Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

Design of all-optical logic gates based on Eu³⁺-doped rare-earth luminescent materials 基于Eu³+掺杂稀土发光材料的全光逻辑门设计

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117410

Mingzhe Zhang , Quanwang Niu , Xiyuan Chen , Xiaohong Yan , Xiangfu Wang

All-optical logic gates eliminate the signal loss associated with electro–optical conversion and provide an effective pathway toward high-speed and low-power information processing. In this work, we design all-optical logic gates based on the photoluminescence response of Eu^3 + -doped Na_0.5Gd_1.5SbTiO₇. The switching states of 257 nm and 275 nm light sources with fixed luminous intensities are used as logic gate inputs. The gate outputs are defined by the ratios of red (R) and orange (O) emission intensities relative to the excitation light and their R/O intensity ratios. By setting suitable intensity thresholds, basic logic functions such as “AND” and “OR” gates can be realized. Building on this, temperature and doping concentration are incorporated as additional input variables. Through the combination of threshold settings and the observed changes in luminescence, more complex logic functions including “XNOR”, “OR”, and “AND” gates are realized. Furthermore, by integrating the designed “XNOR” and “AND” logic gates, the functions of a half-adder and half-subtractor are successfully demonstrated, based on the principles of digital logic computation. This work illustrates the application potential of Eu³⁺ ion-doped composite oxide photoluminescent materials in the fundamental modules of optical computing and offers novel insights into achieving functional integration and stable performance in high-efficiency optical logic devices.

全光逻辑门消除了与电光转换相关的信号损耗，为实现高速低功耗信息处理提供了有效途径。在这项工作中，我们基于Eu3 +掺杂Na0.5Gd1.5SbTiO7的光致发光响应设计了全光逻辑门。采用固定发光强度的257 nm和275 nm光源的开关状态作为逻辑门输入。栅极输出由红色(R)和橙色(O)发射强度相对于激发光的比值及其R/O强度比来定义。通过设置合适的强度阈值，实现与门、或门等基本逻辑功能。在此基础上，将温度和掺杂浓度作为额外的输入变量。通过阈值设置与观测到的发光变化相结合，实现了“异或”、“或”、“与”门等更复杂的逻辑功能。此外，基于数字逻辑计算原理，通过集成所设计的“XNOR”和“and”逻辑门，成功地演示了半加法器和半减法器的功能。这项工作说明了Eu3+离子掺杂复合氧化物光致发光材料在光学计算基础模块中的应用潜力，并为实现高效光学逻辑器件的功能集成和稳定性能提供了新的见解。

{"title":"Design of all-optical logic gates based on Eu³⁺-doped rare-earth luminescent materials","authors":"Mingzhe Zhang , Quanwang Niu , Xiyuan Chen , Xiaohong Yan , Xiangfu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-optical logic gates eliminate the signal loss associated with electro–optical conversion and provide an effective pathway toward high-speed and low-power information processing. In this work, we design all-optical logic gates based on the photoluminescence response of Eu<sup>3 +</sup> -doped Na<sub>0.5</sub>Gd<sub>1.5</sub>SbTiO<sub>7</sub>. The switching states of 257 nm and 275 nm light sources with fixed luminous intensities are used as logic gate inputs. The gate outputs are defined by the ratios of red (R) and orange (O) emission intensities relative to the excitation light and their R/O intensity ratios. By setting suitable intensity thresholds, basic logic functions such as “AND” and “OR” gates can be realized. Building on this, temperature and doping concentration are incorporated as additional input variables. Through the combination of threshold settings and the observed changes in luminescence, more complex logic functions including “XNOR”, “OR”, and “AND” gates are realized. Furthermore, by integrating the designed “XNOR” and “AND” logic gates, the functions of a half-adder and half-subtractor are successfully demonstrated, based on the principles of digital logic computation. This work illustrates the application potential of Eu<sup>3+</sup> ion-doped composite oxide photoluminescent materials in the fundamental modules of optical computing and offers novel insights into achieving functional integration and stable performance in high-efficiency optical logic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 117410"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High sensitivity and low temperature crosstalk alpha-fetoprotein detection using tunable dispersion turning point microfiber through optimized hydrofluoric acid etching process 采用优化的氢氟酸蚀刻工艺，利用可调色散拐点微光纤进行高灵敏度低温串扰甲胎蛋白检测

