Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116044
Zhaoheng Meng , Tianhong Xia , Zhenhao Wang , Xiaofang Hu
Toxic gases have been extensively employed in warfare, spanning from the deployment of irritant tear gas to fatal nerve gas. These chemical armaments have caused significant damage and casualties in times of conflict. This study explores the adsorption properties and sensing mechanisms of three chemical warfare agents(chlorine Cl2, phosgene COCl2, chloropicrin CCl3NO2) on both pristine SnS2 and doped SnS2 using density functional theory (DFT). The results highlight the superior adsorption energy, charge transfer efficiency, and band structure of doped Ptn/SnS2 (n=1,3) compared to pristine SnS2. Pt/SnS2 exhibits exceptional adsorption capabilities for all three war gases. Under specific conditions, Pt3/SnS2(cluster) emerges as an ideal material for detecting Cl2 and CCl3NO2, while also serving as an effective adsorbent for COCl2 gas. This research serves as a valuable reference for sensor performance studies grounded in first-principles theory, showcasing the potential of doped Pt3/SnS2 as a viable sensor for warfare gases. The insights from this study contribute to the development of advanced poison gas sensors, facilitating improvements in poison gas detection and prevention capabilities.
{"title":"Enhanced adsorption and sensing properties of Ptn(n=1,3)-doped SnS2 monolayers for warfare toxic gases: A DFT Study","authors":"Zhaoheng Meng , Tianhong Xia , Zhenhao Wang , Xiaofang Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toxic gases have been extensively employed in warfare, spanning from the deployment of irritant tear gas to fatal nerve gas. These chemical armaments have caused significant damage and casualties in times of conflict. This study explores the adsorption properties and sensing mechanisms of three chemical warfare agents(chlorine Cl<sub>2</sub>, phosgene COCl<sub>2</sub>, chloropicrin CCl<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>) on both pristine SnS<sub>2</sub> and doped SnS<sub>2</sub> using density functional theory (DFT). The results highlight the superior adsorption energy, charge transfer efficiency, and band structure of doped Pt<sub>n</sub>/SnS<sub>2</sub> (n=1,3) compared to pristine SnS<sub>2</sub>. Pt/SnS<sub>2</sub> exhibits exceptional adsorption capabilities for all three war gases. Under specific conditions, Pt<sub>3</sub>/SnS<sub>2</sub>(cluster) emerges as an ideal material for detecting Cl<sub>2</sub> and CCl<sub>3</sub>NO<sub>2</sub>, while also serving as an effective adsorbent for COCl<sub>2</sub> gas. This research serves as a valuable reference for sensor performance studies grounded in first-principles theory, showcasing the potential of doped Pt<sub>3</sub>/SnS<sub>2</sub> as a viable sensor for warfare gases. The insights from this study contribute to the development of advanced poison gas sensors, facilitating improvements in poison gas detection and prevention capabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 116044"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116042
Hanliang Zhu , Haiyang Lu , Yue Zhang , Haotian Xu , Jan Brodský , Imrich Gablech , Jianguo Feng , Qilong Yan , Pavel Neuzil
Microcalorimetry, designed for the independent measurement of enthalpy and heat capacity, has been commercially available for a considerable time. However, heat-related states in samples, especially liquids, can introduce complicated phenomena and challenging measurement and data evaluation processes. Such complexity becomes apparent when observing fluctuations in heat capacity (Cp) while measuring heat consumption (Q) during water evaporation. This paper presents a continuous heat pulse measurement (CHPM) method for concurrently analyzing Q and Cp in a single test using microcalorimetry. The sample droplet of 400 nL was directly dispensed on the microcalorimeter surface, followed by a light-emitting diode (LED) radiation generating heat to perform CHPM. We repetitively heated the microcalorimeter using heat pulses provided by LED irradiation, with their duration set to 100 ms and 10 s repetition, while measuring the temperature response of the microcalorimeter. A MATLAB-based simulation model was established to validate the accuracy of our Cp measurements, which show its value of 0.79 % of minimum variance. Water evaporation coupled with simultaneous salt crystallization served as our study model, where the Cp values were calculated from real-time responses to heat pulses provided by LED. The experimental outcomes confirm the suitability of CHPM in extracting key thermal properties and emphasize its versatility as a diagnostic tool, providing a significant method for research and applications in the fields of physics, engineering, and beyond.
