang Han , Hao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Self-powered sensing arrays for human–machine interaction (HMI) offer a promising alternative to conventional systems by eliminating the need for external power supplies. However, scaling such arrays often requires multi-channel readout architectures, which introduce wiring complexity and compromise robustness. To address this, we present a damage-tolerant, self-powered sensor array that uses an impedance-modulated single-channel readout (ISR-SA) for multi-site sensing with minimal hardware. The array’s parallel units are uniquely encoded by modulated resistors, which connect to the readout loop upon activation, converting spatial information into a single channel with distinct electrical signatures. To mitigate misinterpretation arising from analogous voltage peaks, we introduce a machine learning-based demodulation framework that leverages both peak voltage and signal shape features. This approach achieves 98.3 % recognition accuracy under manual pressing and sustains stable performance over 34,000 s of continuous operation. Moreover, the system exhibits damage tolerance, maintaining functionality even when some sensors fail. We demonstrate practical applicability through a self-powered numeric keyboard and a virtual vehicle controller, offering a low-power, minimally wired HMI solution suitable for integration into Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117527"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Branch-scalable universal miniature pneumatic system with programmable positive and negative pressure for soft robots 分支可扩展的通用微型气动系统，可编程的正负压软机器人

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117521

Xiaofeng Yu , Dong Mei , Gangqiang Tang , Lijie Li , Yanjie Wang

In soft robotics, pneumatic actuation is highly valued for its quick response, eco-friendliness, and affordability. Pneumatic systems are essential in pneumatic soft robots, as their movements depend on pressure states. However, existing pneumatic systems often face challenges such as large size, single type of pressure output, the ability to provide only a single type of air pressure, and the inability to expand air branches. These problems hinder the development of integrated and intelligent pneumatic soft robots. In this work, we designed a miniature pneumatic system to provide hardware support for the integration and intelligence of pneumatic soft robot. The miniature pneumatic system using minimal components can expand the air branches according to the robotic requirements, and each air branch can independently program the output positive and negative pressure. Based on the design concept and system configuration, special inflation and deflation strategies, along with closed-loop pressure control strategies, have been proposed to achieve precise pressure control. Subsequently, we designed and manufactured a prototype pneumatic system with three independent air supply branches. Experimental results indicate that the pneumatic system can achieve a wide pressure range from −63–102 kPa, and the speed of inflation and deflation is controllable. Finally, we demonstrated three robotic applications and designed relevant algorithms to verify the feasibility and practicality of the pneumatic system. The proposed pneumatic design can meet the pressure control requirements of various soft robots driven by both positive and negative pressure. It can serve as a universal miniature pneumatic system, which is significant for the development of untethered pneumatic soft robots.

在软机器人中，气动驱动因其快速响应、环保和可负担性而受到高度重视。气动系统在气动软机器人中是必不可少的，因为它们的运动取决于压力状态。然而，现有的气动系统经常面临诸如尺寸大、输出压力类型单一、只能提供单一类型的空气压力以及无法扩展空气分支等挑战。这些问题阻碍了一体化、智能化气动软机器人的发展。本文设计了一种微型气动系统，为气动软机器人的集成化和智能化提供硬件支持。采用最小元件的微型气动系统可以根据机器人的要求扩展气支，并且每个气支可以独立编程输出正负压。根据设计理念和系统配置，提出了特殊的充气和放气策略以及闭环压力控制策略，以实现精确的压力控制。随后，我们设计并制造了一个具有三个独立供气分支的原型气动系统。实验结果表明，该气动系统可实现−63 ~ 102 kPa的较宽压力范围，且充气和放气速度可控。最后，通过对三种机器人应用的演示，设计了相关算法，验证了气动系统的可行性和实用性。所提出的气动设计可以满足各种正负压驱动软机器人的压力控制要求。它可以作为一种通用的微型气动系统，对无系绳气动软机器人的发展具有重要意义。

