Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献_第9页

Novel decoupling algorithm based on transfer learning for multi-axis force sensor 基于迁移学习的多轴力传感器解耦算法

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117397

Yijian Wang, Xiaozhe Ju, Xing Chen, Siyu Zhang, Li Pan, Hongshi Ruan, Lihua Liang, Yangjian Xu

Despite recent progress in decoupling algorithms for multi-axis force sensors, the high cost of high-fidelity (HF) calibration data severely limits dataset size, resulting in poor generalization in complex multi-axis loading scenarios. To address these challenges, a physics-informed transfer learning-based decoupling algorithm is proposed to reduce the dependence on HF multi-axis coupled calibration data. The proposed method comprises two primary parts. First, HF data are obtained from multi-axis coupled calibration experiments, while low-fidelity (LF) data are generated using a physics-based surrogate model derived via the Least Squares (LS) method. The LF dataset captures the first-order coupling characteristics of the sensor and serves as the source domain, whereas the HF dataset represents the target domain. Second, Bayesian Optimization (BO) is employed to identify optimal hyperparameters that ensure the network structure is commensurate with the nonlinear coupling complexity of the sensor. A fully connected neural network is pre-trained on the LF dataset to encode low-order coupling mechanisms and subsequently fine-tuned using the HF dataset to compensate for higher-order nonlinear effects. Compared with LS, Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the proposed method achieves superior accuracy, reaching an RRMSE of 0.009 with error reductions of 60.9 %, 30.7 % and 40 % under identical calibration data conditions. Moreover, the proposed method substantially reduces the reliance on HF calibration data, achieving accuracy comparable to ELM and ANN trained with approximately 200 and 250 samples using only 100 HF samples.

尽管最近在多轴力传感器解耦算法方面取得了进展，但高保真度（HF）校准数据的高成本严重限制了数据集的大小，导致在复杂的多轴加载场景下泛化能力差。为了解决这些问题，提出了一种基于物理信息的迁移学习解耦算法，以减少对高频多轴耦合校准数据的依赖。所提出的方法包括两个主要部分。首先，高频数据通过多轴耦合标定实验获得，低保真度（LF）数据通过最小二乘（LS）方法导出基于物理的代理模型生成。低频数据集捕获传感器的一阶耦合特征，作为源域，而高频数据集代表目标域。其次，采用贝叶斯优化方法识别最优超参数，使网络结构与传感器的非线性耦合复杂度相适应。在LF数据集上预训练一个全连接的神经网络，对低阶耦合机制进行编码，随后使用HF数据集进行微调，以补偿高阶非线性效应。与LS、极限学习机（ELM）和人工神经网络（ANN）相比，在相同的标定数据条件下，该方法的RRMSE为0.009，误差分别降低了60.9%、30.7%和40%。此外，所提出的方法大大减少了对高频校准数据的依赖，仅使用100个高频样本，就可以达到使用大约200和250个样本训练的ELM和ANN的精度。

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引用次数: 0

Ambient aqueous synthesis of aginse quantum dots for efficient white-light photodetectors 用于高效白光光电探测器的反量子点的环境水合成

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117369

Yuan-Jin Lin , Jian-Zhang Huang , Peng-Chi Wang , Bo-Hua Chiou , Shao-Yu Liu , Shih-Lun Chen , Wei-Chen Tu

This study presents an aqueous-phase synthesis method conducted under ambient conditions to fabricate low-toxicity, water-soluble AgInSe (AISe) ternary quantum dots with excellent optical characteristics, catering to the increasing demand for high-performance white-light photodetectors. By adjusting key experimental parameters, the band structure and absorption spectrum of the AISe quantum dots were effectively tuned. The synthesized quantum dots exhibited a maximum photoluminescence emission peak at approximately 790.6 nm, with a full width at half maximum ranging from 90.78 to 185.7 nm. A white-light photodetector incorporating these quantum dots was successfully fabricated, demonstrating outstanding optoelectronic performance. The device achieved a high detectivity of 1.78 × 10 ¹ ⁰ Jones and a responsivity of 902 mA/W under a 5 V bias and 100 W/m² illumination. These findings underscore the promise of AISe quantum dots as a viable material for next-generation, low-toxicity, quantum-dot-based optoelectronic devices through precise control of their structural and optical properties.