{"title":"Concurrent determination of heat and capacity change of a sessile droplet using a single measurement","authors":"Hanliang Zhu , Haiyang Lu , Yue Zhang , Haotian Xu , Jan Brodský , Imrich Gablech , Jianguo Feng , Qilong Yan , Pavel Neuzil","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microcalorimetry, designed for the independent measurement of enthalpy and heat capacity, has been commercially available for a considerable time. However, heat-related states in samples, especially liquids, can introduce complicated phenomena and challenging measurement and data evaluation processes. Such complexity becomes apparent when observing fluctuations in heat capacity (<em>C</em><sub>p</sub>) while measuring heat consumption (<em>Q</em>) during water evaporation. This paper presents a continuous heat pulse measurement (CHPM) method for concurrently analyzing <em>Q</em> and <em>C</em><sub>p</sub> in a single test using microcalorimetry. The sample droplet of 400 nL was directly dispensed on the microcalorimeter surface, followed by a light-emitting diode (LED) radiation generating heat to perform CHPM. We repetitively heated the microcalorimeter using heat pulses provided by LED irradiation, with their duration set to 100 ms and 10 s repetition, while measuring the temperature response of the microcalorimeter. A MATLAB-based simulation model was established to validate the accuracy of our <em>C</em><sub>p</sub> measurements, which show its value of 0.79 % of minimum variance. Water evaporation coupled with simultaneous salt crystallization served as our study model, where the <em>C</em><sub>p</sub> values were calculated from real-time responses to heat pulses provided by LED. The experimental outcomes confirm the suitability of CHPM in extracting key thermal properties and emphasize its versatility as a diagnostic tool, providing a significant method for research and applications in the fields of physics, engineering, and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 116042"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116019
Yuhao Xiao , Kewen Zhu , Jinzhao Han , Fang Dong , Chengliang Sun , Sheng Liu , Guoqiang Wu
This work demonstrates a piezoelectric MEMS dual-resonator platform with an oven control. The platform includes a micro-oven in-chip, which integrates a frequency output resonator and a temperature sensing resonator. The two resonators operate using a phase-locked loop system, one in width-extensional (WE) mode and the other in width-shear (WS) mode. An equivalent thermal model of the dual-resonator platform is established and both resonators exhibit extremely uniform temperature distributions. The real-time temperature of the resonators is monitored by measuring the frequency difference between the two resonators and a closed-loop oven control is implemented to maintain the dual-resonator platform at an oven-set temperature. The reported oven controlled piezoelectric MEMS dual-resonator platform exhibits a measured frequency stability of 100 ppb across the industrial temperature range of 40 to 85 °C. This result signifies the promising potential of the device in high-end timing applications.
{"title":"An oven controlled piezoelectric MEMS dual-resonator platform with frequency stability of ±100 ppb over industrial temperature range","authors":"Yuhao Xiao , Kewen Zhu , Jinzhao Han , Fang Dong , Chengliang Sun , Sheng Liu , Guoqiang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work demonstrates a piezoelectric MEMS dual-resonator platform with an oven control. The platform includes a micro-oven in-chip, which integrates a frequency output resonator and a temperature sensing resonator. The two resonators operate using a phase-locked loop system, one in width-extensional (WE) mode and the other in width-shear (WS) mode. An equivalent thermal model of the dual-resonator platform is established and both resonators exhibit extremely uniform temperature distributions. The real-time temperature of the resonators is monitored by measuring the frequency difference between the two resonators and a closed-loop oven control is implemented to maintain the dual-resonator platform at an oven-set temperature. The reported oven controlled piezoelectric MEMS dual-resonator platform exhibits a measured frequency stability of <span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span>100 ppb across the industrial temperature range of <span><math><mo>−</mo></math></span>40 to 85 °C. This result signifies the promising potential of the device in high-end timing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 116019"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116040
Yuting Shi , Xinyao Li , Ping Wang , Yan Zhang , Baohui Shi , Yuanyuan Li
The study of optical fiber salinity and temperature sensors is essential for enhancing precise environmental monitoring and ensuring the sustainability of ecosystems. Sensor performance is closely linked to their structure, which significantly influences sensitivity and stability. Factors such as transmission mode type, sensing material selection, and structural design all affect the sensor's detection sensitivity and stability. Based on sensitivity to salinity and temperature, optical fiber sensors are classified as intrinsic and extrinsic sensors. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural design, operational principles, and performance characteristics of both intrinsic and extrinsic sensors, focusing on the application and potential of various materials and structures in optical fiber sensor design. It explores how emerging materials, including polyimide and hydrogels, can enhance the sensitivity, accuracy, and stability of sensors, and examines the advantages and performance of single-mode and multimode transmission, such as photonic crystal fibers, hollow-core fibers, and microfibers, in specific applications. The review aims to inspire the use of advanced materials and innovative structures in designing new optical fiber sensors, thereby further improving their performance and application prospects.
