Pub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116545
Ali Akbar Hussaini, Murat Yıldırım
Recent advancements in optoelectronics highlight the potential of abundantly available plants as promising semiconductor materials. In this study, we investigated the applicability of Lavandula angustifolia extract as an efficient and affordable self-powered UV-Vis-NIR photodetector with enhanced properties. Lavandula angustifolia extract was obtained using supercritical CO2 extraction method. It was characterized via ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The band gap was calculated as 3.50 eV, which proves its semiconductor behavior. Lavandula angustifolia extract based thin film was obtained to fabricate UV-Vis-NIR photodetector device. The device has shown excellent responsivity, detectivity, and external quantum efficiency to various wavelengths between 351 and 1600 nm. Under solar light, 0.436 A/W responsivity and 2.16 × 1010 Jones detectivity were recorded. The device has shown a responsivity of 25.146 mA/W and detectivity of 4.89 × 109 Jones at 1000 nm and 0 V bias voltage. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of a Lavandula angustifolia interlayered device for self-powered UV-Vis-NIR photodetector applications.
{"title":"Facile fabrication of self-powered UV-Vis-NIR Photodetector based on Lavandula angustifolia extract","authors":"Ali Akbar Hussaini, Murat Yıldırım","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advancements in optoelectronics highlight the potential of abundantly available plants as promising semiconductor materials. In this study, we investigated the applicability of <em>Lavandula angustifolia</em> extract as an efficient and affordable self-powered UV-Vis-NIR photodetector with enhanced properties. <em>Lavandula angustifolia</em> extract was obtained using supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction method. It was characterized via ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The band gap was calculated as 3.50 eV, which proves its semiconductor behavior. <em>Lavandula angustifolia</em> extract based thin film was obtained to fabricate UV-Vis-NIR photodetector device. The device has shown excellent responsivity, detectivity, and external quantum efficiency to various wavelengths between 351 and 1600 nm. Under solar light, 0.436 A/W responsivity and 2.16 × 10<sup>10</sup> Jones detectivity were recorded. The device has shown a responsivity of 25.146 mA/W and detectivity of 4.89 × 10<sup>9</sup> Jones at 1000 nm and 0 V bias voltage. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of a <em>Lavandula angustifolia</em> interlayered device for self-powered UV-Vis-NIR photodetector applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116545"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-05DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116532
Teng Zhang, Ashwin A. Seshia
This study investigates colored photoacoustic imaging (PAI) scan by integrating a neural-network image classification algorithm with a multi-frequency Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasound Transducer (PMUT) array. Fabricated on an AlN-on-SOI platform, the PMUT array features 133 (19 × 7), 196 (28 × 7), and 246 (41 × 6) transducers of distinctive designs, targeting under-liquid resonant frequencies of 760 kHz, 1.17 MHz, and 1.65 MHz respectively. This multi-frequency capability broadens the range of detectable photoacoustic signals, enhancing sensitivity to variations in acoustic responses associated with the heat absorption properties of different colored targets. The neural network, initially trained on extensive datasets from stationary colored pencil leads, achieved over 99 % accuracy in color classification. When integrated with a 2D scanning and image reconstruction system, this setup enabled comprehensive color PAI scans of phantoms embedded with colored pencil leads in random sequences. These advancements extend PAI’s diagnostic capabilities beyond that of traditional ultrasound transducers, offering enhanced resolution and further insights into structural materials including biomedical applications.