本研究提出了一种在环境条件下进行的水相合成方法，以制备具有优异光学特性的低毒，水溶性AgInSe （AISe）三元量子点，以满足对高性能白光光电探测器日益增长的需求。通过调整关键实验参数，可以有效地调谐AISe量子点的能带结构和吸收光谱。合成的量子点的最大光致发光峰约为790.6 nm，半峰全宽为90.78 ~ 185.7 nm。成功地制作了一个包含这些量子点的白光光电探测器，显示出出色的光电性能。该器件在5 V偏置和100 W/m²照明下实现了1.78 × 10 ¹ ⁰Jones的高探测率和902 mA/W的响应度。这些发现强调了通过精确控制其结构和光学特性，AISe量子点作为下一代，低毒性，基于量子点的光电器件的可行材料的前景。

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引用次数: 0

A MEMS fluxgate current sensing chip applicable to DC/AC weak and small current detection 一种适用于直流/交流弱电流和小电流检测的MEMS磁通门电流传感芯片

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117409

Ziwei Liu , Dongming Fang , Jun Du , Chong Lei , Hengchao Sun , Shuai Jiang , Zhiqiang Wang , Peixiao Li

A MEMS fluxgate current sensing chip designed for DC/AC weak and small current detection is proposed, which integrates a thick-film magnetic core, three-dimensional (3D) coil windings, and an on-chip current-carrying conductor on a silicon substrate to construct the complete device architecture. External magnetic field generated by the measured current is concentrated by the high-permeability magnetic core and modulated onto the 3D sensing coils to generate a voltage signal, achieving an improvement in current sensitivity over comparable micro-fluxgate current sensors. Experimental results reveal that the fabricated chip exhibits a linear measurement range from 10 mA to 1 A, achieving a detection accuracy of 0.67 % at 10 mA, under optimal sinusoidal excitation conditions of 100 kHz and 35 mA. The noise at 1 Hz is 0.97 μA/√Hz, and the power consumption is 33.8 mW. The proposed current sensing chip is capable of detecting both direct and alternating currents with a bandwidth ranging from DC to 512 Hz. This work demonstrates the miniaturization of conventional fluxgate current sensors, providing an innovative integrated current sensing solution for space-constrained applications in smart grids and new energy fields.

提出了一种用于直流/交流弱电流和小电流检测的MEMS磁通门电流传感芯片，该芯片集成了厚膜磁芯、三维（3D）线圈绕组和硅衬底上的片上载流导体，构成了完整的器件结构。测量电流产生的外部磁场被高磁导率磁芯集中并调制到三维传感线圈上以产生电压信号，与同类微磁通门电流传感器相比，实现了电流灵敏度的提高。实验结果表明，该芯片的线性测量范围为10 mA ~ 1 a，在100 kHz和35 mA的最佳正弦激励条件下，在10 mA时的检测精度为0.67 %。1 Hz时噪声为0.97 μA/√Hz，功耗为33.8 mW。所提出的电流传感芯片能够检测直流电和交流电，带宽范围从DC到512 Hz。这项工作证明了传统磁通门电流传感器的小型化，为智能电网和新能源领域的空间限制应用提供了一种创新的集成电流传感解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

A tristimulus value transformation calibration method for spectral emission separation in dual-dye pressure-sensitive paints 双染料压敏涂料光谱发射分离的三刺激值变换校准方法

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117366

Jianya Wei , Zehua Wang , Jingyi Bai , Dana Dabiri

Dual-dye pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) combines a pressure-responsive luminophore with either a reference dye or a temperature dye to compensate for either model movement or temperature variations, respectively. Yet accurate pixel-wise separation of their overlapping emissions remains a challenge. This study introduces a matrix-based tristimulus value transformation that projects raw red–green–blue images onto dye-specific basis vectors derived from hue–saturation–value-filtered single-dye coupons. As an example of describing this approach, Pt(II) meso-tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (PtTFPP) is used as the pressure-sensitive dye, while Coumarin 500 is used as the reference dye. The closed-form decomposition requires no additional optics and preserves full sensor resolution, thereby making it suitable for real-time applications. Validation in a vacuum chamber spanning 0.05–758 Torr shows that the separated PtTFPP channel follows a near-linear Stern–Volmer response with a regression coefficient of 0.9998, while the Coumarin 500 channel remains essentially constant, confirming its pressure independence. The Coumarin 500-to-PtTFPP intensity ratio from single-dye and dual-dye data is likewise linear across the full pressure range, further verifying separation fidelity. The proposed workflow advances dual-dye PSP toward routine quantitative pressure mapping and lays the foundation for simultaneous pressure–temperature diagnostics in aerodynamic and other complex flow environments.

