Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116038
António Diogo André , Indrani Coondoo , Igor Bdikin , Vinaya Kumar K.B. , Rui M.R. Pinto , Pedro Martins , Majid Taghavi
Electroactive polymers have received substantial attention for actuation because of their muscle-like actuation behaviour. These polymers are typically studied under ionic and electric classes based on their fundamental response mechanisms. In this study, a hybrid piezo-ionic actuator is developed and characterised by its electromechanical response to analyse the piezo-ionic synergistic effect in a cantilever beam actuation design. The piezo-ionic actuator was developed using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) combined with an [Pmim][TFSI] ionic liquid (IL) filler. The addition of IL into the PVDF network promotes the formation of electroactive phases (β and γ), consequently enhancing the electromechanical response of PVDF while maintaining the characteristic fast response time of piezo materials. The IL also plasticize the PVDF polymer and increases its conductivity which also causes the electrical parameters to vary with frequency. It results in higher dielectric loss, energy storage and hysteresis in PVDF/IL responses. To evaluate the actuator performance, the force generated by the hybrid actuator is measured and a finger sleeve is designed for haptic feedback analysis.
{"title":"Piezo-Ionic Actuator for Haptic Feedback","authors":"António Diogo André , Indrani Coondoo , Igor Bdikin , Vinaya Kumar K.B. , Rui M.R. Pinto , Pedro Martins , Majid Taghavi","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electroactive polymers have received substantial attention for actuation because of their muscle-like actuation behaviour. These polymers are typically studied under ionic and electric classes based on their fundamental response mechanisms. In this study, a hybrid piezo-ionic actuator is developed and characterised by its electromechanical response to analyse the piezo-ionic synergistic effect in a cantilever beam actuation design. The piezo-ionic actuator was developed using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) combined with an [Pmim][TFSI] ionic liquid (IL) filler. The addition of IL into the PVDF network promotes the formation of electroactive phases (<em>β</em> and <em>γ</em>), consequently enhancing the electromechanical response of PVDF while maintaining the characteristic fast response time of piezo materials. The IL also plasticize the PVDF polymer and increases its conductivity which also causes the electrical parameters to vary with frequency. It results in higher dielectric loss, energy storage and hysteresis in PVDF/IL responses. To evaluate the actuator performance, the force generated by the hybrid actuator is measured and a finger sleeve is designed for haptic feedback analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116038"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116075
Guiyu Wang , Yao Wu , Xinhang Guan , Xuefeng Chen , Xiujuan Yu
In this paper, we proposed and demonstrated a highly sensitive fiber vector magnetic field sensor utilizing an open-cavity Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) filled with magnetic fluid. The MZI sensor was fabricated using large-offset splicing technique to form an open cavity, facilitating the easy introduction of magnetic fluid samples into the open cavity. The MZI sensor was then encapsulated in a glass capillary containing diluted magnetic fluid. As the applied magnetic field varies, the refractive index of the magnetic fluid undergoes a corresponding change, subsequently inducing a shift in the transmission spectrum of the MZI. By monitoring the wavelength shift of the transmission spectrum, we can accurately detect the intensity of the magnetic field. The proposed sensor can achieve vector magnetic field measurement because of the axially asymmetric open-cavity MZI. The maximum sensitivity to magnetic field direction is 0.260 nm/°. Notably, the proposed sensor achieves an ultrahigh sensitivity, reaching an value of −17.306 nm/mT within the range of 4 mT to 7 mT. In addition, a temperature sensitivity of 2.236 nm/℃ is obtained within the temperature range of 30 ℃ to 65 ℃. Given its advantages, including high sensitivity, compact size and low cost, our MZI sensor holds immense potential for diverse applications in magnetic field measurement.