{"title":"Neural network-enhanced color photoacoustic imaging using multi-frequency PMUT array","authors":"Teng Zhang, Ashwin A. Seshia","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates colored photoacoustic imaging (PAI) scan by integrating a neural-network image classification algorithm with a multi-frequency Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasound Transducer (PMUT) array. Fabricated on an AlN-on-SOI platform, the PMUT array features 133 (19 × 7), 196 (28 × 7), and 246 (41 × 6) transducers of distinctive designs, targeting under-liquid resonant frequencies of 760 kHz, 1.17 MHz, and 1.65 MHz respectively. This multi-frequency capability broadens the range of detectable photoacoustic signals, enhancing sensitivity to variations in acoustic responses associated with the heat absorption properties of different colored targets. The neural network, initially trained on extensive datasets from stationary colored pencil leads, achieved over 99 % accuracy in color classification. When integrated with a 2D scanning and image reconstruction system, this setup enabled comprehensive color PAI scans of phantoms embedded with colored pencil leads in random sequences. These advancements extend PAI’s diagnostic capabilities beyond that of traditional ultrasound transducers, offering enhanced resolution and further insights into structural materials including biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116532"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-04DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116549
Zhaohua Liu , Yi Xue , Jian Yang , Weihuan Lin , Ivan S. Babichuk
The coexistence of increasingly severe environmental issues and bio-signal sensing systems necessitates comfortable and safe wearable devices for continuous human health monitoring. Bio-based piezoelectric materials that are environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and high-performing show great potential in health monitoring and human-computer interaction. Chitosan, a deacetylated product of chitin, is one of the natural piezoelectric biopolymer materials. Due to its complete degradability, excellent film-forming properties, and renewability, it has garnered significant attention in the field of piezoelectric sensing. Here, we explored the impact of different degrees of deacetylation on the crystal structure of chitosan and found that chitosan with a deacetylation degree of 70 % (CS−70) has the highest content of the β−phase. On this basis, 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTMAC) was grafted onto the amino groups of chitosan to induce the formation of the β−phase. It was proven that the proportion of the β−phase increased from 41.16 % to 56.46 %. By employing a simple processing method, we manufactured the quaternary ammonium chitosan film flexible pressure sensors. When the material ratio was 1:1, it produced the highest piezoelectric output of 0.325 V, with a sensitivity of 25.64 ± 1.22 (mV/kPa), which is 1.67 times and 2.3 times higher that of the original chitosan, respectively, and also possesses a high linearity characteristic (adjusted R2=0.99). Moreover, the flexible piezoelectric sensors were successfully applied to human motion detection, physiological signal detection, and human-computer interaction. Considering their scalability and ease of manufacturing, this study provides a new reference for the development of green, flexible, and high-performance electronic devices.
{"title":"Sustainable, biodegradable, flexible piezoelectric quaternary ammonium chitosan film pressure sensors for human motion detection and human-computer interaction","authors":"Zhaohua Liu , Yi Xue , Jian Yang , Weihuan Lin , Ivan S. Babichuk","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coexistence of increasingly severe environmental issues and bio-signal sensing systems necessitates comfortable and safe wearable devices for continuous human health monitoring. Bio-based piezoelectric materials that are environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and high-performing show great potential in health monitoring and human-computer interaction. Chitosan, a deacetylated product of chitin, is one of the natural piezoelectric biopolymer materials. Due to its complete degradability, excellent film-forming properties, and renewability, it has garnered significant attention in the field of piezoelectric sensing. Here, we explored the impact of different degrees of deacetylation on the crystal structure of chitosan and found that chitosan with a deacetylation degree of 70 % (CS−70) has the highest content of the <em>β</em>−phase. On this basis, 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTMAC) was grafted onto the amino groups of chitosan to induce the formation of the <em>β</em>−phase. It was proven that