双染料压敏涂料（PSP）将压力响应发光团与参考染料或温度染料相结合，分别补偿模型运动或温度变化。然而，对它们重叠的辐射进行精确的像素分离仍然是一个挑战。本研究介绍了一种基于矩阵的三刺激值变换，该变换将原始红绿蓝图像投影到由色调饱和度值过滤的单一染料券衍生的染料特定基向量上。以Pt（II）中四（五氟苯基）卟啉（PtTFPP）作为压敏染料，香豆素500作为参比染料，作为描述该方法的示例。封闭形式的分解不需要额外的光学器件，并保留了全传感器分辨率，从而使其适合实时应用。在0.05-758 Torr的真空室中验证，分离的PtTFPP通道遵循近似线性的Stern-Volmer响应，回归系数为0.9998，而香豆素500通道基本保持不变，证实了其压力无关性。单染料和双染料数据的香豆素500与pttfpp强度比在整个压力范围内同样呈线性，进一步验证了分离保真度。提出的工作流程将双染料PSP向常规定量压力映射方向推进，为气动和其他复杂流动环境下的压力-温度同步诊断奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Biodegradable gas sensors based on PLA/PEG for discrimination of cinnamon bark essential oils using an electronic nose 基于聚乳酸/聚乙二醇的可生物降解气体传感器用于电子鼻识别肉桂树皮精油

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117400

Giovana Feltes , Ilizandra Aparecida Fernandes , Rafaella Takehara Paschoalin , Juliana Steffens , Natalia Paroul , Clarice Steffens

The selection of an appropriate substrate and sensing layer remains a critical challenge in gas-sensor development. This study develops biodegradable gas sensors using poly(lactic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA/PEG) fiber substrates and tracing paper (TP), functionalized with polyaniline (PANI) and polyaniline/graphene oxide (PANI/GO) sensing layers, and integrates them into an electronic nose for discrimination of cinnamon bark essential oils from Cinnamomum zeylanicum (true cinnamon, TCBEO) and Cinnamomum cassia (false cinnamon, FCBEO). The sensors are characterized by ATR-FTIR and SEM and evaluated for sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), hysteresis, response and recovery times, stability over 90 days, and cross-interference with common edible oils and humidity. All sensors were able to discriminate the volatile compounds of C. zeylanicum and C. cassia bark essential oil, exhibit linear sensitivities in the range 7.9–12.2 Ohm·ppm⁻¹ , LODs between 0.5866 and 0.9844 ppm, and LOQs between 1.9555 and 3.2814 ppm. Hysteresis was minimal (<1 %), response times range from 19.9 to 39.4 s, and recovery times from 40 to 89 s. Sensors fabricated on PLA/PEG fibers show the highest sensitivities and the lowest LOD/LOQ values, whereas PANI/GO composites enhance electron transport and contribute to improved sensitivity at low analyte concentrations. Stability tests indicate acceptable performance retention over 90 days, with larger sensitivity loss observed at the lowest concentration (2 ppm). Interference tests show negligible cross-sensitivity to soybean, corn, sunflower oils and vaseline, but partial signal overlap with olive oil and FCBEO; relative humidity notably affects sensor response at high levels (≈75 % RH). These results demonstrate that PLA/PEG fiber substrates provide a sustainable, high-performance platform for electronic-nose applications aimed at essential-oil discrimination.