{"title":"A review: Salinity and temperature measurement based on optical fiber sensors","authors":"Yuting Shi , Xinyao Li , Ping Wang , Yan Zhang , Baohui Shi , Yuanyuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of optical fiber salinity and temperature sensors is essential for enhancing precise environmental monitoring and ensuring the sustainability of ecosystems. Sensor performance is closely linked to their structure, which significantly influences sensitivity and stability. Factors such as transmission mode type, sensing material selection, and structural design all affect the sensor's detection sensitivity and stability. Based on sensitivity to salinity and temperature, optical fiber sensors are classified as intrinsic and extrinsic sensors. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural design, operational principles, and performance characteristics of both intrinsic and extrinsic sensors, focusing on the application and potential of various materials and structures in optical fiber sensor design. It explores how emerging materials, including polyimide and hydrogels, can enhance the sensitivity, accuracy, and stability of sensors, and examines the advantages and performance of single-mode and multimode transmission, such as photonic crystal fibers, hollow-core fibers, and microfibers, in specific applications. The review aims to inspire the use of advanced materials and innovative structures in designing new optical fiber sensors, thereby further improving their performance and application prospects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 116040"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we present an effective device for measuring the high viscosity of Newtonian liquids using a cylindrical penetrometer. The technique relies on monitoring the temporal evolution of penetration depth. Penetration depth is accurately determined by employing a novel electromagnetic micrometric displacement sensor, which is recorded and processed via a National Instruments DAQ card and a custom LabVIEW® program. The introduction of this new electromagnetic displacement sensor, characterized by its high accuracy and its stability, is imperative to ensure reliable measurements of high viscosity. This sensor enables direct, precise, and dependable digital depth of penetration readings. We validated this device by measuring the viscosity of Maltitol as a function of temperature, and the results demonstrate reasonable agreement with values found in the literature.
{"title":"Electromagnetic penetrometer for high viscosity measurement using a new displacement sensor","authors":"Zakarya Abbassi , Amine Benabdellah , Mustapha Adar , Youssef Najih , Abdelrhani Nakheli","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, we present an effective device for measuring the high viscosity of Newtonian liquids using a cylindrical penetrometer. The technique relies on monitoring the temporal evolution of penetration depth. Penetration depth is accurately determined by employing a novel electromagnetic micrometric displacement sensor, which is recorded and processed via a National Instruments DAQ card and a custom LabVIEW® program. The introduction of this new electromagnetic displacement sensor, characterized by its high accuracy and its stability, is imperative to ensure reliable measurements of high viscosity. This sensor enables direct, precise, and dependable digital depth of penetration readings. We validated this device by measuring the viscosity of Maltitol as a function of temperature, and the results demonstrate reasonable agreement with values found in the literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 116018"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116031
Ryosuke Uemura, Takumi Asakura
In recent years, with the increasing use of bicycles for environmental and health benefits, the importance of the feedback for cyclists is increasing. Moreover, as bicycles account for 23 % of all traffic accidents in 2022, improving bicycle safety is a crucial challenge. This study aimed to explore methods for enhancing safety and improving feedback to cyclists through auditory and tactile signals. Experiments were conducted using a cycling simulator and cross-modal reaction tests of tactile and auditory signals to simulate bicycle riding under actual external noise environments. The accuracy of the recognition and reaction times for both tactile and auditory signals were evaluated in situations with simulated road traffic sounds. Subsequently, the effectiveness of cross-modal feedback was assessed, optimal signal conditions were examined, and the relationship between variations in environmental noise and optimal auditory signals for cyclists was discussed. The results showed that cross-modal feedback led to faster reaction times, while the recognition accuracy of auditory signals varied depending on environmental noise levels. The present findings suggest the potential of cross-modal feedback to enhance cyclist safety, particularly when optimized for environmental conditions and individual perception.