the proportion of the <em>β</em>−phase increased from 41.16 % to 56.46 %. By employing a simple processing method, we manufactured the quaternary ammonium chitosan film flexible pressure sensors. When the material ratio was 1:1, it produced the highest piezoelectric output of 0.325 V, with a sensitivity of 25.64 ± 1.22 (mV/kPa), which is 1.67 times and 2.3 times higher that of the original chitosan, respectively, and also possesses a high linearity characteristic (adjusted R<sup>2</sup>=0.99). Moreover, the flexible piezoelectric sensors were successfully applied to human motion detection, physiological signal detection, and human-computer interaction. Considering their scalability and ease of manufacturing, this study provides a new reference for the development of green, flexible, and high-performance electronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116549"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-04DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116551
Qincheng Zheng , Ke Cao , Chenyu Bai , Xudong Ma , Ning Deng , Yulang Cheng , Yao Lu , Huikai Xie
Piezoelectric MEMS loudspeakers with quasi-closed diaphragm structures have been shown to effectively prevent air leakage and enhance low-frequency sound pressure level (SPL). However, achieving an SPL over 90 dB at 20 Hz for in-ear applications remains challenging due to limitations in excitation voltage and diaphragm size. This work presents a piezoelectric MEMS loudspeaker featuring a 2.7 µm-thick sputtered PZT film and a circular quasi-closed diaphragm with 6 slits, capable of withstanding up to 100 Vpp excitation without mechanical rupture or piezoelectric breakdown. Acoustic characterization using a 711-ear simulator demonstrates that the fabricated loudspeaker achieves an SPL of over 90.4 dB at 20 Hz under 100 Vpp excitation with active power of 0.98 mW. Long-term operation under 100 Vpp excitation shows that after 3 hours, the SPL at 20 Hz remains at 92.4 dB, and after 6 hours, it is 84 dB, demonstrating the reliability of the design. Additionally, free-field testing at a distance of 1 cm reveals an SPL of 91 dB at 400 Hz under 100 Vpp excitation. This study provides an effective approach for enhancing low-frequency SPL in MEMS loudspeakers, paving the way for future applications.
{"title":"An ultra-high low-frequency SPL piezoelectric MEMS loudspeaker based on sputtered PZT","authors":"Qincheng Zheng , Ke Cao , Chenyu Bai , Xudong Ma , Ning Deng , Yulang Cheng , Yao Lu , Huikai Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Piezoelectric MEMS loudspeakers with quasi-closed diaphragm structures have been shown to effectively prevent air leakage and enhance low-frequency sound pressure level (SPL). However, achieving an SPL over 90 dB at 20 Hz for in-ear applications remains challenging due to limitations in excitation voltage and diaphragm size. This work presents a piezoelectric MEMS loudspeaker featuring a 2.7 µm-thick sputtered PZT film and a circular quasi-closed diaphragm with 6 slits, capable of withstanding up to 100 Vpp excitation without mechanical rupture or piezoelectric breakdown. Acoustic characterization using a 711-ear simulator demonstrates that the fabricated loudspeaker achieves an SPL of over 90.4 dB at 20 Hz under 100 Vpp excitation with active power of 0.98 mW. Long-term operation under 100 Vpp excitation shows that after 3 hours, the SPL at 20 Hz remains at 92.4 dB, and after 6 hours, it is 84 dB, demonstrating the reliability of the design. Additionally, free-field testing at a distance of 1 cm reveals an SPL of 91 dB at 400 Hz under 100 Vpp excitation. This study provides an effective approach for enhancing low-frequency SPL in MEMS loudspeakers, paving the way for future applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116551"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A drop-shaped single-mode microfiber (SMMF) with Sagnac loop (SL) is formed by crossing and overlapping two transition regions of conical single-mode fiber (SMF). When the incident light passes through the overlapping region, the first coupling is generated. Then, two beams of light generated are transmitted in two opposite directions within SL. Subsequently, they re-enter the overlapping region for the second coupling. Finally, the coupled light is output from the transmission port. In the proposed sensing structure, the coupling effect of the overlapping region and the bending of the cone waist region enhance the response of sensor to the surrounding medium. Compared with the conical SMF based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), the maximum sensitivity of the designed sensor is improved by 2.89 times, reaching 6481.25 nm/RIU. Therefore, the designed sensor is beneficial for monitoring glucose concentrations in healthcare and food samples.