选择合适的衬底和传感层仍然是气体传感器发展的关键挑战。本研究利用聚乳酸/聚乙二醇（PLA/PEG）纤维基材和示踪纸（TP），利用聚苯胺（PANI）和聚苯胺/氧化石墨烯（PANI/GO）传感层进行功能化，开发了可生物降解的气体传感器，并将其集成到电子鼻中，用于区分肉桂树皮精油，包括肉桂（真肉桂，TCBEO）和肉桂（假肉桂，FCBEO）。通过ATR-FTIR和SEM对传感器进行了表征，并对传感器的灵敏度、检出限（LOD）、定量限（LOQ）、滞后、响应和恢复时间、90天以上的稳定性、与普通食用油和湿度的交叉干扰进行了评价。所有传感器都能区分桂皮挥发物和桂皮精油，线性灵敏度范围为7.9 ~ 12.2欧姆·ppm（⁻¹ ），lod范围为0.5866 ~ 0.9844 ppm， loq范围为1.9555 ~ 3.2814 ppm。迟滞最小（<1 %），响应时间范围为19.9至39.4 s，恢复时间范围为40至89 s。在PLA/PEG纤维上制作的传感器显示出最高的灵敏度和最低的LOD/LOQ值，而聚苯胺/氧化石墨烯复合材料增强了电子传递并有助于在低分析物浓度下提高灵敏度。稳定性测试表明，在90天内性能保持良好，在最低浓度（2 ppm）下观察到较大的灵敏度损失。干扰测试显示，对大豆、玉米、葵花籽油和凡士林的交叉敏感性可以忽略，但对橄榄油和FCBEO的部分信号重叠；相对湿度在高水平（≈75 % RH）时显著影响传感器响应。这些结果表明，聚乳酸/聚乙二醇纤维基板为用于精油鉴别的电子鼻应用提供了一个可持续的、高性能的平台。

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引用次数: 0

Room-temperature binder-free aqueous nanoimprint of TiO2 nanogratings for plasmonic broadband photodetectors 用于等离子体宽带光电探测器的TiO2纳米光栅的室温无粘结剂水印迹

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117402

Yu-Heng Hung , Jyun-Jie Chen , Da-Rong Wang , Hsiang Chen , Hsin-Ying Lee , Chun-Hung Lin

We demonstrate a room‑temperature, high‑fidelity, binder‑free aqueous nanoimprint process that patterns pre‑crystallized anatase titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles into subwavelength gratings without any polymeric or sol-gel precursor matrix. A perfluoropolyether (PFPE) soft mold combined with transient UV‑induced surface energy modulation enables complete cavity filling and preserves line‑edge definition during demolding, providing a low‑shrinkage and scalable alternative to resin‑ or sol–gel‑based nanoimprint. The nanoparticle‑derived TiO₂ gratings furnish broadband photonic scattering and diffraction‑assisted optical path lengthening, while subsequent Au nanoparticle (AuNP) decoration introduces localized surface plasmon resonances and near‑field hotspots that couple to grating modes, jointly intensifying ultraviolet field confinement and extending responsivity into the red and near‑infrared. The AuNP-decorated device achieves a responsivity of 9.24 A/W and a detectivity of 7.83 × 10¹² Jones at 365 nm, along with more than 600-fold enhancement in responsivity at 740 nm compared to the pristine TiO₂ device. This water‑based, additive‑minimal route avoids high‑temperature crystallization, reduces carbon contamination risk, and is compatible with temperature‑sensitive and large‑area substrates. These results establish a manufacturable nanoparticle‑derived photonic–plasmonic platform for high‑performance broadband oxide photodetectors.

我们展示了一种室温、高保真度、无粘合剂的水纳米压印工艺，该工艺将锐钛矿二氧化钛（TiO2）纳米颗粒预结晶成亚波长光栅，没有任何聚合物或溶胶-凝胶前驱体基质。全氟聚醚（PFPE）软模结合瞬态紫外线诱导的表面能调制，可以完成空腔填充，并在脱模过程中保持线边清晰度，提供低收缩和可扩展的树脂或溶胶-凝胶基纳米压印替代方案。纳米粒子衍生的TiO2光栅提供了宽带光子散射和衍射辅助光路延长，而随后的Au纳米粒子（AuNP）装饰引入了局部表面等离子体共振和与光栅模式耦合的近场热点，共同加强了紫外场约束，并将响应性扩展到红色和近红外。经aunp修饰的器件在365 nm处的响应率为9.24 a /W，探测率为7.83 × 1012 Jones，在740 nm处的响应率比原始器件提高了600多倍。这种水基、添加剂最少的路线避免了高温结晶，降低了碳污染风险，并且与温度敏感和大面积基材兼容。这些结果为高性能宽带氧化物光电探测器建立了一个可制造的纳米粒子衍生光子等离子体平台。