{"title":"Branch-scalable universal miniature pneumatic system with programmable positive and negative pressure for soft robots","authors":"Xiaofeng Yu , Dong Mei , Gangqiang Tang , Lijie Li , Yanjie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In soft robotics, pneumatic actuation is highly valued for its quick response, eco-friendliness, and affordability. Pneumatic systems are essential in pneumatic soft robots, as their movements depend on pressure states. However, existing pneumatic systems often face challenges such as large size, single type of pressure output, the ability to provide only a single type of air pressure, and the inability to expand air branches. These problems hinder the development of integrated and intelligent pneumatic soft robots. In this work, we designed a miniature pneumatic system to provide hardware support for the integration and intelligence of pneumatic soft robot. The miniature pneumatic system using minimal components can expand the air branches according to the robotic requirements, and each air branch can independently program the output positive and negative pressure. Based on the design concept and system configuration, special inflation and deflation strategies, along with closed-loop pressure control strategies, have been proposed to achieve precise pressure control. Subsequently, we designed and manufactured a prototype pneumatic system with three independent air supply branches. Experimental results indicate that the pneumatic system can achieve a wide pressure range from −63–102 kPa, and the speed of inflation and deflation is controllable. Finally, we demonstrated three robotic applications and designed relevant algorithms to verify the feasibility and practicality of the pneumatic system. The proposed pneumatic design can meet the pressure control requirements of various soft robots driven by both positive and negative pressure. It can serve as a universal miniature pneumatic system, which is significant for the development of untethered pneumatic soft robots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117521"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Ni/CCF@PDMS-based flexible and electromagnetic interference-shielding surface electromyography/electrooculography sensor 一种Ni/CCF@PDMS-based柔性电磁干扰屏蔽表面肌电/眼电传感器

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117530

Lei Zhang , Xuemei Zhang , Zhuoyu Duan , Henning Müller , Manfredo Atzori

Wearable flexible sensors are crucial for biopotential signal monitoring, but their performance is often hindered by electromagnetic interference (EMI) because of the weak nature of biosignals. Developing a sensor with both stretchability and electromagnetic shielding capabilities remains an important area of research. In this study, we proposed a wearable flexible sensor with outstanding EMI shielding and dependable signal acquisition for surface electromyography (sEMG) and electrooculography (EOG) signals. The flexible sensor employed a Ni/CCF@PDMS film with stencil-printed Ag/AgCl electrodes. The composite formed a continuous conductive network, and its microstructure and dielectric loss collectively enabled a maximum EMI shielding effectiveness of 39.82 dB across the X-band. The flexible sensor also demonstrated remarkable mechanical stretchability, withstanding strains of up to 55.6 % with a corresponding tensile stress of 1.49 MPa, ensuring dependable performance under dynamic motion. The Ni/CCF@PDMS film integrated with Ag/AgCl electrodes formed a flexible sensor that reliably and effectively captured biosignals generated by arm movement, hand gestures, and eye blinks. This work offers a promising strategy for developing EMI-resistant, flexible sensors suitable for wearable bioelectronic applications.

可穿戴柔性传感器对于生物电位信号监测至关重要，但由于生物信号的微弱特性，其性能经常受到电磁干扰（EMI）的阻碍。开发具有可拉伸性和电磁屏蔽能力的传感器仍然是一个重要的研究领域。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种可穿戴的柔性传感器，具有出色的电磁干扰屏蔽和可靠的信号采集，用于表面肌电图（sEMG）和眼电图（EOG）信号。柔性传感器采用Ni/CCF@PDMS薄膜和模板印刷的Ag/AgCl电极。该复合材料形成了一个连续的导电网络，其微观结构和介电损耗共同使x波段的最大EMI屏蔽效率达到39.82 dB。柔性传感器还表现出卓越的机械拉伸性能，可承受高达55.6% %的应变，相应的拉伸应力为1.49 MPa，确保在动态运动下的可靠性能。Ni/CCF@PDMS薄膜与Ag/AgCl电极集成，形成了一个灵活的传感器，可以可靠有效地捕获由手臂运动、手势和眨眼产生的生物信号。这项工作为开发适合可穿戴生物电子应用的耐emi柔性传感器提供了一个有前途的策略。

{"title":"A Ni/CCF@PDMS-based flexible and electromagnetic interference-shielding surface electromyography/electrooculography sensor","authors":"Lei Zhang , Xuemei Zhang , Zhuoyu Duan , Henning Müller , Manfredo Atzori","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wearable flexible sensors are crucial for biopotential signal monitoring, but their performance is often hindered by electromagnetic interference (EMI) because of the weak nature of biosignals. Developing a sensor with both stretchability and electromagnetic shielding capabilities remains an important area of research. In this study, we proposed a wearable flexible sensor with outstanding EMI shielding and dependable signal acquisition for surface electromyography (sEMG) and electrooculography (EOG) signals. The flexible sensor employed a Ni/CCF@PDMS film with stencil-printed Ag/AgCl electrodes. The composite formed a continuous conductive network, and its microstructure and dielectric loss collectively enabled a maximum EMI shielding effectiveness of 39.82 dB across the X-band. The flexible sensor also demonstrated remarkable mechanical stretchability, withstanding strains of up to 55.6 % with a corresponding tensile stress of 1.49 MPa, ensuring dependable performance under dynamic motion. The Ni/CCF@PDMS film integrated with Ag/AgCl electrodes formed a flexible sensor that reliably and effectively captured biosignals generated by arm movement, hand gestures, and eye blinks. This work offers a promising strategy for developing EMI-resistant, flexible sensors suitable for wearable bioelectronic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117530"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of a low-frequency ultrasound system for non-invasive temperature measurement of liquids and biological tissue phantoms 一种用于液体和生物组织幻象无创温度测量的低频超声系统的研制