{"title":"Drop-shaped single-mode microfiber with Sagnac loop based on coupling effect for refractive index sensing","authors":"Xiaoya Fan , Huirong Zhang , Weibin Feng , Yunfan Xu , Yuefeng Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116535","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A drop-shaped single-mode microfiber (SMMF) with Sagnac loop (SL) is formed by crossing and overlapping two transition regions of conical single-mode fiber (SMF). When the incident light passes through the overlapping region, the first coupling is generated. Then, two beams of light generated are transmitted in two opposite directions within SL. Subsequently, they re-enter the overlapping region for the second coupling. Finally, the coupled light is output from the transmission port. In the proposed sensing structure, the coupling effect of the overlapping region and the bending of the cone waist region enhance the response of sensor to the surrounding medium. Compared with the conical SMF based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), the maximum sensitivity of the designed sensor is improved by 2.89 times, reaching 6481.25 nm/RIU. Therefore, the designed sensor is beneficial for monitoring glucose concentrations in healthcare and food samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116535"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-03DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116524
Yeji Han , Eun-Sol Park , Min-Woo Han
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) have been widely used as soft actuators due to their excellent properties, such as the shape memory effect, variable stiffness, and straightforward actuation mechanism. However, conventional SMA-based soft actuators frequently struggle to return to their original configuration, and even when they can, their complex, antagonistic designs result in additional weight and bulk. While modular soft robots have been proposed for their enhanced maneuverability and versatility, a modular design for textile-based soft actuators has not yet been introduced. Addressing this limitation and potential, this research describes the development of composite modular actuators that use SMA springs to recover their previous configuration without the need for external forces or extra energy inputs. The actuators consist of an elastomer-coated textile matrix, an SMA spring as the driving source for bending, and perforated copper plates for component fixation, power supply, and connection between modules. The variable stiffness of the SMA and the elasticity of the elastomer enable the actuator to bend under heating and recover the previous configuration upon cooling. This novel approach of coating a textile matrix with an elastomer enables the development of actuators that are simple in design, compact, lightweight, and energy-efficient. The performance of the actuators is evaluated in terms of bending angle, bending force, and repeatability. The influence of the elastomer coating is further investigated by comparing coated and uncoated actuators under identical testing conditions. Additionally, the optimal driving current for the actuators is determined through performance comparisons. Applications of a soft gripper and three modular actuators are also demonstrated. The advancements in shape recovery without external force input and modularization of SMA-based textile actuators presented in this study could enhance the usability and efficiency of SMA-based actuators, paving the way for their broader application in diverse end-effector setups.
{"title":"Development of shape-recovering modular textile actuators using SMAs and PDMS","authors":"Yeji Han , Eun-Sol Park , Min-Woo Han","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) have been widely used as soft actuators due to their excellent properties, such as the shape memory effect, variable stiffness, and straightforward actuation mechanism. However, conventional SMA-based soft actuators frequently struggle to return to their original configuration, and even when they can, their complex, antagonistic designs result in additional weight and bulk. While modular soft robots have been proposed for their enhanced maneuverability and versatility, a modular design for textile-based soft actuators has not yet been introduced. Addressing this limitation and potential, this research describes the development of composite modular actuators that use SMA springs to recover their previous configuration without the need for external forces or extra energy inputs. The actuators consist of an elastomer-coated textile matrix, an SMA spring as the driving source for bending, and perforated copper plates for component fixation, power supply, and connection between modules. The variable stiffness of the SMA and the elasticity of the elastomer enable the actuator to bend under heating and recover the previous configuration upon cooling. This novel approach of coating a textile matrix with an elastomer enables the development of actuators that are simple in design, compact, lightweight, and energy-efficient. The performance of the actuators