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引用次数: 0

An underwater comparison study between cometa inertial measurement units (IMU) & Qualisys motion capture system for lower body kinematics during freediving cometa惯性测量单元（IMU）与Qualisys运动捕捉系统水下自由潜水下体运动学比较研究

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117350

Pauline Algourdin , Anthéa Serralheiro , Corentin Travouillon , Felix Lefevbre , Benjamin Ostre , Yoann Joliff

Freediving is an increasingly popular sport but remains under-researched due to its specific constraints. Studying kinematics under ecological conditions could improve performance and reduce injury risks. IMUs make it possible, but their reliability depends on the movement being performed. This study aims to test Cometa IMUs compared to Qualisys cameras for measuring lower body kinematics during a vertical flutter kicking motion. Seventeen participants performed a one-minute vertical flutter kick in water, 21 retro-reflective markers and 7 IMUs attached to their lower body. Cameras and IMUs data were processed using inverse methods with an OpenSim model to extract joint angles and kicking frequency. Absolute and relative errors, Pearson coefficients, ICC and Bland-Altman plots were analyzed. Relative error in frequency was less than 3 % across all angles. Relative errors regarding amplitude were below 30 % in the sagittal plane and up to 98 % in other planes. Pearson coefficients were greater than 0.9 in sagittal plane and between 0.71 and 0.8 for other planes indicating caution for those planes. LOA (Limit Of Agreements) indicated greater variability (mean LOA=17°) and biases (mean=-0.2°) showed IMU value overestimation. Differences across planes can be explained by Euler angle sequence used. Cometa IMUs provide lower-body kinematics in flexion in ecological conditions.

自由潜水是一项越来越受欢迎的运动，但由于其特定的限制，研究仍然不足。研究生态条件下的运动学可以提高运动性能，降低损伤风险。imu使其成为可能，但其可靠性取决于所执行的运动。本研究旨在测试Cometa imu与Qualisys相机在垂直扑动踢腿运动中测量下体运动学的比较。17名参与者在水中进行了一分钟的垂直扑动踢腿，他们的下半身附有21个反射标记和7个imu。使用OpenSim模型对相机和imu数据进行逆方法处理，提取关节角度和踢腿频率。分析绝对误差和相对误差、Pearson系数、ICC和Bland-Altman图。各角度频率相对误差均小于3 %。矢状面相对误差小于30 %，其他面相对误差高达98 %。矢状面的皮尔逊系数大于0.9，其他平面的皮尔逊系数在0.71到0.8之间，表明对这些平面要谨慎。LOA（协议极限）表明较大的可变性（平均LOA=17°），偏倚（平均=-0.2°）表明IMU值高估。平面间的差异可以用欧拉角序列来解释。Cometa imu在生态条件下提供下体屈曲运动学。

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引用次数: 0

Portable SPR sensor with laser interference lithography –Fabricated Ag nanogratings for high-sensitivity biosensing 便携式激光干涉光刻SPR传感器-用于高灵敏度生物传感的银纳米光栅

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117399

Shaojun Yu , Kai Cao , Jianjun Cao , Yan Kong , Yuanlin Zheng , Wenjie Wan

Although surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology has advanced rapidly, many existing SPR sensing platforms still suffer from limitations in portability and cost. To address these challenges, we developed a compact grating-coupled SPR (GC-SPR) sensor that employs laser interference lithography for rapid, large-area, and low-cost fabrication of nanogratings. Silver gratings with periods of 611, 781, and 785 nm were prepared, each exhibiting distinct SPR absorption characteristics. Comparative analysis identified the 781 nm grating as the optimal structure, which was subsequently integrated into a compact, fully self-contained GC-SPR device. The turn-key system, constructed via 3D printing, incorporates a lithium battery, LED light source, polarizer, and fiber-optic spectrometer. Performance evaluation using glucose solutions (0–20 %) demonstrated excellent refractive index sensing, achieving a high sensitivity of 715.5 nm/RIU and a high resolution of 3.91× 10⁻⁵ RIU. Furthermore, biosensing capability was validated by detecting Human IgG with a limit of detection (LOD) of 14.35 nM, with clear resonance wavelength shifts confirming specific molecular binding. These results highlight a cost-effective, miniaturized, and high-performance SPR platform with strong potential for point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety applications.

