Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

英文中文

Recent advances in nanostructured cobalt oxide (Co3O4): Addressing methods and design strategies, challenges, and future directions for non-enzymatic sensor applications

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116404

Ritu Singh, Jay Singh

Rapid, accurate, and reliable determination of desired analytes is important in clinical, pharmaceutical, industrial, and environmental analysis. Spinel cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) is the potential electrocatalytic material for detecting a wide range of analytes. Due to their unique electrochemical properties, Co₃O₄ nanostructures are extensively utilized to develop non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors. Various methods have been employed to synthesize different types of Co₃O₄ nanostructures. These nanostructures have piqued interest in electrochemical sensors due to their abundant active sites for electrochemical processes, which enable easy adsorption and diffusion of electroactive species. Different shaped Co₃O₄ nanostructure and their composites have been prepared for electrochemical sensing. Several studies have used cobalt oxide-based non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors to detect various species like glucose, uric acid, hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid, drugs, heavy metal ions, and other species. Designing cobalt oxide nanostructures with excellent surface area is thus in demand for creating high-performance sensors. Therefore, the review highlights the viable methods used for the synthesis, morphological effects, and applications of Co₃O₄ in electrochemical sensing.

{"title":"Recent advances in nanostructured cobalt oxide (Co3O4): Addressing methods and design strategies, challenges, and future directions for non-enzymatic sensor applications","authors":"Ritu Singh, Jay Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapid, accurate, and reliable determination of desired analytes is important in clinical, pharmaceutical, industrial, and environmental analysis. Spinel cobalt oxide (Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) is the potential electrocatalytic material for detecting a wide range of analytes. Due to their unique electrochemical properties, Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanostructures are extensively utilized to develop non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors. Various methods have been employed to synthesize different types of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanostructures. These nanostructures have piqued interest in electrochemical sensors due to their abundant active sites for electrochemical processes, which enable easy adsorption and diffusion of electroactive species. Different shaped Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanostructure and their composites have been prepared for electrochemical sensing. Several studies have used cobalt oxide-based non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors to detect various species like glucose, uric acid, hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid, drugs, heavy metal ions, and other species. Designing cobalt oxide nanostructures with excellent surface area is thus in demand for creating high-performance sensors. Therefore, the review highlights the viable methods used for the synthesis, morphological effects, and applications of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> in electrochemical sensing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"387 ","pages":"Article 116404"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A perspective on Smart contact lenses: Pioneering non-intrusive eye health monitoring

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116399

Muhammad Ali Butt

The saying goes that eyes are windows to the soul, but they may also reveal crucial health information, such as blood sugar levels. Smart contact lenses (SCLs) offer a promising avenue for this breakthrough. Originally crafted for vision correction, these lenses now hold the potential for monitoring various eye and systemic conditions. Particularly in the case of glaucoma, SCLs offer a new approach that could surpass traditional treatments. They could aid in non-intrusive, continuous surveillance of intraocular pressure (IOP) and personalized medication delivery. This convergence of technology holds significant promise for advancing glaucoma care and could extend to monitoring glucose levels and other applications. This paper touches on recent developments in SCLs and their prospective roles in monitoring IOP and glucose levels. In the end, the current challenges and prospects are also briefly examined.

引用次数: 0

Characterizing pyroelectric detectors for quantitative synchrotron radiation measurements 定性同步辐射定量测量热释电探测器

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116406

S.R. Kane , R.W. Whatmore , M.N. Singh , S. Satapathy , P.K. Jha , P.K. Mehta

This paper describes the fabrication and quantitative characterization of pyroelectric detectors for the measurement of the intensity of synchrotron radiation in the challenging hard X-ray region (5–20 keV). The measurement of this radiation requires robust detectors with high signal-to-noise ratios. Our study examines the response and noise characteristics in this spectral region of pyroelectric detectors made with three contrasting ferroelectric materials: LiTaO₃ (LT), LiNbO₃ (LN) and triglycine sulphate (TGS). The key parameters of voltage responsivity