{"title":"Cross-modal feedback of tactile and auditory stimuli for cyclists in noisy environments","authors":"Ryosuke Uemura, Takumi Asakura","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, with the increasing use of bicycles for environmental and health benefits, the importance of the feedback for cyclists is increasing. Moreover, as bicycles account for 23 % of all traffic accidents in 2022, improving bicycle safety is a crucial challenge. This study aimed to explore methods for enhancing safety and improving feedback to cyclists through auditory and tactile signals. Experiments were conducted using a cycling simulator and cross-modal reaction tests of tactile and auditory signals to simulate bicycle riding under actual external noise environments. The accuracy of the recognition and reaction times for both tactile and auditory signals were evaluated in situations with simulated road traffic sounds. Subsequently, the effectiveness of cross-modal feedback was assessed, optimal signal conditions were examined, and the relationship between variations in environmental noise and optimal auditory signals for cyclists was discussed. The results showed that cross-modal feedback led to faster reaction times, while the recognition accuracy of auditory signals varied depending on environmental noise levels. The present findings suggest the potential of cross-modal feedback to enhance cyclist safety, particularly when optimized for environmental conditions and individual perception.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 116031"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116008
V. Devaki , Madan Kumar Lakshmanan , R. Aravindan , V.E. Dhandapani , T. Jayanthi
Heart attacks and strokes account for more than four out of every five Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) deaths, with one-third occurring before age 70 years. Atrial fibrillation (AF), a common cause of ischemic strokes, can significantly reduce mortality rates through continuous monitoring, timely diagnosis, accurate confirmation, and early prognosis. This can be achieved by employing Multi-Spectral Photoplethysmography (MSPPG) technology as an alternative diagnostic tool to Electrocardiography (ECG). This investigation is implemented by determining the Heart Rate (HR) of AF-affected patients using a developed MSPPG-based wrist-worn device, keeping ECG as a standard gold reference. The Multispectral-based wrist-worn wearable Photoplethysmography device employs an optical bio-sensing, integrated BIOFY sensor to acquire the MSPPG signals using two green (526 nm), one red (660 nm) and one infrared (950 nm) LED and two photodetectors (Broadband detector, IR-cut detector). The MSPPG signals acquired using a microcontroller unit are stored in an On-device storage system simultaneously in the IoT Platform. Statistical analysis techniques were employed to compare the HR detected using the MSPPG technique with the HR measured from the gold-standard ECG. The accuracy paves the way for implementing the proposed MSPPG technology in detecting AF conditions in terms of HR, further laying the foundation for earlier detection of AF. Wearable PPG-based devices face a significant issue of motion artifacts that can be overcome using the MSPPG technique. The research advancements can potentially increase the accessibility of HR monitoring in AF patients, conveniently integrating into daily routines without restricting day-to-day activities.