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117403

Jiajia Shi , Yun Peng , Conghai Ge , Guangyu Song , Yong Zhao , IEEE Member

A tunable dispersion turning point (DTP) microfiber sensor was fabricated through a three-step process involving discharge-melting, fiber tapering, and hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching. The DTP was finely adjusted by controlling both the refractive index (RI) of the etching solution and the etching duration, enabling optimization for biomarker detection. The sensor exhibited a high RI sensitivity of up to 21652 nm/RIU. Experimental results for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) detection indicated that the DTP biosensor has a linear concentration range from 1 × 10⁻⁹ μg/mL to 1 × 10⁻² μg/mL (R² = 0.996), with an AFP detection sensitivity of 2.039 nm/log(μg/mL). The limit of detection (LOD) for AFP in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was determined to be 3.04 × 10⁻¹⁰ μg/mL. Owing to its high sensitivity, low LOD, broad linear detection range, minimal temperature interference, and compatibility with in situ detection, the sensor demonstrates strong potential for trace-level AFP analysis. This platform offers a cost-effective and highly sensitive approach for early-stage liver cancer diagnosis and disease monitoring, thereby contributing to the broader implementation of early cancer screening strategies.

采用放电熔化、光纤变细和氢氟酸蚀刻三步法制备了可调谐色散拐点（DTP）微光纤传感器。通过控制蚀刻溶液的折射率（RI）和蚀刻时间，可以精细地调整DTP，从而优化生物标志物的检测。该传感器具有较高的RI灵敏度，最高可达21652 nm/RIU。甲胎蛋白（AFP）检测实验结果表明，DTP生物传感器在1 × 10−9 μg/mL ~ 1 × 10−2 μg/mL范围内呈线性关系（R2 = 0.996），检测灵敏度为2.039 nm/log（μg/mL）。测定磷酸缓冲盐水（PBS）中AFP的检出限（LOD）为3.04 × 10−10 μg/mL。由于其高灵敏度、低LOD、宽线性检测范围、最小温度干扰以及与原位检测的兼容性，该传感器显示出痕量AFP分析的强大潜力。该平台为早期肝癌诊断和疾病监测提供了一种具有成本效益和高灵敏度的方法，从而有助于更广泛地实施早期癌症筛查策略。

{"title":"High sensitivity and low temperature crosstalk alpha-fetoprotein detection using tunable dispersion turning point microfiber through optimized hydrofluoric acid etching process","authors":"Jiajia Shi , Yun Peng , Conghai Ge , Guangyu Song , Yong Zhao , IEEE Member","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A tunable dispersion turning point (DTP) microfiber sensor was fabricated through a three-step process involving discharge-melting, fiber tapering, and hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching. The DTP was finely adjusted by controlling both the refractive index (RI) of the etching solution and the etching duration, enabling optimization for biomarker detection. The sensor exhibited a high RI sensitivity of up to 21652 nm/RIU. Experimental results for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) detection indicated that the DTP biosensor has a linear concentration range from 1 × 10<sup>−9</sup> μg/mL to 1 × 10<sup>−2</sup> μg/mL (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.996), with an AFP detection sensitivity of 2.039 nm/log(μg/mL). The limit of detection (LOD) for AFP in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was determined to be 3.04 × 10<sup>−10</sup> μg/mL. Owing to its high sensitivity, low LOD, broad linear detection range, minimal temperature interference, and compatibility with in situ detection, the sensor demonstrates strong potential for trace-level AFP analysis. This platform offers a cost-effective and highly sensitive approach for early-stage liver cancer diagnosis and disease monitoring, thereby contributing to the broader implementation of early cancer screening strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 117403"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fractal-inspired capacitive electronic tattoo sensor: A flexible platform for leaf moisture monitoring 分形启发的电容式电子纹身传感器：一个灵活的叶片湿度监测平台

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117413

Snezana M. Djuric , Georges Dubourg , Nikola M. Djuric

Plants are crucial for our system. However, climate change and the continuous emergence of abiotic stress factors emphasize the need for improved plant productivity and resilience to stress. Precision agriculture, reliant on long-term, accurate sensing technologies, is vital for optimizing agricultural productivity. Intelligent, thin film wearable sensors for plants seek to foster an intelligent agriculture system capable of optimizing plant productivity while addressing challenges posed by climate change and population growth. Water stress tolerance of plants is one of key aspects to challenge climate change. Leaf capacitance is one of key aspects related to leaf water status. In this study, we propose tattoo electrodes of the fractal design for leaf capacitance monitoring. Using simple fabrication steps, gold leaf tattoo electrodes were symmetrically transferred on the adaxial and abaxial surface of the leaf to form a capacitor with a leaf serving as a dielectric layer between the electrodes.