{"title":"Highly sensitive fiber vector magnetic field sensor based on an open-cavity Mach-Zehnder interferometer filled with magnetic fluid","authors":"Guiyu Wang , Yao Wu , Xinhang Guan , Xuefeng Chen , Xiujuan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we proposed and demonstrated a highly sensitive fiber vector magnetic field sensor utilizing an open-cavity Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) filled with magnetic fluid. The MZI sensor was fabricated using large-offset splicing technique to form an open cavity, facilitating the easy introduction of magnetic fluid samples into the open cavity. The MZI sensor was then encapsulated in a glass capillary containing diluted magnetic fluid. As the applied magnetic field varies, the refractive index of the magnetic fluid undergoes a corresponding change, subsequently inducing a shift in the transmission spectrum of the MZI. By monitoring the wavelength shift of the transmission spectrum, we can accurately detect the intensity of the magnetic field. The proposed sensor can achieve vector magnetic field measurement because of the axially asymmetric open-cavity MZI. The maximum sensitivity to magnetic field direction is 0.260 nm/°. Notably, the proposed sensor achieves an ultrahigh sensitivity, reaching an value of −17.306 nm/mT within the range of 4 mT to 7 mT. In addition, a temperature sensitivity of 2.236 nm/℃ is obtained within the temperature range of 30 ℃ to 65 ℃. Given its advantages, including high sensitivity, compact size and low cost, our MZI sensor holds immense potential for diverse applications in magnetic field measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116075"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116055
M. Amiri , M. Abolhasan , N. Shariati , J. Lipman
Using electromagnetic (EM) energy to run IoT devices requires a highly efficient energy harvester due to the extremely low-power EM signals. The primary obstacle in converting electromagnetic waves into a DC output lies in supplying adequate energy for non-linear rectification devices. This study introduces an exceptionally effective metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) characterized by stable absorption properties when confronted with waves of varying polarization and incident angles. A wideband full-wave rectifier has been designed to convert absorbed energy to DC output, benefiting the coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure. The rectifier shows more than 5 GHz bandwidth with a maximum of 65% efficiency. The larger receiver aperture associated with each rectifier leads to a 7.8 dBm power gain compared to the average available power at the surface of the energy harvester. The completed structure has been manufactured, and the robust agreement between the simulated and measured outcomes confirms the validity of the design process.
{"title":"Development of a polarization-neutral metamaterial absorber for efficient low-power EM energy harvesting","authors":"M. Amiri , M. Abolhasan , N. Shariati , J. Lipman","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using electromagnetic (EM) energy to run IoT devices requires a highly efficient energy harvester due to the extremely low-power EM signals. The primary obstacle in converting electromagnetic waves into a DC output lies in supplying adequate energy for non-linear rectification devices. This study introduces an exceptionally effective metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) characterized by stable absorption properties when confronted with waves of varying polarization and incident angles. A wideband full-wave rectifier has been designed to convert absorbed energy to DC output, benefiting the coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure. The rectifier shows more than 5 GHz bandwidth with a maximum of 65% efficiency. The larger receiver aperture associated with each rectifier leads to a 7.8 dBm power gain compared to the average available power at the surface of the energy harvester. The completed structure has been manufactured, and the robust agreement between the simulated and measured outcomes confirms the validity of the design process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116055"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, an electrostatic adsorption actuation module is proposed, which uses the accumulation and superposition of electrostatic adsorption film to form a spring configuration. Each actuation module consists of 20 electrostatic adsorption films, which are composed of copper layers deposited on polyimide (PI) films and adhesive PI film covering layers. The maximum approximate output displacement and force of the module are about 1.10 mm and 0.108 N, respectively, by connecting springs with stiffness of 58 N/m in series and pre-stretching them by 2 mm. In order to demonstrate the application of an electrostatic adsorption actuation module, a dual-module antagonistic actuator, a crawling robot, a force feedback button and a gripper are designed. The results indicate that the actuation module accumulated by electrostatic adsorption film can achieve a lightweight microactuator design, and the antagonistic actuator can achieve a bidirectional reciprocating motion of about 0.8 mm. The crawling robot can crawl at a speed of about 0.34 mm/s on a smooth surface, and the force feedback button can achieve a force feedback function based on displacement changes under different voltages. The gripper can successfully grasp about 1 g of light objects. This work lays a foundation for the lightweight artificial muscle design of humanoid robots in the future.