{"title":"Continuous heart rate monitoring in atrial fibrillation with multispectral photoplethysmography","authors":"V. Devaki , Madan Kumar Lakshmanan , R. Aravindan , V.E. Dhandapani , T. Jayanthi","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heart attacks and strokes account for more than four out of every five Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) deaths, with one-third occurring before age 70 years. Atrial fibrillation (AF), a common cause of ischemic strokes, can significantly reduce mortality rates through continuous monitoring, timely diagnosis, accurate confirmation, and early prognosis. This can be achieved by employing Multi-Spectral Photoplethysmography (MSPPG) technology as an alternative diagnostic tool to Electrocardiography (ECG). This investigation is implemented by determining the Heart Rate (HR) of AF-affected patients using a developed MSPPG-based wrist-worn device, keeping ECG as a standard gold reference. The Multispectral-based wrist-worn wearable Photoplethysmography device employs an optical bio-sensing, integrated BIOFY sensor to acquire the MSPPG signals using two green (526 nm), one red (660 nm) and one infrared (950 nm) LED and two photodetectors (Broadband detector, IR-cut detector). The MSPPG signals acquired using a microcontroller unit are stored in an On-device storage system simultaneously in the IoT Platform. Statistical analysis techniques were employed to compare the HR detected using the MSPPG technique with the HR measured from the gold-standard ECG. The accuracy paves the way for implementing the proposed MSPPG technology in detecting AF conditions in terms of HR, further laying the foundation for earlier detection of AF. Wearable PPG-based devices face a significant issue of motion artifacts that can be overcome using the MSPPG technique. The research advancements can potentially increase the accessibility of HR monitoring in AF patients, conveniently integrating into daily routines without restricting day-to-day activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 116008"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atomized inhalation therapy with its rapid efficacy, low side effects and high medicine utilization, has become a crucial method for treating respiratory diseases. The depth of atomized particles deposition in the respiratory tract mainly depends on the particle diameter, making the reducing of the atomized particle size crucial for medicine deposit in lung. In the existing literatures, for the widely used dynamic mesh atomizer, the majority of the researches focused on the mechanical structure and the vibration characteristics of the atomizers. However, there is little researches on the micro-tapered holes of the metal sheet of the atomizer, despite the fact that the diameter of these tapered holes determines the size of the atomized particles. Due to the processing technology, the diameter of the micro-tapered holes cannot be further reduced, which greatly limits the development of the dynamic mesh atomizer in inhalation therapy. In this study, we consider the use of polymer coating on the inner wall of the micro-tapered holes to eliminate burrs, reduce the diameter of the holes, and ultimately reduce the size of the atomized particles. A theoretical model of the initial thickness of the coating polymer membrane and the rupture depth under the uniform air pressure applied to a single tapered hole was established. The metal sheets with different initial coating thicknesses were processed to verify the theoretical model by observing the quality of the inner surface and measuring the diameter of the holes. The particle size measurement experiment results show that when the initial coating thickness was 3 μm and 4.5 μm, the average particle sizes were reduced by 12.5 % and 23.2 %, respectively. Therefore, the proposed method can effectively reduce the atomized particles size, which helps to efficiently deposit atomized drugs in the lungs.
{"title":"Reducing the diameter of the atomized particles by coating polymer membrane on the inner wall of micro-tapered holes of the ultrasonic mesh atomizers","authors":"Fan Zhang, Guan-Xian Chen, Bo-Chuan Chen, Fu-Hai Wu, Shao-Zheng Deng, Yin-He Wang, Zhen-Zhen Gui, Jian-Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atomized inhalation therapy with its rapid efficacy, low side effects and high medicine utilization, has become a crucial method for treating respiratory diseases. The depth of atomized particles deposition in the respiratory tract mainly depends on the particle diameter, making the reducing of the atomized particle size crucial for medicine deposit in lung. In the existing literatures, for the widely used dynamic mesh atomizer, the majority of the researches focused on the mechanical structure and the vibration characteristics of the atomizers. However, there is little researches on the micro-tapered holes of the metal sheet of the atomizer, despite the fact that the diameter of these tapered holes determines the size of the atomized particles. Due to the processing technology, the diameter of the micro-tapered holes cannot be further reduced, which greatly limits the development of the dynamic mesh atomizer in inhalation therapy. In this study, we consider the use of polymer coating on the inner wall of the micro-tapered holes to eliminate burrs, reduce the diameter of the holes, and ultimately reduce the size of the atomized particles. A theoretical model of the initial thickness of the coating polymer membrane and the rupture depth under the uniform air pressure applied to a single tapered hole was established. The metal sheets with different initial coating thicknesses were processed to verify the theoretical model by observing the quality of the inner surface and measuring the diameter of the holes. The particle size measurement experiment results show that when the initial coating thickness was 3 μm and 4.5 μm, the average particle sizes were reduced by 12.5 % and 23.2 %, respectively. Therefore, the proposed method can effectively reduce the atomized particles size, which helps to efficiently deposit atomized drugs in the lungs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 116009"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116037