虽然表面等离子体共振（SPR）技术发展迅速，但许多现有的SPR传感平台在便携性和成本方面仍然存在局限性。为了解决这些挑战，我们开发了一种紧凑的光栅耦合SPR （GC-SPR）传感器，该传感器采用激光干涉光刻技术快速，大面积，低成本地制造纳米光栅。制备了周期为611、781和785 nm的银光栅，每个光栅都表现出不同的SPR吸收特性。对比分析确定781 nm光栅为最佳结构，随后将其集成到一个紧凑的、完全独立的GC-SPR装置中。该交钥匙系统通过3D打印构建，集成了锂电池、LED光源、偏振器和光纤光谱仪。使用葡萄糖溶液（0-20 %）进行性能评估，显示出优异的折射率传感，达到715.5 nm/RIU的高灵敏度和3.91× 10−5 RIU的高分辨率。此外，通过检测人IgG验证了生物传感能力，检测限（LOD）为14.35 nM，具有明显的共振波长偏移，证实了特异性的分子结合。这些结果突出了一个具有成本效益、小型化和高性能的SPR平台，在即时诊断、环境监测和食品安全应用方面具有巨大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Low-resistivity nanocomposite electrodes based on carbon nanotubes and a water- and organic-solvent-soluble PEDOT derivative for high-performance actuators 基于碳纳米管和水和有机溶剂可溶性PEDOT衍生物的高性能执行器低电阻率纳米复合电极

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117385

Naohiro Terasawa , Mutsuo Tanaka

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is widely available as an aqueous dispersion of colloidal particles; however, it has several technical limitations, including poor solubility in water and organic solvents, which hinder processability and device performance. This study synthesized a novel PEDOT derivative bearing a methylsulfonic acid moiety, poly[(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-2-yl)methylsulfonic acid] (PEDOT-SO₃H), which is highly soluble in aqueous and organic media. The performance of PEDOT-SO₃H was investigated by fabricating nanocomposite electrodes and actuators composed of highly conductive single-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized via the super-growth (SG) method (SG-SWCNTs), PEDOT-SO₃H, and one of two ionic liquids (ILs). Thus, the underlying mechanisms were observed and determined to be a combination of electric double-layer and faradaic capacitance. The electromechanical and electrochemical properties of the SG-SWCNT/PEDOT-SO₃H/IL composites were compared with those of previously developed SG-SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS/IL and SG-SWCNT/IL composites. The PEDOT-SO₃H-based electrode demonstrated significantly lower volume and surface resistivity and a higher specific capacitance than the PEDOT:PSS-based electrode. Furthermore, the PEDOT-SO₃H-based actuators showed greater maximum strain than PEDOT:PSS-based actuators. These results indicate that PEDOT-SO₃H can improve the performance of actuators. The frequency-dependent strain behavior was accurately predicted using a kinetic model based on double-layer charging, which confirmed that the actuator operated via a combination of double-layer and faradaic capacitance mechanisms. In conclusion, PEDOT-SO₃H offers superior conductivity, capacitance, and strain performance compared with PEDOT:PSS, making it a promising material for next-generation soft actuators, particularly in biomedical and flexible electronic applications.