{"title":"An electrostatic adsorption actuation module and its application","authors":"Xiaozheng Li, Yongxian Ma, Chuang Wu, Youzhan Wang, Xing Gao, Chongjing Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, an electrostatic adsorption actuation module is proposed, which uses the accumulation and superposition of electrostatic adsorption film to form a spring configuration. Each actuation module consists of 20 electrostatic adsorption films, which are composed of copper layers deposited on polyimide (PI) films and adhesive PI film covering layers. The maximum approximate output displacement and force of the module are about 1.10 mm and 0.108 N, respectively, by connecting springs with stiffness of 58 N/m in series and pre-stretching them by 2 mm. In order to demonstrate the application of an electrostatic adsorption actuation module, a dual-module antagonistic actuator, a crawling robot, a force feedback button and a gripper are designed. The results indicate that the actuation module accumulated by electrostatic adsorption film can achieve a lightweight microactuator design, and the antagonistic actuator can achieve a bidirectional reciprocating motion of about 0.8 mm. The crawling robot can crawl at a speed of about 0.34 mm/s on a smooth surface, and the force feedback button can achieve a force feedback function based on displacement changes under different voltages. The gripper can successfully grasp about 1 g of light objects. This work lays a foundation for the lightweight artificial muscle design of humanoid robots in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116020"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116057
Pablo Martín-Luna , Daniel Esperante , José Vicente Casaña , Antonio Fernández Prieto , Nuria Fuster-Martínez , Iris García Rivas , Benito Gimeno , Damián Ginestar , Daniel González-Iglesias , José Luis Hueso , Hannah Andrea Leptin , Gabriela Llosá , Pablo Martinez-Reviriego , Jaime Riera , Pablo Vázquez Regueiro , Fernando Hueso-González
The effects of the passive resistive voltage divider network in a photomultiplier tube (PMT) have been investigated by developing an in-house Monte Carlo simulation code and compared with experimental measurements and an analytical model. The simulation code follows an iterative procedure that takes into account the transport and amplification of the electrons within the device depending on the electrostatic fields produced by the electrode voltages. The PMT gain, dynode voltages, rise time and transit time have been studied as a function of the photocathode current and supply voltage. A good agreement between the analytical model, the simulations and numerous experimental measurements using a Hamamatsu R13408-100 PMT has been obtained. The simulation results endorse the use of logistic functions within the analytical model to account for the collection efficiency in the last dynode stages. This works deepens the understanding of passive voltage dividers and develops an advanced behavioral circuit model of photomultiplier tubes. Although validated for a single PMT, the proposed methodology is applicable to any PMT model. This aids in optimizing the design of fully active voltage dividers, to be applied in extremely pulsed applications with high count rates such as prompt gamma-ray imaging during proton therapy.