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117531

Lichen Su , Tao Wang , Chengcheng Ma , Fei Wang , Cai Gao , Liangwei Wu , Xiaofeng Xuan

This work presents and validates a low-frequency, non-invasive method for real-time temperature monitoring using ultrasonic time-of-flight measurements. Low-frequency ultrasound operating at 40 kHz offers better penetration and measurement accuracy than high-frequency ultrasound above 1 MHz, but noise interference remains the primary challenge. By using a local peak flight-time measurement algorithm, an unscented Kalman filtering noise-reduction algorithm, and high-performance circuits and devices, this work accurately establishes the relationship between ultrasound speed and temperature in homogeneous media, including both liquids and biological tissue phantoms. The ultrasound speed-temperature functions of water, silicone oil, and silicone rubber in a specific range were experimentally measured in an acrylic container, and the results corresponded with reference data, verifying the reliability of the system. Furthermore, the method was utilized to characterize the ultrasound speed-temperature effect in an acrylamide hydrogel biological tissue phantom, with results aligning with theoretical expectations for the acoustic properties of water-based materials. Overall, this work demonstrates the feasibility of using an ultrasonic temperature measurement system with superior penetration in simulated biological tissue environments, providing valuable data for non-invasive, real-time monitoring of temperature variations in applications such as thermal therapy or chemical reactions.

这项工作提出并验证了一种低频、无创的方法，用于利用超声波飞行时间测量实时温度监测。工作在40 kHz的低频超声比1 MHz以上的高频超声具有更好的穿透性和测量精度，但噪声干扰仍然是主要的挑战。通过使用局部峰值飞行时间测量算法、无气味卡尔曼滤波降噪算法以及高性能电路和器件，本工作准确地建立了均匀介质（包括液体和生物组织幻影）中超声速度与温度之间的关系。在丙烯酸容器中实验测量了特定范围内的水、硅油和硅橡胶的超声速度-温度函数，结果与参考数据相吻合，验证了系统的可靠性。此外，利用该方法表征了丙烯酰胺水凝胶生物组织模体中的超声速度-温度效应，结果与水基材料声学特性的理论预期一致。总的来说，这项工作证明了在模拟生物组织环境中使用具有优越穿透性的超声波温度测量系统的可行性，为热治疗或化学反应等应用中的温度变化的非侵入性实时监测提供了有价值的数据。

{"title":"Development of a low-frequency ultrasound system for non-invasive temperature measurement of liquids and biological tissue phantoms","authors":"Lichen Su , Tao Wang , Chengcheng Ma , Fei Wang , Cai Gao , Liangwei Wu , Xiaofeng Xuan","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents and validates a low-frequency, non-invasive method for real-time temperature monitoring using ultrasonic time-of-flight measurements. Low-frequency ultrasound operating at 40 kHz offers better penetration and measurement accuracy than high-frequency ultrasound above 1 MHz, but noise interference remains the primary challenge. By using a local peak flight-time measurement algorithm, an unscented Kalman filtering noise-reduction algorithm, and high-performance circuits and devices, this work accurately establishes the relationship between ultrasound speed and temperature in homogeneous media, including both liquids and biological tissue phantoms. The ultrasound speed-temperature functions of water, silicone oil, and silicone rubber in a specific range were experimentally measured in an acrylic container, and the results corresponded with reference data, verifying the reliability of the system. Furthermore, the method was utilized to characterize the ultrasound speed-temperature effect in an acrylamide hydrogel biological tissue phantom, with results aligning with theoretical expectations for the acoustic properties of water-based materials. Overall, this work demonstrates the feasibility of using an ultrasonic temperature measurement system with superior penetration in simulated biological tissue environments, providing valuable data for non-invasive, real-time monitoring of temperature variations in applications such as thermal therapy or chemical reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117531"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tailoring oxygen vacancies and morphology in La-doped CeO2thin films for highly responsive gaseous NH3 sensing at room temperature 用于室温下高响应气体NH3传感的la掺杂ceo2薄膜的氧空位和形态