植物对我们的身体系统至关重要。然而，气候变化和非生物胁迫因素的不断出现强调了提高植物生产力和抗逆性的必要性。精准农业依赖于长期、准确的传感技术，对优化农业生产力至关重要。用于植物的智能薄膜可穿戴传感器寻求培育智能农业系统，能够优化植物生产力，同时应对气候变化和人口增长带来的挑战。植物的抗旱性是应对气候变化的关键因素之一。叶片电容是影响叶片水分状况的关键因素之一。在这项研究中，我们提出了分形设计的纹身电极用于叶片电容监测。通过简单的制作步骤，金箔纹身电极被对称地转移到叶子的正反两面，形成一个电容器，叶子作为电极之间的介电层。

引用次数: 0

Machine learning assisted detection of lactic acid and sodium chloride in aqueous solutions using crystal-based polarized imaging 机器学习辅助检测乳酸和氯化钠在水溶液中使用晶体极化成像

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117408

Ali BashiriNezhad , Milad Esfandiar , Seyed Mostafa Hosseinalipour , Seyedeh Sarah Salehi

This study describes the creation and validation of an advanced liquid crystal (LC)-based optical detection system used for the precise and selective measurement of lactic acid (LA) and sodium chloride (NaCl) levels in aqueous solutions. The experimental design incorporated a tunable RGB light source, cross-polarized optics, and a digital microscope for capturing optical shifts within nematic 5CB LCs. A series of controlled optical measurements were performed using deionized water solutions of differing concentrations. LC interactions were observed and recorded based on colorimetric and intensity shifts. Analysis of RGB and grayscale image data revealed unique optical patterns correlating with analyte type and concentration. Sensitivity of the green and blue optical channels was found to be critically important based on calibration curves, which confirmed a concentration-dependent response. Linear regression, random forest, and XGBoost machine learning (ML) algorithms were employed for quantitative prediction on the RGB dataset. Among the tested models, linear regression achieved the highest predictive accuracy, with R² values of 0.98 for NaCl and 0.99 for LA. This proposed system shows substantial utility in biomedical and environmental contexts by enabling precise analyte discrimination and real-time concentration measurement. This framework provides a robust basis for future progress in LC sensor technology, improving diagnostic precision and facilitating the detection of multiple analytes within intricate systems like biological fluids.

本研究描述了一种先进的基于液晶（LC）的光学检测系统的创建和验证，该系统用于精确和选择性地测量水溶液中的乳酸（LA）和氯化钠（NaCl）水平。实验设计包括一个可调的RGB光源、交叉偏振光学器件和一个用于捕捉向列5CB lc内光学位移的数字显微镜。使用不同浓度的去离子水溶液进行了一系列受控光学测量。根据比色法和强度变化观察和记录LC相互作用。对RGB和灰度图像数据的分析揭示了与分析物类型和浓度相关的独特光学模式。根据校准曲线，发现绿色和蓝色光通道的灵敏度至关重要，这证实了浓度依赖的响应。采用线性回归、随机森林和XGBoost机器学习（ML）算法对RGB数据集进行定量预测。其中，线性回归模型的预测精度最高，NaCl和LA的R²值分别为0.98和0.99。该系统通过实现精确的分析物鉴别和实时浓度测量，在生物医学和环境环境中显示出实质性的实用性。该框架为LC传感器技术的未来发展提供了坚实的基础，提高了诊断精度，并促进了生物流体等复杂系统中多种分析物的检测。

{"title":"Machine learning assisted detection of lactic acid and sodium chloride in aqueous solutions using crystal-based polarized imaging","authors":"Ali BashiriNezhad , Milad Esfandiar , Seyed Mostafa Hosseinalipour , Seyedeh Sarah Salehi","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study describes the creation and validation of an advanced liquid crystal (LC)-based optical detection system used for the precise and selective measurement of lactic acid (LA) and sodium chloride (NaCl) levels in aqueous solutions. The experimental design incorporated a tunable RGB light source, cross-polarized optics, and a digital microscope for capturing optical shifts within nematic 5CB LCs. A series of controlled optical measurements were performed using deionized water solutions of differing concentrations. LC interactions were observed and recorded based on colorimetric and intensity shifts. Analysis of RGB and grayscale image data revealed unique optical patterns correlating with analyte type and concentration. Sensitivity of the green and blue optical channels was found to be critically important based on calibration curves, which confirmed a concentration-dependent response. Linear regression, random forest, and XGBoost machine learning (ML) algorithms were employed for quantitative prediction on the RGB dataset. Among the tested models, linear regression achieved the highest predictive accuracy, with R² values of 0.98 for NaCl and 0.99 for LA. This proposed system shows substantial utility in biomedical and environmental contexts by enabling precise analyte discrimination and real-time concentration measurement. This framework provides a robust basis for future progress in LC sensor technology, improving diagnostic precision and facilitating the detection of multiple analytes within intricate systems like biological fluids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 117408"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A data-driven sensor fault tolerance approach for functional electrical stimulation in healthy and spinal cord injury individuals 数据驱动的传感器容错方法用于健康和脊髓损伤个体的功能性电刺激