is evaluated in terms of bending angle, bending force, and repeatability. The influence of the elastomer coating is further investigated by comparing coated and uncoated actuators under identical testing conditions. Additionally, the optimal driving current for the actuators is determined through performance comparisons. Applications of a soft gripper and three modular actuators are also demonstrated. The advancements in shape recovery without external force input and modularization of SMA-based textile actuators presented in this study could enhance the usability and efficiency of SMA-based actuators, paving the way for their broader application in diverse end-effector setups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116524"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116542
Hanlin Mu , Mingchun Li , Xiaohan Qu , Bingbing Jin , Kunlong Zhang , Yusheng Wu , Laishi Li
In practical applications, gas sensors with low working temperatures, high stability, and ultrasensitivity are required for real-time safety alerts and clinical diagnostics. In this study, a novel indium-poor phase three-dimensional (3D) In0.02W0.99O3/WO3 composite, self-assembled from unique inlaid-block nanosheets was prepared using a hydrothermal method. The presence of In0.02W0.99O3 promoted the growth of nanosheets along the (200) crystal plane. Sensors based on 3D In0.02W0.99O3/WO3 exhibited an excellent sensitivity of 119 to 10 ppm acetone at 100 ℃, which was 15 times greater than that of pure WO3. Moreover, the 3D In0.02W0.99O3/WO3-based sensors exhibited outstanding long-term stability. Characterization results showed that oxygen vacancies play a vital role in enhancing the gas-sensing performance of the prepared sensors. A synergistic mechanism between the high reactivity of the dangling W-atom bonds provided by the W-rich (200) crystal plane and the enriched oxygen vacancies was suggested. This study provides a new perspective on the selection of composite materials and the structural design of high-performance gas sensors for sub-ppm acetone detection at low working temperatures.
{"title":"Ultrasensitive low-temperature acetone detection of 3D In0.02W0.99O3/WO3 material with synergistic effect of W-rich facets and oxygen vacancies","authors":"Hanlin Mu , Mingchun Li , Xiaohan Qu , Bingbing Jin , Kunlong Zhang , Yusheng Wu , Laishi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In practical applications, gas sensors with low working temperatures, high stability, and ultrasensitivity are required for real-time safety alerts and clinical diagnostics. In this study, a novel indium-poor phase three-dimensional (3D) In<sub>0.02</sub>W<sub>0.99</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub> composite, self-assembled from unique inlaid-block nanosheets was prepared using a hydrothermal method. The presence of In<sub>0.02</sub>W<sub>0.99</sub>O<sub>3</sub> promoted the growth of nanosheets along the (200) crystal plane. Sensors based on 3D In<sub>0.02</sub>W<sub>0.99</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub> exhibited an excellent sensitivity of 119 to 10 ppm acetone at 100 ℃, which was 15 times greater than that of pure WO<sub>3</sub>. Moreover, the 3D In<sub>0.02</sub>W<sub>0.99</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub>-based sensors exhibited outstanding long-term stability. Characterization results showed that oxygen vacancies play a vital role in enhancing the gas-sensing performance of the prepared sensors. A synergistic mechanism between the high reactivity of the dangling W-atom bonds provided by the W-rich (200) crystal plane and the enriched oxygen vacancies was suggested. This study provides a new perspective on the selection of composite materials and the structural design of high-performance gas sensors for sub-ppm acetone detection at low working temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116542"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116543
Shiyu Ge , Sihan An , Haoyu Li , Na Li , Guobin Chen , Wentao Lu , Zhiqiang Zhang , Yang Wang , Chengkun Wang , Xun Yang , Guanxiang Du
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in diamond serve as versatile multi-physical field sensors capable of measuring magnetic fields, temperature, and pressure. In this work, we demonstrate a method for measuring magnetic field and temperature variations by directly solving the Hamiltonian of an NV ensemble. This approach enables fast, dynamic, and decoupled measurements using a simple experimental setup. Using differential methods combined with optimized gating windows and laser power, we reduce the uncertainty of fitting of single peak to 0.02 MHz. As a result, nonlinear errors in magnetic field and temperature measurements are achieved at 0.229 % and 1.68 %, respectively. In this way, our method achieves a dynamic magnetic field measurement range of 50 mT and a refresh rate exceeding 5 Hz with commendable sensitivity. Real-time decoupled measurement of magnetic field and temperature is thereby achieved. This work paves the way for extending the application of NV diamond sensors to more demanding conditions.