Yuxiang Li, Shuyuan Ye, Zhili Long, Jianzhong Ju, Heng Zhao
As the vibration actuator source, PZT applied on the ultrasonic transducers (UTs) plays a crucial role in the vibration characteristics of UTs. Most conventional research focus on the overall size and positional relationship of PZT stack, while the influence of PZT numbers on vibration characteristics of UTs is seldom reported. In this article, we present a comprehensive investigation between the PZT numbers and vibration characteristics of UTs with identical geometric configurations, specifically UTs with 2 (UT2), 4 (UT4) and 6 (UT6) PZT. The electromechanical equivalent circuit and finite element analysis (FEM) based on PZT numbers are established to investigate the impedance and resonant frequency. Furthermore, the dynamic displacement model of the UTs is proposed to study the influence of PZT numbers on amplitude, and the calculation results are consistent with harmonic response analysis. Finally, the experimental platform is established to test the vibration characteristics of the three types UTs. The results show that the resonant frequency of the transducer is not affected by the numbers of PZT, while the impedance and impedance stability can be improved by the increased PZT numbers. Moreover, the amplitude of UTs is negatively correlated with the numbers of PZT. Through experiments, it is verified that UT2 is suitable for the conditions as the load less than 1000 g and amplitude less than 2.2 µm, and UT4 is applicable to the other conditions. Although the UT6 exhibits excellent impedance stability, its output power is relatively high and is not suitable for the structure used in this article. The findings suggest that the number of PZTs should be designed based on the operational conditions to improve amplitude output and minimize the loss of power. The presented methods can effectively improve energy consumption and working life, making the UTs greener and more efficient.
{"title":"Investigation to the vibration characteristics of ultrasonic transducer based on the number of piezoelectric ceramics","authors":"Yuxiang Li, Shuyuan Ye, Zhili Long, Jianzhong Ju, Heng Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the vibration actuator source, PZT applied on the ultrasonic transducers (UTs) plays a crucial role in the vibration characteristics of UTs. Most conventional research focus on the overall size and positional relationship of PZT stack, while the influence of PZT numbers on vibration characteristics of UTs is seldom reported. In this article, we present a comprehensive investigation between the PZT numbers and vibration characteristics of UTs with identical geometric configurations, specifically UTs with 2 (UT2), 4 (UT4) and 6 (UT6) PZT. The electromechanical equivalent circuit and finite element analysis (FEM) based on PZT numbers are established to investigate the impedance and resonant frequency. Furthermore, the dynamic displacement model of the UTs is proposed to study the influence of PZT numbers on amplitude, and the calculation results are consistent with harmonic response analysis. Finally, the experimental platform is established to test the vibration characteristics of the three types UTs. The results show that the resonant frequency of the transducer is not affected by the numbers of PZT, while the impedance and impedance stability can be improved by the increased PZT numbers. Moreover, the amplitude of UTs is negatively correlated with the numbers of PZT. Through experiments, it is verified that UT2 is suitable for the conditions as the load less than 1000 g and amplitude less than 2.2 µm, and UT4 is applicable to the other conditions. Although the UT6 exhibits excellent impedance stability, its output power is relatively high and is not suitable for the structure used in this article. The findings suggest that the number of PZTs should be designed based on the operational conditions to improve amplitude output and minimize the loss of power. The presented methods can effectively improve energy consumption and working life, making the UTs greener and more efficient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116037"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was prepared for humidity-responsive actuator application. GO has outstanding properties such as single-atom thickness, abundant oxygen, water solubility, and good moisture absorption. GO was prepared at various graphite:potassium permanganate (oxidizer) ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4; the corresponding structures are denoted as GO1, GO2, GO3, and GO4, respectively). The GO particles synthesized according to the effect of the oxidizer ratio were characterized to elucidate the internal morphology and humidity response. The defects and disorders and morphological properties of the GO particles were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. To study the humidity-responsive properties, the prepared GO was blended with gelatin (GEL). The bending angle of the GO/GEL hydrogel was studied at relative humidities of 80–85 % at 37 ºC. The internal structure morphology of the blend gel was analyzed by synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy. GO2/GEL was selected for the development of a humidity-responsive actuator because of its optimal intensity ratio (ID/IG) in the Raman spectrum. X-ray and TEM images showed the good dispersion of GO2 particles in the hydrogel matrix. GO2/GEL exhibited the largest bending angle (θ = 930.11 ± 49.28º) and fast humidity response (angular rate of change ∼ 9.380 ± 0.513 ºs−1). Thus, GO2 particles are suitable for use as a humidity-responsive material for humidity actuator applications.