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117411

Alif T , Kanwaljeet Garg , Deepak Joshi

Functional electrical stimulation offers a promising approach for restoring limb function in individuals with neurological disorders. Accurate sensor measurements are essential to ensure the safe and effective operation of closed-loop stimulus-based rehabilitation systems. Errors in joint angle measurements can lead to inaccurate stimulation estimation, compromising rehabilitation outcomes. We propose a dynamic linearization-based data-driven fault tolerance scheme that compensates for rotary encoder faults during limb movement using electrical stimulus. Unlike model-based approaches, the proposed scheme is entirely data-driven, overcoming the complexities associated with system modelling. The experiment with six healthy and one spinal cord-injury participant demonstrated an average (SD) root mean square error of 3.46º (1.50) during the desired knee trajectory tracking. In contrast, comparative analysis with a conventional model-independent approach without sensor faults offers an RMSE of 3.88º (1.28). Results (Man-Whitney U Test, p = 0.36) indicate that the proposed controller under sensor fault performs on par with a conventional model-independent controller without a sensor fault. The findings underscore the reliability and feasibility of the proposed adaptive fault-tolerant scheme for real-time stimulus-based rehabilitation, especially in scenarios where sensor faults present significant challenges.

功能性电刺激为恢复神经系统疾病患者的肢体功能提供了一种很有前途的方法。精确的传感器测量对于确保闭环刺激康复系统的安全有效运行至关重要。关节角度测量的误差可能导致不准确的刺激估计，影响康复效果。我们提出了一种基于动态线性化的数据驱动容错方案，该方案使用电刺激补偿肢体运动过程中的旋转编码器故障。与基于模型的方法不同，所提出的方案完全是数据驱动的，克服了与系统建模相关的复杂性。六名健康参与者和一名脊髓损伤参与者的实验表明，在期望的膝关节轨迹跟踪过程中，平均（SD）均方根误差为3.46º（1.50）。相比之下，采用传统的无传感器故障的模型无关方法进行比较分析，RMSE为3.88º（1.28）。结果（Man-Whitney U检验，p = 0.36）表明，在传感器故障下，所提出的控制器的性能与没有传感器故障的传统模型无关控制器相当。研究结果强调了所提出的基于刺激的实时康复自适应容错方案的可靠性和可行性，特别是在传感器故障带来重大挑战的情况下。

{"title":"A data-driven sensor fault tolerance approach for functional electrical stimulation in healthy and spinal cord injury individuals","authors":"Alif T , Kanwaljeet Garg , Deepak Joshi","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Functional electrical stimulation offers a promising approach for restoring limb function in individuals with neurological disorders. Accurate sensor measurements are essential to ensure the safe and effective operation of closed-loop stimulus-based rehabilitation systems. Errors in joint angle measurements can lead to inaccurate stimulation estimation, compromising rehabilitation outcomes. We propose a dynamic linearization-based data-driven fault tolerance scheme that compensates for rotary encoder faults during limb movement using electrical stimulus. Unlike model-based approaches, the proposed scheme is entirely data-driven, overcoming the complexities associated with system modelling. The experiment with six healthy and one spinal cord-injury participant demonstrated an average (SD) root mean square error of 3.46º (1.50) during the desired knee trajectory tracking. In contrast, comparative analysis with a conventional model-independent approach without sensor faults offers an RMSE of 3.88º (1.28). Results (Man-Whitney U Test, p = 0.36) indicate that the proposed controller under sensor fault performs on par with a conventional model-independent controller without a sensor fault. The findings underscore the reliability and feasibility of the proposed adaptive fault-tolerant scheme for real-time stimulus-based rehabilitation, especially in scenarios where sensor faults present significant challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 117411"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Spatial vertical winding coil-EMAT: Miniaturized design with enhanced efficiency for high-resolution defect detection 空间垂直卷绕线圈- emat：小型化设计，提高了高分辨率缺陷检测的效率