{"title":"Optimized diamond NV sensor for simultaneous sensing of magnetic field and temperature","authors":"Shiyu Ge , Sihan An , Haoyu Li , Na Li , Guobin Chen , Wentao Lu , Zhiqiang Zhang , Yang Wang , Chengkun Wang , Xun Yang , Guanxiang Du","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in diamond serve as versatile multi-physical field sensors capable of measuring magnetic fields, temperature, and pressure. In this work, we demonstrate a method for measuring magnetic field and temperature variations by directly solving the Hamiltonian of an NV ensemble. This approach enables fast, dynamic, and decoupled measurements using a simple experimental setup. Using differential methods combined with optimized gating windows and laser power, we reduce the uncertainty of fitting of single peak to 0.02 MHz. As a result, nonlinear errors in magnetic field and temperature measurements are achieved at 0.229 % and 1.68 %, respectively. In this way, our method achieves a dynamic magnetic field measurement range of 50 mT and a refresh rate exceeding 5 Hz with commendable sensitivity. Real-time decoupled measurement of magnetic field and temperature is thereby achieved. This work paves the way for extending the application of NV diamond sensors to more demanding conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116543"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116541
Wei Pan , Feng-Shuo Jiang , Shu-Tong Huang , Gui-Xia Li , Shu-Lai Huang , Zi-Han Zhu , Han Sun , Yun-Ze Long , Gui-Feng Yu
With the growing demand for wearable electronic devices, high-performance multi-functional fabrics for sensing and power supply are urgently demanded. To achieve environmental sustainability, waste lyocell fabric that made of 100 % natural wood pulp was adopted as starting material to fabricate wearable multifunctional device through carbonization method, which demonstrates superior performance in strain sensing and energy harvesting. Based on the bioinspired system, that spider own a crack-shaped slit sensilla could undergoes instantaneous deformation under tiny external forces system, the carbonized fabric with irregular cracks was accepted as our strain sensor. Not only the subtle strains, but also the higher strains showed remarkable sensitivity. The strain sensor fabricated exhibited a gauge factor of 72.17(R2=97.31 %) when the strain was under 600 %, which may be attributed to synergetic effect of the crack configuration and the package of PDMS. Additionally, the potential application of carbonized fabric as electrode in triboelectric nanogenerator is also demonstrated. Thus, this waste lyocell fabric-based carbon fibers have potentially application toward multifunctional wearable electronics in health and exercise monitors, soft robots, and power sources.
{"title":"Low-cost environmental-friendly strain sensor and triboelectric nanogenerator based on waste lyocell fabric","authors":"Wei Pan , Feng-Shuo Jiang , Shu-Tong Huang , Gui-Xia Li , Shu-Lai Huang , Zi-Han Zhu , Han Sun , Yun-Ze Long , Gui-Feng Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the growing demand for wearable electronic devices, high-performance multi-functional fabrics for sensing and power supply are urgently demanded. To achieve environmental sustainability, waste lyocell fabric that made of 100 % natural wood pulp was adopted as starting material to fabricate wearable multifunctional device through carbonization method, which demonstrates superior performance in strain sensing and energy harvesting. Based on the bioinspired system, that spider own a crack-shaped slit sensilla could undergoes instantaneous deformation under tiny external forces system, the carbonized fabric with irregular cracks was accepted as our strain sensor. Not only the subtle strains, but also the higher strains showed remarkable sensitivity. The strain sensor fabricated exhibited a gauge factor of 72.17(R<sup>2</sup>=97.31 %) when the strain was under 600 %, which may be attributed to synergetic effect of the crack configuration and the package of PDMS. Additionally, the potential application of carbonized fabric as electrode in triboelectric nanogenerator is also demonstrated. Thus, this waste lyocell fabric-based carbon fibers have potentially application toward multifunctional wearable electronics in health and exercise monitors, soft robots, and power sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116541"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116531