{(R}_{v})

, noise equivalent power (NEP), and detectivity (D*) are analysed across a frequency range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz, with a photon energy of 17 keV. The detector made with TGS emerges exhibited the best radiometric performance with an

R_{v}

of 7.09 × 10 ³ V/W and an NEP 1.75 × 10⁻⁸ W/√Hz at 10 Hz, which is comparable with conventional X-ray scintillation detectors. In comparison, a detector using LT demonstrated an

R_{v}

of 1.8 × 10³ V/W and an NEP of 5.02 × 10⁻⁸ W/√Hz under similar conditions. The LN-based device was ca 3–4 times lower in response than the LT device. All experimental measurements showed excellent agreement with theoretical predictions, indicating that predictions of potential device design improvements using these models should be highly reliable. The LT devices showed excellent linearity of response. LT also possesses a much higher depolarization temperature and is considerably more robust than TGS. These findings open new avenues for enhancing X-ray detection capabilities, particularly in challenging synchrotron environments where traditional detectors may face limitations.

{"title":"Characterizing pyroelectric detectors for quantitative synchrotron radiation measurements","authors":"S.R. Kane , R.W. Whatmore , M.N. Singh , S. Satapathy , P.K. Jha , P.K. Mehta","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper describes the fabrication and quantitative characterization of pyroelectric detectors for the measurement of the intensity of synchrotron radiation in the challenging hard X-ray region (5–20 keV). The measurement of this radiation requires robust detectors with high signal-to-noise ratios. Our study examines the response and noise characteristics in this spectral region of pyroelectric detectors made with three contrasting ferroelectric materials: LiTaO<sub>3</sub> (LT), LiNbO<sub>3</sub> (LN) and triglycine sulphate (TGS). The key parameters of voltage responsivity<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, noise equivalent power (NEP), and detectivity (D*) are analysed across a frequency range of 1 Hz to 100 Hz, with a photon energy of 17 keV. The detector made with TGS emerges exhibited the best radiometric performance with an <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> of 7.09 × 10 ³ V/W and an NEP 1.75 × 10⁻⁸ W/√Hz at 10 Hz, which is comparable with conventional X-ray scintillation detectors. In comparison, a detector using LT demonstrated an <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>v</mi></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>of 1.8 × 10<sup>3</sup> V/W and an NEP of 5.02 × 10<sup>−8</sup> W/√Hz under similar conditions. The LN-based device was ca 3–4 times lower in response than the LT device. All experimental measurements showed excellent agreement with theoretical predictions, indicating that predictions of potential device design improvements using these models should be highly reliable. The LT devices showed excellent linearity of response. LT also possesses a much higher depolarization temperature and is considerably more robust than TGS. These findings open new avenues for enhancing X-ray detection capabilities, particularly in challenging synchrotron environments where traditional detectors may face limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"387 ","pages":"Article 116406"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Strain sensors with micro-dome structure fabricated by a one-step molding printing method

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116408

Wei Xu , Bin Shi , Bing Yin

Flexible strain sensors are widely used in the fields of motion monitoring, human-computer interaction and wearable devices. However, current 1D/2D structural strain sensors still face challenges in simultaneously sensing micro strain and achieving high strain sensitivity. This requires a certain degree of optimization of the structure of the strain sensor. In this paper, a simple one-step molding screen-printing strategy is proposed to fabricate 3D micro-dome array structure strain sensors. By controlling the mesh number of screen printing and the viscosity of the ink, the diameter, height and density of the 3D micro-dome structure are adjusted to change the sensitivity of the strain sensor. In addition, this sensor exhibits gauge factor (GF = (ΔI/I₀)/ε) as high as ∼4.79，which can be used for pulse measurement and motion monitoring. This strategy makes screen printing as an effective method to prepare 3D micro-dome structures, and has the advantages of one-step molding, large-area preparation and low economic cost, which provides a new idea for low-cost large-area preparation of 3D micro-dome structures.