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117404

Zongjian Zhang , Zenghua Liu , Yang Zheng , Jidong Tan

Conventional electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) are limited by their large dimensions for high-precision, high-resolution defect detection applications. This study presents an improved EMAT design utilizing a spatial vertical winding coil (SVWC), where both simulation models and experimental investigations were conducted to optimize the performance of the transducer. The experimental results demonstrate that incorporating a shielding layer in the SVWC configuration effectively eliminates interference from upper wires, suppresses acoustic side lobes, and reduces the coil's spatial height, achieving significant miniaturization. Compared to conventional planar coil EMATs with identical dimensions, the SVWC-EMAT exhibits enhanced transduction efficiency, showing 4.85-fold and 11-fold increases in signal amplitude on aluminum and 20# steel substrates, respectively. The implemented SVWC-EMAT achieves a minimum coil width of 1.0 mm, when integrated with synthetic aperture focusing imaging, successfully detects 1.0 mm diameter defects while resolving adjacent defects with 1.0 mm edge-to-edge spacing. These findings establish an important foundation for developing compact EMAT arrays and advancing high-precision electromagnetic acoustic imaging techniques.

传统的电磁声换能器（emat）在高精度、高分辨率的缺陷检测应用中受到其大尺寸的限制。本研究提出了一种利用空间垂直绕组线圈（SVWC）的改进EMAT设计，并进行了仿真模型和实验研究，以优化换能器的性能。实验结果表明，在SVWC结构中加入屏蔽层可以有效地消除上线的干扰，抑制声侧瓣，降低线圈的空间高度，实现了显著的小型化。与相同尺寸的传统平面线圈emat相比，SVWC-EMAT具有更高的转导效率，在铝基片和20#钢基片上的信号幅度分别增加了4.85倍和11倍。实现的SVWC-EMAT线圈最小宽度为1.0 mm，与合成孔径聚焦成像相结合，成功检测直径为1.0 mm的缺陷，同时解决边缘间距为1.0 mm的相邻缺陷。这些发现为开发紧凑型EMAT阵列和推进高精度电磁声成像技术奠定了重要基础。

{"title":"Spatial vertical winding coil-EMAT: Miniaturized design with enhanced efficiency for high-resolution defect detection","authors":"Zongjian Zhang , Zenghua Liu , Yang Zheng , Jidong Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) are limited by their large dimensions for high-precision, high-resolution defect detection applications. This study presents an improved EMAT design utilizing a spatial vertical winding coil (SVWC), where both simulation models and experimental investigations were conducted to optimize the performance of the transducer. The experimental results demonstrate that incorporating a shielding layer in the SVWC configuration effectively eliminates interference from upper wires, suppresses acoustic side lobes, and reduces the coil's spatial height, achieving significant miniaturization. Compared to conventional planar coil EMATs with identical dimensions, the SVWC-EMAT exhibits enhanced transduction efficiency, showing 4.85-fold and 11-fold increases in signal amplitude on aluminum and 20# steel substrates, respectively. The implemented SVWC-EMAT achieves a minimum coil width of 1.0 mm, when integrated with synthetic aperture focusing imaging, successfully detects 1.0 mm diameter defects while resolving adjacent defects with 1.0 mm edge-to-edge spacing. These findings establish an important foundation for developing compact EMAT arrays and advancing high-precision electromagnetic acoustic imaging techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 117404"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Real-time emissivity estimation using a smart sensor system for infrared temperature measurement 利用智能传感器系统进行红外测温的实时发射率估算

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117407

Hakan Altuntaş , Mehmet Selçuk Arslan

Accurate temperature control is essential in domestic induction cooktops for energy efficiency and cooking performance. One of the most suitable ways to measure temperature within the domestic induction cooktops is by using non-contact temperature measurement techniques like infrared (IR) temperature sensors. A key challenge in non-contact IR temperature measurement is the reliance on the emissivity of the object, which can lead to significant errors when emissivity is unknown or variable. The emissivity of cooking vessel is influenced by surface properties, and its color, making precise measurement challenging. In this study, we developed an advanced sensor system capable of identifying the surface properties of cooking vessels, including color, allowing for the estimation of emissivity. This system enables accurate temperature measurement by adjusting the IR sensor’s readings based on the cooking vessel’s emissivity. The proposed method improves the accuracy of temperature measurement in domestic induction cooktops, leading to better temperature control and enhanced cooking results.