聚（3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩）：聚（4-苯乙烯磺酸盐）（PEDOT:PSS）作为胶体颗粒的水分散体广泛应用；然而，它有几个技术限制，包括在水和有机溶剂中的溶解度差，这阻碍了可加工性和设备性能。本研究合成了一种具有甲基磺酸基团的新型PEDOT衍生物，聚[（2,3-二氢噻吩[3,4-b][1,4]二恶英-2-酰基）甲基磺酸](PEDOT- so3h)，该衍生物在水和有机介质中高度可溶。通过制备由超生长（SG）法合成的高导电性单壁碳纳米管（SG- swcnts）、PEDOT-SO3H和两种离子液体中的一种（il）组成的纳米复合电极和致动器，研究了PEDOT-SO3H的性能。因此，观察并确定了潜在的机制是双电层和法拉第电容的结合。将SG-SWCNT/PEDOT- so3h /IL复合材料的机电和电化学性能与先前开发的SG-SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS/IL和SG-SWCNT/IL复合材料进行了比较。PEDOT- so3h基电极比PEDOT: pss基电极具有更低的体积和表面电阻率和更高的比电容。此外，基于PEDOT- so3h的致动器比基于PEDOT: pss的致动器显示出更大的最大应变。这些结果表明，PEDOT-SO3H可以改善执行器的性能。利用基于双层充电的动力学模型准确预测了频率相关的应变行为，证实了执行器是通过双层和法拉第电容机制的组合工作的。总之，与PEDOT:PSS相比，PEDOT- so3h具有优越的电导率、电容和应变性能，使其成为下一代软执行器的有前途的材料，特别是在生物医学和柔性电子应用中。

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引用次数: 0

A comprehensive review of EEG electrode technologies: Advancements, applications, and future directions 脑电电极技术的综合综述：进展、应用和未来方向

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117396

Mahnaz Bayat , Javad Safaie , Sahar Mollazadeh Beidokhti , Fabrice Wallois

Electroencephalography remains a fundamental tool in neurological diagnostics, cognitive research, and emerging consumer applications. This comprehensive review critically examines the technological landscape of non-invasive EEG electrodes through a novel comparative framework rather than a conventional chronological analysis. We systematically evaluate wet, semi-dry, and dry electrode technologies across four key dimensions: material and design innovations, signal quality metrics, clinical and research applications, and implementation challenges. Our analysis reveals that while standard wet electrodes remain the gold standard for signal fidelity, they nevertheless require extensive setup, cause notable discomfort—particularly for children and long-term users, and demand ongoing gel reapplication, all of which limit their practicality in many real-world settings. Significant advancements in semi-dry electrodes now address these shortcomings by offering comparable performance with reduced preparation time and enhanced usability. Dry electrodes, despite inherently higher impedance, demonstrate increasing viability for long-term and ambulatory monitoring when paired with appropriate signal processing techniques. This review provides a decision framework for selecting optimal electrode technologies based on specific application requirements, subject characteristics, and recording environments. We identify critical research gaps, particularly in standardization methods, cross-population validation, and integration with emerging materials. As EEG applications expand beyond traditional clinical settings into consumer markets, this review offers valuable guidance for researchers, clinicians, and technology developers navigating the rapidly evolving landscape of EEG electrode technologies.

脑电图仍然是神经学诊断、认知研究和新兴消费者应用的基本工具。这篇全面的综述通过一个新颖的比较框架，而不是传统的时间顺序分析，批判性地考察了非侵入性脑电图电极的技术前景。我们系统地评估湿、半干和干电极技术在四个关键方面：材料和设计创新、信号质量指标、临床和研究应用以及实施挑战。我们的分析表明，虽然标准湿电极仍然是信号保真度的金标准，但它们仍然需要大量的设置，引起明显的不适，特别是对于儿童和长期用户，并且需要不断地重新涂抹凝胶，所有这些都限制了它们在许多现实环境中的实用性。现在，半干电极的重大进步通过缩短制备时间和增强可用性来提供类似的性能，从而解决了这些缺点。尽管干电极本身具有更高的阻抗，但当与适当的信号处理技术配对时，它在长期和动态监测方面的可行性越来越高。这篇综述提供了一个决策框架，以选择最佳电极技术的基础上，具体的应用需求，主题特点和记录环境。我们确定了关键的研究差距，特别是在标准化方法、跨群体验证和与新兴材料的整合方面。随着脑电图应用从传统的临床环境扩展到消费者市场，这篇综述为研究人员、临床医生和技术开发人员在脑电图电极技术快速发展的前景中导航提供了有价值的指导。

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引用次数: 0