本研究制备了用于湿度响应致动器的氧化石墨烯（GO）。氧化石墨烯具有单原子厚度、丰富的氧气、水溶性和良好的吸湿性等突出特性。GO 是以不同的石墨与高锰酸钾（氧化剂）比例（1:1、1:2、1:3 和 1:4；相应的结构分别称为 GO1、GO2、GO3 和 GO4）制备的。根据氧化剂比例的影响合成的 GO 粒子的内部形态和湿度反应进行了表征。拉曼光谱和透射电子显微镜（TEM）分别对 GO 粒子的缺陷、紊乱和形态特性进行了表征。为了研究湿度响应特性，将制备的 GO 与明胶（GEL）混合。在相对湿度为 80-85 %、温度为 37 ºC 的条件下，研究了 GO/GEL 水凝胶的弯曲角度。通过同步辐射 X 射线断层显微镜分析了混合凝胶的内部结构形态。由于 GO2/GEL 在拉曼光谱中具有最佳强度比 (ID/IG)，因此被选为开发湿度响应致动器的材料。X 射线和 TEM 图像显示 GO2 颗粒在水凝胶基质中分散良好。GO2/GEL 表现出最大的弯曲角度（θ = 930.11 ± 49.28º）和快速的湿度响应（角度变化率 ∼ 9.380 ± 0.513 ºs-1）。因此，GO2 颗粒适合用作湿度致动器应用中的湿度响应材料。
{"title":"Humidity-responsive actuators of synthesized graphene oxide/gelatin composite hydrogels: Effect of oxidation degree of graphene oxide","authors":"Supanit Chungyampin , Wissanu Charerntanom , Phakkhananan Pakawanit , Nophawan Paradee , Sumonman Niamlang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was prepared for humidity-responsive actuator application. GO has outstanding properties such as single-atom thickness, abundant oxygen, water solubility, and good moisture absorption. GO was prepared at various graphite:potassium permanganate (oxidizer) ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4; the corresponding structures are denoted as GO1, GO2, GO3, and GO4, respectively). The GO particles synthesized according to the effect of the oxidizer ratio were characterized to elucidate the internal morphology and humidity response. The defects and disorders and morphological properties of the GO particles were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. To study the humidity-responsive properties, the prepared GO was blended with gelatin (GEL). The bending angle of the GO/GEL hydrogel was studied at relative humidities of 80–85 % at 37 ºC. The internal structure morphology of the blend gel was analyzed by synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy. GO2/GEL was selected for the development of a humidity-responsive actuator because of its optimal intensity ratio (<em>I</em><sub><em>D</em></sub><em>/I</em><sub><em>G</em></sub>) in the Raman spectrum. X-ray and TEM images showed the good dispersion of GO2 particles in the hydrogel matrix. GO2/GEL exhibited the largest bending angle (<em>θ</em> = 930.11 ± 49.28º) and fast humidity response (angular rate of change ∼ 9.380 ± 0.513 ºs<sup>−1</sup>). Thus, GO2 particles are suitable for use as a humidity-responsive material for humidity actuator applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 116032"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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