准确的温度控制是必不可少的家用感应灶台的能源效率和烹饪性能。测量家用感应灶台温度最合适的方法之一是使用非接触式温度测量技术，如红外温度传感器。非接触式红外温度测量的一个关键挑战是对物体发射率的依赖，当发射率未知或可变时，这可能导致重大误差。烹饪容器的发射率受其表面性质和颜色的影响，这使得精确测量具有挑战性。在这项研究中，我们开发了一种先进的传感器系统，能够识别烹饪容器的表面特性，包括颜色，从而可以估计发射率。该系统可以根据烹饪容器的发射率调整红外传感器的读数，从而实现精确的温度测量。该方法提高了家用感应灶台温度测量的准确性，从而更好地控制温度，提高了烹饪效果。

{"title":"Real-time emissivity estimation using a smart sensor system for infrared temperature measurement","authors":"Hakan Altuntaş , Mehmet Selçuk Arslan","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate temperature control is essential in domestic induction cooktops for energy efficiency and cooking performance. One of the most suitable ways to measure temperature within the domestic induction cooktops is by using non-contact temperature measurement techniques like infrared (IR) temperature sensors. A key challenge in non-contact IR temperature measurement is the reliance on the emissivity of the object, which can lead to significant errors when emissivity is unknown or variable. The emissivity of cooking vessel is influenced by surface properties, and its color, making precise measurement challenging. In this study, we developed an advanced sensor system capable of identifying the surface properties of cooking vessels, including color, allowing for the estimation of emissivity. This system enables accurate temperature measurement by adjusting the IR sensor’s readings based on the cooking vessel’s emissivity. The proposed method improves the accuracy of temperature measurement in domestic induction cooktops, leading to better temperature control and enhanced cooking results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 117407"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fabrication of flexible and sensitive resistance strain sensor by flexible TPU decorated with CQDs/TNC composite 用CQDs/TNC复合材料装饰柔性TPU制备柔性灵敏电阻应变传感器

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117412

Wei Chen , Xiuchuan Jing , Zhuang Li , Yongxi Ma , Hongda Gu , Haiqing Miao , Zhong Wang , Guohe Wang

Attaching flexible resistive strain sensors to human skin enables response detection of behaviours towards real-time physiological monitoring. However, current flexible resistive strain sensors hinder themselves from practical applications due to their low sensitivity, small linear working range, and poor wearing comfort. In this research, a conductive thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) membrane is fabricated using TEMPO modified nanocellulose (TNC) decorated with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) to prepare flexible highly sensitive, and breathable strain sensors. Results show that the mechanical property and strain response range of the TPU membrane is significantly enhanced by CQDs-TNC. The TPU membrane also exhibits the highest sensitivity (GF= 49.4 in the 30∼80 % strain range) and a wide response range (0–80 %). At 5 %wt of CQDs-TNC, the membrane displays the highest elongation at break (389.8 %) with maximum breaking stress approaching 9.7 MPa. The CQDs-TNC/TPU membrane exhibits fast response and recovery times (85 ms and 93 ms), low hysteresis (8.9 %), and excellent dynamic cyclic strain performance (1000 stretch/release cycles). The CQDs/TMC/TPU-resistive strain sensor (CTT-RSS) sensor well conforms to human joints, and accurately produces real-time regular resistance strain responses based on human movements. In all, this study contributes a novel research design for fabricating flexible and sensitive sensor to the development of smart textiles.

将柔性电阻应变传感器附着在人体皮肤上，可以对实时生理监测行为进行响应检测。然而，目前的柔性电阻应变传感器灵敏度低、线性工作范围小、佩戴舒适性差，阻碍了其实际应用。在本研究中，采用TEMPO改性纳米纤维素（TNC）和碳量子点（CQDs）装饰制备导电热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）膜，以制备柔性、高灵敏度、透气的应变传感器。结果表明，CQDs-TNC能显著提高TPU膜的力学性能和应变响应范围。TPU膜也表现出最高的灵敏度（在30 ~ 80 %应变范围内GF= 49.4）和宽的响应范围（0 ~ 80 %）。当CQDs-TNC质量为5 %wt时，膜的断裂伸长率最高（389.8 %），最大断裂应力接近9.7 MPa。CQDs-TNC/TPU膜具有快速响应和恢复时间（85 ms和93 ms）、低迟滞（8.9 %）和优异的动态循环应变性能（1000次拉伸/释放循环）。CQDs/TMC/ tpu -电阻应变传感器（CTT-RSS）传感器符合人体关节的要求，可以根据人体运动准确地实时产生规律的电阻应变响应。总之，本研究为智能纺织品的发展提供了一种柔性灵敏传感器制造的新研究设计。