{"title":"Effects of the passive voltage divider in a photomultiplier tube: Analytical model, simulations and experimental validation","authors":"Pablo Martín-Luna , Daniel Esperante , José Vicente Casaña , Antonio Fernández Prieto , Nuria Fuster-Martínez , Iris García Rivas , Benito Gimeno , Damián Ginestar , Daniel González-Iglesias , José Luis Hueso , Hannah Andrea Leptin , Gabriela Llosá , Pablo Martinez-Reviriego , Jaime Riera , Pablo Vázquez Regueiro , Fernando Hueso-González","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of the passive resistive voltage divider network in a photomultiplier tube (PMT) have been investigated by developing an in-house Monte Carlo simulation code and compared with experimental measurements and an analytical model. The simulation code follows an iterative procedure that takes into account the transport and amplification of the electrons within the device depending on the electrostatic fields produced by the electrode voltages. The PMT gain, dynode voltages, rise time and transit time have been studied as a function of the photocathode current and supply voltage. A good agreement between the analytical model, the simulations and numerous experimental measurements using a Hamamatsu R13408-100 PMT has been obtained. The simulation results endorse the use of logistic functions within the analytical model to account for the collection efficiency in the last dynode stages. This works deepens the understanding of passive voltage dividers and develops an advanced behavioral circuit model of photomultiplier tubes. Although validated for a single PMT, the proposed methodology is applicable to any PMT model. This aids in optimizing the design of fully active voltage dividers, to be applied in extremely pulsed applications with high count rates such as prompt gamma-ray imaging during proton therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116057"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116077
Nimra Nadeem, Anam Bashir, Muhammad Irfan, Amjed Javid, Usman Zubair
Textile-integrated wearable sensors have exhibited an immense potential to transform human life by fetching safety and comfort at the forefront. This work underscores a novel design approach to fabricate textile-integrated multimodal sensors using a conductive ink coated bi-stretch nylon fabric. Conductive ink has been formulated by dispersing high aspect ratio silver nanowires into water-dispersed PEDOT: PSS solution with polyvinylpyrrolidone that allows sensing of various stimuli, including mechanical strains, temperature, humidity, etc. The fabrication of sensing elements involves the interleaving of screen-printed conductive ink into flexible coats, using water-borne polyurethane, achieved by the facile pad-dry-cure technique on bi-stretch fabric like a sandwich. Remarkable mechanical strain sensing performance in terms of sensitivity, repeatability, and stability has been demonstrated along with flexibility, bendability, and compliant form factor, making them suitable for applications in wearable technology and smart textiles. Moreover, the temperature and humidity sensing exhibit rapid response and wide detection ranges, making the sensor adaptable to diverse environmental conditions. The sensing fabric responds well to different strain and compression conditions. The as-developed fabric can also operate as an IR heating element when biased at certain operating conditions. These attributes make such elements an ideal candidate for various applications, such as human motion tracking, environmental monitoring, and healthcare devices. The sensor's low-cost, solvent-free production and scalability make it a practical choice for mass adoption.
{"title":"Interleaving of screen printed PEDOT:PSS/ Ag nanowires ink via bottom-up approach into flexible polyurethane coats patterned on bi-stretch fabrics for multimodal sensing and IR heating","authors":"Nimra Nadeem, Anam Bashir, Muhammad Irfan, Amjed Javid, Usman Zubair","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Textile-integrated wearable sensors have exhibited an immense potential to transform human life by fetching safety and comfort at the forefront. This work underscores a novel design approach to fabricate textile-integrated multimodal sensors using a conductive ink coated bi-stretch nylon fabric. Conductive ink has been formulated by dispersing high aspect ratio silver nanowires into water-dispersed PEDOT: PSS solution with polyvinylpyrrolidone that allows sensing of various stimuli, including mechanical strains, temperature, humidity, etc. The fabrication of sensing elements involves the interleaving of screen-printed conductive ink into flexible coats, using water-borne polyurethane, achieved by the facile pad-dry-cure technique on bi-stretch fabric like a sandwich. Remarkable mechanical strain sensing performance in terms of sensitivity, repeatability, and stability has been demonstrated along with flexibility, bendability, and compliant form factor, making them suitable for applications in wearable technology and smart textiles. Moreover, the temperature and humidity sensing exhibit rapid response and wide detection ranges, making the sensor adaptable to diverse environmental conditions. The sensing fabric responds well to different strain and compression conditions. The as-developed fabric can also operate as an IR heating element when biased at certain operating conditions. These attributes make such elements an ideal candidate for various applications, such as human motion tracking, environmental monitoring, and healthcare devices. The sensor's low-cost, solvent-free production and scalability make it a practical choice for mass adoption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116077"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116079