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117528

Devarajan Alagarasan , S.S. Hegde , R. Naik , B. Shanmugavelu , Kumar Haunsbhavi , Hitha D. Shetty , K. Deva Arun Kumar , A. Anto Jeffery , Mohamed Benghanem , I.M. Ashraf , Mohd. Shkir

To evade the health risks posed by hazardous ammonia exposure, there is a growing need for sensitive and reliable NH₃ gas sensors that can function effectively at room temperature (RT). In the present report, the fabrication and characterization of La-doped cerium oxide (CeO₂) thin films synthesized via nebulizer spray pyrolysis (NSP) method was studied. Thin films deposited with varying La doping concentrations (1–5 wt%) were analyzed for their structural, morphological, optical, photoluminescence, and gas sensing properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the fluorite cubic structure with improved crystallinity, while FESEM analysis revealed a rougher and more porous surface composed of large-sized grains at 4 wt% La doping. Photoluminescence (PL) studies and XPS analysis indicated an increase in oxygen vacancy defect states upon La doping into CeO₂, which is favorable for gas sensing. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed bandgap narrowing up to 4 wt% La doping, attributed to electron transfer from O 2p to Ce 4 f states and the formation of defect levels. NH₃ gas sensing measurements demonstrated that the 4 wt% La-doped CeO₂ thin film exhibited the highest gas response of 3130, with fast rise and fall times of 5.7 s and 6.3 s, respectively, at 250 ppm NH₃ concentration. Additionally, the sensor showed high selectivity toward NH₃, good humidity tolerance, and long-term stability. The synergistic effects of optimized doping concentration, enhanced oxygen vacancies, and favourable morphology contribute to the superior sensing performance, making La-doped CeO₂ a promising candidate for efficient, low-temperature NH₃ gas sensors.

为了避免有害氨暴露带来的健康风险，人们越来越需要能够在室温（RT）下有效工作的敏感可靠的NH3气体传感器。本文研究了利用雾化器喷雾热解（NSP）法制备掺la氧化铈（CeO2）薄膜的制备与表征。研究了不同La掺杂浓度（1-5 wt%）沉积的薄膜的结构、形态、光学、光致发光和气敏性能。x射线衍射（XRD）证实了萤石的立方结构，结晶度有所提高，而FESEM分析显示，在4 wt% La掺杂时，萤石表面由大尺寸颗粒组成，更粗糙，更多孔。光致发光（PL）研究和XPS分析表明，La掺杂到CeO2后，氧空位缺陷态增加，有利于气敏。紫外可见光谱显示，由于电子从o2p态转移到ce4 f态以及缺陷能级的形成，La掺杂的带隙缩小至4 wt%。NH3气敏测试表明，在NH3浓度为250 ppm时，4 wt% la掺杂的CeO2薄膜表现出最高的气体响应，为3130，快速上升和下降时间分别为5.7 s和6.3 s。此外，该传感器对NH3具有较高的选择性、良好的耐湿性和长期稳定性。优化的掺杂浓度、增强的氧空位和良好的形貌的协同效应促成了优越的传感性能，使la掺杂的CeO2成为高效、低温NH3气体传感器的有希望的候选者。

{"title":"Tailoring oxygen vacancies and morphology in La-doped CeO2thin films for highly responsive gaseous NH3 sensing at room temperature","authors":"Devarajan Alagarasan , S.S. Hegde , R. Naik , B. Shanmugavelu , Kumar Haunsbhavi , Hitha D. Shetty , K. Deva Arun Kumar , A. Anto Jeffery , Mohamed Benghanem , I.M. Ashraf , Mohd. Shkir","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To evade the health risks posed by hazardous ammonia exposure, there is a growing need for sensitive and reliable NH<sub>3</sub> gas sensors that can function effectively at room temperature (RT). In the present report, the fabrication and characterization of La-doped cerium oxide (CeO<sub>2</sub>) thin films synthesized via nebulizer spray pyrolysis (NSP) method was studied. Thin films deposited with varying La doping concentrations (1–5 wt%) were analyzed for their structural, morphological, optical, photoluminescence, and gas sensing properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the fluorite cubic structure with improved crystallinity, while FESEM analysis revealed a rougher and more porous surface composed of large-sized grains at 4 wt% La doping. Photoluminescence (PL) studies and XPS analysis indicated an increase in oxygen vacancy defect states upon La doping into CeO<sub>2</sub>, which is favorable for gas sensing. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed bandgap narrowing up to 4 wt% La doping, attributed to electron transfer from O 2p to Ce 4 f states and the formation of defect levels. NH<sub>3</sub> gas sensing measurements demonstrated that the 4 wt% La-doped CeO<sub>2</sub> thin film exhibited the highest gas response of 3130, with fast rise and fall times of 5.7 s and 6.3 s, respectively, at 250 ppm NH<sub>3</sub> concentration. Additionally, the sensor showed high selectivity toward NH<sub>3</sub>, good humidity tolerance, and long-term stability. The synergistic effects of optimized doping concentration, enhanced oxygen vacancies, and favourable morphology contribute to the superior sensing performance, making La-doped CeO<sub>2</sub> a promising candidate for efficient, low-temperature NH<sub>3</sub> gas sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117528"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Flexible nanocarbon hybrid laser-induced graphene electrodes for electrochemical Point-of-Care enzymatic urea detection 用于电化学即时酶解尿素检测的柔性纳米碳混合激光诱导石墨烯电极