{"title":"Fabrication of flexible and sensitive resistance strain sensor by flexible TPU decorated with CQDs/TNC composite","authors":"Wei Chen , Xiuchuan Jing , Zhuang Li , Yongxi Ma , Hongda Gu , Haiqing Miao , Zhong Wang , Guohe Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Attaching flexible resistive strain sensors to human skin enables response detection of behaviours towards real-time physiological monitoring. However, current flexible resistive strain sensors hinder themselves from practical applications due to their low sensitivity, small linear working range, and poor wearing comfort. In this research, a conductive thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) membrane is fabricated using TEMPO modified nanocellulose (TNC) decorated with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) to prepare flexible highly sensitive, and breathable strain sensors. Results show that the mechanical property and strain response range of the TPU membrane is significantly enhanced by CQDs-TNC. The TPU membrane also exhibits the highest sensitivity (GF= 49.4 in the 30∼80 % strain range) and a wide response range (0–80 %). At 5 %wt of CQDs-TNC, the membrane displays the highest elongation at break (389.8 %) with maximum breaking stress approaching 9.7 MPa. The CQDs-TNC/TPU membrane exhibits fast response and recovery times (85 ms and 93 ms), low hysteresis (8.9 %), and excellent dynamic cyclic strain performance (1000 stretch/release cycles). The CQDs/TMC/TPU-resistive strain sensor (CTT-RSS) sensor well conforms to human joints, and accurately produces real-time regular resistance strain responses based on human movements. In all, this study contributes a novel research design for fabricating flexible and sensitive sensor to the development of smart textiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 117412"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Deep learning-based high dynamic range 3D measurement: The combination of GAN and U-Net 基于深度学习的高动态范围三维测量：GAN与U-Net的结合

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117405

Jianhua Wang , Shenhua Zhang , Yanxi Yang

In fringe projection profilometry (FPP), the captured fringes on highlight surface are often saturated. Traditional high dynamic range (HDR) methods require additional fringe projection or hardware assistance. In this paper, a hybrid network architecture that combines improved U-Net and generative adversarial networks (GAN) is proposed for saturation fringe self restoration without any assistance. Firstly, the encoder does not use pooling layer for downsampling, but instead achieves downsampling by increasing the stride of the convolutional layer from 1 to 2, which avoids the loss of detailed features caused by pooling processing. 4 × 4 convolution kernel increases the receptive field compared to U-Net's 3 × 3 convolution kernel. Secondly, the improved U-Net adopts asymmetric skip connection, which allows the decoder to gradually transition from higher-level abstract features to lower level detail features by utilizing the features of different layers of the encoder when restoring the image. Finally, the adversarial learning mechanism in GAN is adopted to optimize the performance of the generator and discriminator. The generator is responsible for generating more realistic images, while the discriminator is responsible for verifying whether the image is generated by the generator. In the process of mutual game, the ability to generate real images and the ability to discern are continuously improved until they reach a Nash equilibrium. The experimental results show that the fringe PSNR of the proposed GAN-U-Net has been significantly improved compared to that of U-Net, while the absolute phase RMSE is reduced by approximately 10.91 % −64.15 %.

在条纹投影轮廓术（FPP）中，在高光表面捕获的条纹通常是饱和的。传统的高动态范围（HDR）方法需要额外的条纹投影或硬件辅助。本文提出了一种结合改进U-Net和生成对抗网络（GAN）的混合网络结构，用于在没有任何辅助的情况下自恢复饱和条纹。首先，编码器不使用池化层进行下采样，而是通过将卷积层的步长从1增加到2来实现下采样，避免了池化处理导致的细节特征的丢失。与U-Net的3 × 3卷积核相比，4 × 4卷积核增加了接受野。其次，改进的U-Net采用非对称跳线连接，使得解码器在恢复图像时，利用编码器不同层的特征，从较高层的抽象特征逐步过渡到较低层的细节特征。最后，采用GAN中的对抗学习机制来优化生成器和鉴别器的性能。生成器负责生成更逼真的图像，而鉴别器负责验证图像是否由生成器生成。在相互博弈的过程中，生成真实图像的能力和辨别能力不断提高，直至达到纳什均衡。实验结果表明，与U-Net相比，GAN-U-Net的条纹PSNR得到了显著提高，绝对相位RMSE降低了约10.91 % ~ 64.15 %。