Yuanhang Qu , Xiang Chen , Yan Liu , Shengxiang Wang , Xiyu Gu , Min Wei , Xiaoming Huang , Zesheng Liu , Jiaqi Ding , Zhiwei Wen , Yao Cai , Shishang Guo , Chengliang Sun
Traditional SAW devices, typically made from piezoelectric materials like quartz and lithium niobate (LiNbO3), face significant challenges, such as incompatibility with CMOS processes and a decline in piezoelectric performance at high temperatures. Recently, aluminum nitride (AlN) and scandium-doped AlN (ScAlN) have gained attention as promising materials for high-performance SAW devices due to their high acoustic velocity, thermal stability, and CMOS compatibility. However, the low piezoelectric coefficient of AlN and Sc precipitation in ScAlN films limit their broader application. This study investigates the fabrication and optimization of SAW resonators using AlN/ScAlN composite films to enhance piezoelectric performance while mitigating Sc precipitation. A one-port SAW sensor device was designed based on the composite piezoelectric film, and structural optimization was performed by introducing groove structures to further reduce acoustic energy leakage and improve the quality factor (Q). Temperature sensing experiments were conducted using a peripheral oscillator circuit system. The experimental results demonstrated that the developed composite film SAW resonator exhibited excellent phase noise performance and thermal stability within the oscillator circuit, achieving a phase noise of −135.18 dBc/Hz@1 MHz and a frequency temperature coefficient of −31.07 ppm/°C. These findings confirm the potential of the AlN/ScAlN composite film as a reliable and precise temperature sensor.
{"title":"Novel AlN/ScAlN composite film SAW for achieving highly sensitive temperature sensors","authors":"Yuanhang Qu , Xiang Chen , Yan Liu , Shengxiang Wang , Xiyu Gu , Min Wei , Xiaoming Huang , Zesheng Liu , Jiaqi Ding , Zhiwei Wen , Yao Cai , Shishang Guo , Chengliang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional SAW devices, typically made from piezoelectric materials like quartz and lithium niobate (LiNbO<sub>3</sub>), face significant challenges, such as incompatibility with CMOS processes and a decline in piezoelectric performance at high temperatures. Recently, aluminum nitride (AlN) and scandium-doped AlN (ScAlN) have gained attention as promising materials for high-performance SAW devices due to their high acoustic velocity, thermal stability, and CMOS compatibility. However, the low piezoelectric coefficient of AlN and Sc precipitation in ScAlN films limit their broader application. This study investigates the fabrication and optimization of SAW resonators using AlN/ScAlN composite films to enhance piezoelectric performance while mitigating Sc precipitation. A one-port SAW sensor device was designed based on the composite piezoelectric film, and structural optimization was performed by introducing groove structures to further reduce acoustic energy leakage and improve the quality factor (<em>Q</em>). Temperature sensing experiments were conducted using a peripheral oscillator circuit system. The experimental results demonstrated that the developed composite film SAW resonator exhibited excellent phase noise performance and thermal stability within the oscillator circuit, achieving a phase noise of −135.18 dBc/Hz@1 MHz and a frequency temperature coefficient of −31.07 ppm/°C. These findings confirm the potential of the AlN/ScAlN composite film as a reliable and precise temperature sensor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116079"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116073
Yingchao Cao , Yilong Jia , Ruihao Zhang , Yaoyu Deng , Hua Wang , Chongshu Shan , Yiming Yang , Boyu Wei , Wenbiao Zhou , Xiaoyi Wang , Huikai Xie
This paper proposes a dual-axis capacitive sensing design to synchronously obtain the amplitude and phase information of the two-axis scanning angles of a two-dimensional (2D) comb-drive micromirror for close loop control. The design uses an electromechanical amplitude modulation method with the driving combs directly used for capacitive sensing. Two carrier signals with two different high frequencies are used to extract the capacitance variations of the slow-axis and fast-axis comb-drive actuators in real time. In the driving and sensing circuit design, the drive signal coupling and feedthrough interference caused by the substrate parasitic capacitance are particularly considered. The micromirror under study has a 1 mm × 2 mm elliptical mirror plate and can scan a 2D field of view (FOV) of 30° by 40° with the electrical isolation provided by polymer filling trenches. Experimental results show that the FOV and phase detection accuracy of the slow axis are 1.4 mrad and 1°, respectively, and those of the fast axis are 1.6 mrad and 0.28°, respectively. The proposed capacitive detection scheme can accurately reconstruct the scanning trajectory of the 2D electrostatic micromirror by tracking the phase and FOV information.