Philips C. Tagbo , Mohamed Mokhtar Mohamed , Mohamad M. Ayad , Ahmed Abd El-Moniem
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) possesses desirable electrical, mechanical, and physicochemical properties, making it an excellent candidate for developing flexible and high-performance resistive gas sensors that operate at room temperature. However, MoS2 exhibits limited response to carbon-containing gases, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly due to its predominantly inert basal plane and the limited accessibility of active edge sites within its nanosheets. In this context, we propose a facile and effective strategy incorporating defect engineering and inkjet printing for fabricating flexible and high-performance gas sensors based on MoS2 for room-temperature detection of ethanol vapors. Firstly, a defect-rich 2H MoS2 was synthesized via low-temperature annealing of hydrothermally synthesized ammonium-intercalated 1 T MoS2 nanosheets. It was observed that the introduction of defects induces hierarchical porosity with high-binding energy active sites, facilitating optimal interactions of the sensor’s surface with ethanol molecules and yielding a response of 177% to 70 ppm of ethanol, which is approximately four times greater than that of the defect-free sample. Furthermore, inkjet printing in device fabrication significantly enhanced the gas-sensing performance of the sensor, achieving a response significantly higher than its drop-cast counterpart. The printed sensor recorded an ethanol sensitivity of 4.579 ppm-1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 153 ppb. The observed improvement could be linked to the enhanced effective area and micro-nanometer thick sensitive layer of the sensor, achieved via inkjet printing. Overall, this study underscores the synergistic effect of low-temperature induced defect creation and inkjet printing in enhancing the ethanol sensing performance of MoS2 nanosheets, highlighting a facile strategy for fabricating high-performance flexible MoS2 gas sensors.
{"title":"Fabrication of flexible MoS2 sensors for high-performance detection of ethanol vapor at room temperature","authors":"Philips C. Tagbo , Mohamed Mokhtar Mohamed , Mohamad M. Ayad , Ahmed Abd El-Moniem","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116531","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>) possesses desirable electrical, mechanical, and physicochemical properties, making it an excellent candidate for developing flexible and high-performance resistive gas sensors that operate at room temperature. However, MoS<sub>2</sub> exhibits limited response to carbon-containing gases, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly due to its predominantly inert basal plane and the limited accessibility of active edge sites within its nanosheets. In this context, we propose a facile and effective strategy incorporating defect engineering and inkjet printing for fabricating flexible and high-performance gas sensors based on MoS<sub>2</sub> for room-temperature detection of ethanol vapors. Firstly, a defect-rich 2H MoS<sub>2</sub> was synthesized via low-temperature annealing of hydrothermally synthesized ammonium-intercalated 1<!--> <!-->T MoS<sub>2</sub> nanosheets. It was observed that the introduction of defects induces hierarchical porosity with high-binding energy active sites, facilitating optimal interactions of the sensor’s surface with ethanol molecules and yielding a response of 177% to 70 ppm of ethanol, which is approximately four times greater than that of the defect-free sample. Furthermore, inkjet printing in device fabrication significantly enhanced the gas-sensing performance of the sensor, achieving a response significantly higher than its drop-cast counterpart. The printed sensor recorded an ethanol sensitivity of 4.579 ppm<sup>-1</sup> and a limit of detection (LOD) of 153 ppb. The observed improvement could be linked to the enhanced effective area and micro-nanometer thick sensitive layer of the sensor, achieved via inkjet printing. Overall, this study underscores the synergistic effect of low-temperature induced defect creation and inkjet printing in enhancing the ethanol sensing performance of MoS<sub>2</sub> nanosheets, highlighting a facile strategy for fabricating high-performance flexible MoS<sub>2</sub> gas sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116531"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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