{"title":"Deep learning-based high dynamic range 3D measurement: The combination of GAN and U-Net","authors":"Jianhua Wang , Shenhua Zhang , Yanxi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In fringe projection profilometry (FPP), the captured fringes on highlight surface are often saturated. Traditional high dynamic range (HDR) methods require additional fringe projection or hardware assistance. In this paper, a hybrid network architecture that combines improved U-Net and generative adversarial networks (GAN) is proposed for saturation fringe self restoration without any assistance. Firstly, the encoder does not use pooling layer for downsampling, but instead achieves downsampling by increasing the stride of the convolutional layer from 1 to 2, which avoids the loss of detailed features caused by pooling processing. 4 × 4 convolution kernel increases the receptive field compared to U-Net's 3 × 3 convolution kernel. Secondly, the improved U-Net adopts asymmetric skip connection, which allows the decoder to gradually transition from higher-level abstract features to lower level detail features by utilizing the features of different layers of the encoder when restoring the image. Finally, the adversarial learning mechanism in GAN is adopted to optimize the performance of the generator and discriminator. The generator is responsible for generating more realistic images, while the discriminator is responsible for verifying whether the image is generated by the generator. In the process of mutual game, the ability to generate real images and the ability to discern are continuously improved until they reach a Nash equilibrium. The experimental results show that the fringe PSNR of the proposed GAN-U-Net has been significantly improved compared to that of U-Net, while the absolute phase RMSE is reduced by approximately 10.91 % −64.15 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 117405"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimization of the opening mechanism for micromachined sealings with a sacrificial multi-layer-membrane and thermoelectric actuation 牺牲多层膜热电驱动微机械密封开启机构的优化

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.117401

Thomas Schweizer , Kapil Tagale , Henrik Nöbel , Andreas Schander , Michael J. Vellekoop

Controlled opening of sealed microsensors is crucial for their correct functioning. Often, sensors need to be protected from the environment until they are deployed. This could be against humidity, harmful gases or biological contamination. Fragments of the sealing membrane are not wanted on the sensing element after actuation and the seal should be removed completely. In this work, a method to utilize micro-machined silicon nitride membranes for this purpose is described. With an electric current, heaters on the membrane can induce thermal stress and break the sealing. A novel way to hold the splinters together with the help of a structured Parylene-C layer has been implemented. To fully expose the sensor area, bi-layered membranes have been investigated to exploit the self-roll-up effect caused by different intrinsic stress levels in the layers of the sealing membrane. Different variations of membrane composition have been fabricated and compared. To optimize the opening process, various designs for the metal electrodes have been designed, simulated and successfully tested.

密封微传感器的开度控制对其正常工作至关重要。通常情况下，传感器在部署之前需要与环境隔离。这可以防止湿度、有害气体或生物污染。驱动后，传感元件上不希望有密封膜碎片，密封应完全拆除。在这项工作中，描述了一种利用微机械氮化硅膜实现这一目的的方法。当有电流时，膜上的加热器会产生热应力，破坏密封。一种新的方法来保持碎片在一起的帮助下，一个结构化的聚苯乙烯- c层已经实现。为了充分暴露传感器区域，研究了双层密封膜，以利用密封膜各层不同的固有应力水平引起的自卷起效应。制备并比较了不同的膜组成。为了优化打开过程，设计了各种金属电极的设计，并进行了模拟和成功的测试。

{"title":"Optimization of the opening mechanism for micromachined sealings with a sacrificial multi-layer-membrane and thermoelectric actuation","authors":"Thomas Schweizer , Kapil Tagale , Henrik Nöbel , Andreas Schander , Michael J. Vellekoop","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Controlled opening of sealed microsensors is crucial for their correct functioning. Often, sensors need to be protected from the environment until they are deployed. This could be against humidity, harmful gases or biological contamination. Fragments of the sealing membrane are not wanted on the sensing element after actuation and the seal should be removed completely. In this work, a method to utilize micro-machined silicon nitride membranes for this purpose is described. With an electric current, heaters on the membrane can induce thermal stress and break the sealing. A novel way to hold the splinters together with the help of a structured Parylene-C layer has been implemented. To fully expose the sensor area, bi-layered membranes have been investigated to exploit the self-roll-up effect caused by different intrinsic stress levels in the layers of the sealing membrane. Different variations of membrane composition have been fabricated and compared. To optimize the opening process, various designs for the metal electrodes have been designed, simulated and successfully tested.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"399 ","pages":"Article 117401"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0