{"title":"Dual-axis capacitive sensing for a 2D electrostatic comb-drive micromirror with polymer-filled isolation trenches","authors":"Yingchao Cao , Yilong Jia , Ruihao Zhang , Yaoyu Deng , Hua Wang , Chongshu Shan , Yiming Yang , Boyu Wei , Wenbiao Zhou , Xiaoyi Wang , Huikai Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a dual-axis capacitive sensing design to synchronously obtain the amplitude and phase information of the two-axis scanning angles of a two-dimensional (2D) comb-drive micromirror for close loop control. The design uses an electromechanical amplitude modulation method with the driving combs directly used for capacitive sensing. Two carrier signals with two different high frequencies are used to extract the capacitance variations of the slow-axis and fast-axis comb-drive actuators in real time. In the driving and sensing circuit design, the drive signal coupling and feedthrough interference caused by the substrate parasitic capacitance are particularly considered. The micromirror under study has a 1 mm × 2 mm elliptical mirror plate and can scan a 2D field of view (FOV) of 30° by 40° with the electrical isolation provided by polymer filling trenches. Experimental results show that the FOV and phase detection accuracy of the slow axis are 1.4 mrad and 1°, respectively, and those of the fast axis are 1.6 mrad and 0.28°, respectively. The proposed capacitive detection scheme can accurately reconstruct the scanning trajectory of the 2D electrostatic micromirror by tracking the phase and FOV information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116073"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116074
Rayan H. Assaad , Mohsen Mohammadi , Oscar Poudel
<div><div>A variety of biosensors have been recently introduced as wearable devices to collect physiological data, with applications ranging from personalized medicine and point-of-care diagnostics to home and fitness monitoring, among others, garnering substantial interest. This interest has been fueled by the increasing demand for ubiquitous, continuous, and pervasive vital signs monitoring, coupled with advancements in biosensor technology and IoT-enabled capabilities. Existing research studies have only relied on a limited number of health- and physiological-related indicators (thus, do not offer a comprehensive health monitoring and assessment system) due to the technical difficulties to integrate multiple sensors. In fact, the issues of multimodality, heterogeneity, and complexity of data as well as the interoperability among sensors make it challenging to seamlessly integrate multiple sensors into one system. This study overcame these technical challenges by leveraging multi-sensor fusion capabilities to develop an intelligent, IoT-enabled wearable multi-modal biosensing device and cloud-based digital dashboard for real-time, comprehensive health, physiological, emotional, and cognitive monitoring. First, 18 different health- and physiological-related indicators were identified. Second, 14 different sensors were used to acquire the entire data for the 18 different indicators using a hardware sensing system designed using four ESP32 microcontroller boards integrated with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity by fusing the various data from the 14 different sensors. Third, the designed system was developed as a wearable device that can be installed on the hip as well as the right and left feet using 3D printed parts. Fourth, a web-based digital dashboard was created onan edge computing server that was hosted on a microprocessor to instantly publish the data, and a graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to provide intuitive and real-time visualization of the various health-related indicators using the Django and JavaScript-based React.js web development frameworks. The accuracy of the developed IoT-enabled biosensing system was tested and validated by benchmarking and comparing the obtained results from the proposed system with those aquired from various commercially used sensors. The validation outcomes reflected that the proposed system achieved an accuracy of more than 90 % for most of the 18 considered indicators and an accuracy greater than 85 % for all indicators. This study adds to the body of knowledge by being the first research capable of reporting the following 18 indicators into a single biosensing system in real-time: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrooculogram (EOG), Electromyography (EMG), Photoplethysmography (PPG), heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), respiratory rate (RR), skin temperature (ST), skin humidity (SH), blood glucose level (BGL), blood pressure (BP), oxygen saturation (