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2026.117532

Sanjeet Kumar , Khairunnisa Amreen , Satish Kumar Dubey , Sanket Goel

The development of rapid, sensitive, and selective biosensors for urea detection is critical for advancing clinical diagnostics and renal health monitoring. In this study, a novel enzymatic urea sensor was developed using laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes, strategically functionalized with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to significantly enhance electrochemical performance. Comprehensive morphological and surface chemical characterizations using SEM, EDX, and XPS confirmed successful MWCNT integration, yielding a highly conductive, porous interface optimized for enzyme immobilization. Electrochemical analyses revealed pronounced improvements in electron transfer kinetics and catalytic efficiency upon urease immobilization, enabling robust detection of urea across a physiologically relevant concentration range (100 – 4000 µM) with a low detection limit and limit of quantification as 21.65 µM and 65.61 µM. Exceptional selectivity against common interferents was achieved, along with excellent repeatability, reproducibility, and operational stability, with over 90 % activity retained after prolonged storage. These results highlight the promise of MWCNT-enhanced LIG platforms as high-performance, mediator-assisted electrochemical bio-interfaces for urea detection, providing a foundation for future development of portable and point-of-care diagnostic system.

开发快速、灵敏、选择性的尿素检测生物传感器对于推进临床诊断和肾脏健康监测至关重要。在这项研究中，开发了一种新型的酶促尿素传感器，该传感器使用激光诱导石墨烯（LIG）电极，并采用多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）进行战略性功能化，以显着提高电化学性能。利用SEM、EDX和XPS对MWCNT进行了全面的形态和表面化学表征，证实了MWCNT的成功整合，产生了一个高导电性、多孔的界面，用于酶固定。电化学分析显示，脲酶固定化后的电子传递动力学和催化效率显著提高，能够在生理相关浓度范围内（100 - 4000 µM）检测尿素，检测限低，定量限为21.65 µM和65.61 µM。对常见干扰物具有优异的选择性，同时具有优异的重复性、再现性和操作稳定性，长时间储存后活性保持在90% %以上。这些结果突出了mwcnt增强LIG平台作为尿素检测的高性能、介质辅助电化学生物界面的前景，为未来便携式和即时诊断系统的发展奠定了基础。

{"title":"Flexible nanocarbon hybrid laser-induced graphene electrodes for electrochemical Point-of-Care enzymatic urea detection","authors":"Sanjeet Kumar , Khairunnisa Amreen , Satish Kumar Dubey , Sanket Goel","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of rapid, sensitive, and selective biosensors for urea detection is critical for advancing clinical diagnostics and renal health monitoring. In this study, a novel enzymatic urea sensor was developed using laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes, strategically functionalized with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to significantly enhance electrochemical performance. Comprehensive morphological and surface chemical characterizations using SEM, EDX, and XPS confirmed successful MWCNT integration, yielding a highly conductive, porous interface optimized for enzyme immobilization. Electrochemical analyses revealed pronounced improvements in electron transfer kinetics and catalytic efficiency upon urease immobilization, enabling robust detection of urea across a physiologically relevant concentration range (100 – 4000 µM) with a low detection limit and limit of quantification as 21.65 µM and 65.61 µM. Exceptional selectivity against common interferents was achieved, along with excellent repeatability, reproducibility, and operational stability, with over 90 % activity retained after prolonged storage. These results highlight the promise of MWCNT-enhanced LIG platforms as high-performance, mediator-assisted electrochemical bio-interfaces for urea detection, providing a foundation for future development of portable and point-of-care diagnostic system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117532"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0