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Pub Date : 2024-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2024.116063
Jinhyuk Kim , Yeonggeun Kim , Hyung Ham Kim , Jungwoo Lee
We constructed a liposuction therapeutic system using a Langevin transducer operating at 38 kHz, paired with an 8.2 MHz imaging array. This system generated high-power ultrasonic energy, which was applied to chicken breast tissue to validate its therapeutic potential. Simultaneously, the acoustic cavitation phenomena induced by the high-power ultrasound were recorded by an 8.2 MHz high-frequency imaging transducer and a hydrophone. With a voltage peak-to-peak (VPP) amplitude of 150 V, the Langevin transducer emitted a peak-to-peak pressure of 31.56 kPa. This resulted in a broadband noise up to 200 kHz, indicative of transient cavitation. The imaging array visualized hyperechoic images resulting from cavitation, and the luminance of these images was evaluated as a function of electrical voltage. A comparative analysis between 50 V and 100 V indicated luminance values of 146 and 178, respectively, suggesting that higher electrical amplitudes correlate with increased bubble activity, leading to a wider noise band and brighter images. Additionally, the temperature rise induced by the Langevin transducer was investigated using a thermocouple, revealing that mechanical and thermal effects could occur simultaneously. A liposuction system with real-time cavitation monitoring will improve its efficacy through guided treatment.
我们利用一个工作频率为 38 kHz 的朗格文换能器和一个 8.2 MHz 的成像阵列构建了一个吸脂治疗系统。该系统产生的高功率超声波能量被应用于鸡乳腺组织，以验证其治疗潜力。同时，8.2 MHz 高频成像换能器和水听器记录了高功率超声波诱发的声空化现象。当电压峰峰值（VPP）振幅为 150 V 时，Langevin 换能器发出的峰峰值压力为 31.56 kPa。这产生了高达 200 kHz 的宽带噪音，表明存在瞬时空化现象。成像阵列可显示空化产生的高回声图像，这些图像的亮度随电压的变化而变化。对 50 V 和 100 V 电压进行的比较分析表明，亮度值分别为 146 和 178，这表明较高的电振幅与气泡活动增加有关，从而导致噪声带更宽，图像更亮。此外，还使用热电偶研究了朗格文传感器引起的温升，发现机械效应和热效应可能同时发生。具有实时空化监测功能的吸脂系统将通过引导治疗提高其疗效。
{"title":"Liposuction with real-time monitoring using Langevin transducer and imaging array","authors":"Jinhyuk Kim , Yeonggeun Kim , Hyung Ham Kim , Jungwoo Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We constructed a liposuction therapeutic system using a Langevin transducer operating at 38 kHz, paired with an 8.2 MHz imaging array. This system generated high-power ultrasonic energy, which was applied to chicken breast tissue to validate its therapeutic potential. Simultaneously, the acoustic cavitation phenomena induced by the high-power ultrasound were recorded by an 8.2 MHz high-frequency imaging transducer and a hydrophone. With a voltage peak-to-peak (V<sub>PP</sub>) amplitude of 150 V, the Langevin transducer emitted a peak-to-peak pressure of 31.56 kPa. This resulted in a broadband noise up to 200 kHz, indicative of transient cavitation. The imaging array visualized hyperechoic images resulting from cavitation, and the luminance of these images was evaluated as a function of electrical voltage. A comparative analysis between 50 V and 100 V indicated luminance values of 146 and 178, respectively, suggesting that higher electrical amplitudes correlate with increased bubble activity, leading to a wider noise band and brighter images. Additionally, the temperature rise induced by the Langevin transducer was investigated using a thermocouple, revealing that mechanical and thermal effects could occur simultaneously. A liposuction system with real-time cavitation monitoring will improve its efficacy through guided treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"380 ","pages":"Article 116063"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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