{"title":"Strain sensors with micro-dome structure fabricated by a one-step molding printing method","authors":"Wei Xu , Bin Shi , Bing Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible strain sensors are widely used in the fields of motion monitoring, human-computer interaction and wearable devices. However, current 1D/2D structural strain sensors still face challenges in simultaneously sensing micro strain and achieving high strain sensitivity. This requires a certain degree of optimization of the structure of the strain sensor. In this paper, a simple one-step molding screen-printing strategy is proposed to fabricate 3D micro-dome array structure strain sensors. By controlling the mesh number of screen printing and the viscosity of the ink, the diameter, height and density of the 3D micro-dome structure are adjusted to change the sensitivity of the strain sensor. In addition, this sensor exhibits gauge factor (GF = (ΔI/I<sub>0</sub>)/ε) as high as ∼4.79，which can be used for pulse measurement and motion monitoring. This strategy makes screen printing as an effective method to prepare 3D micro-dome structures, and has the advantages of one-step molding, large-area preparation and low economic cost, which provides a new idea for low-cost large-area preparation of 3D micro-dome structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"387 ","pages":"Article 116408"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A wearable strain sensor for medical rehabilitation based on piezoresistive knitting textile

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116379

Xiaoying Cheng , Danyi Shen , Kehong Zheng , Zhenyu Wu , Lin Shi , Xudong Hu

Flexible sensors are attracting attention for their possible applications in the medical field. However, it often requires complex preparation processes and expensive materials, especially in the preparation of sensitive layers. This enables better sensing performance and a wider range of applications, but also limits its production. Here, we developed a flexible strain sensor based on piezoresistive knitted fabrics and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The materials employed obviate the necessity for intricate preparation procedures and are cost-effective, holding the potential for achieving economies of scale in production. The knitted fabrics were made of conductive silver-plated nylon filaments and spandex-covered yarns, both with good stretchability, as the sensitive layer. The fabrics can be mass-produced in industrial facilities, and the curing process for PDMS is simple, increasing the producibility of sensors for applications. This strain transducer has a good sensing range (0 %-87 %) and Gauge Factors (10.6), while also exhibiting excellent durability (5000 cycles). The proposed sensor can successfully detect a range of human movements, demonstrating potential application in the areas such as smart wearable devices and medical rehabilitation.

{"title":"A wearable strain sensor for medical rehabilitation based on piezoresistive knitting textile","authors":"Xiaoying Cheng , Danyi Shen , Kehong Zheng , Zhenyu Wu , Lin Shi , Xudong Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible sensors are attracting attention for their possible applications in the medical field. However, it often requires complex preparation processes and expensive materials, especially in the preparation of sensitive layers. This enables better sensing performance and a wider range of applications, but also limits its production. Here, we developed a flexible strain sensor based on piezoresistive knitted fabrics and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The materials employed obviate the necessity for intricate preparation procedures and are cost-effective, holding the potential for achieving economies of scale in production. The knitted fabrics were made of conductive silver-plated nylon filaments and spandex-covered yarns, both with good stretchability, as the sensitive layer. The fabrics can be mass-produced in industrial facilities, and the curing process for PDMS is simple, increasing the producibility of sensors for applications. This strain transducer has a good sensing range (0 %-87 %) and Gauge Factors (10.6), while also exhibiting excellent durability (5000 cycles). The proposed sensor can successfully detect a range of human movements, demonstrating potential application in the areas such as smart wearable devices and medical rehabilitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"387 ","pages":"Article 116379"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fabric-based hydrophobic humidity sensors for measuring human insensible sweat rate

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116405

Zhenting Wu , Ruifang Liu , Shaohua Xing , Qing Hao , Long Ba

Sweat monitoring can reflect human health status, and insensible sweat is crucial for assessing skin barrier functions and physiological status. The development of a flexible, breathable, and insensible sweat rate sensor is still a challenge. Here we prepared a fabric-based humidity sensor for human insensible sweat rate monitoring. In which the CS/PVA/CNP composite material has a significant response to changes in humidity, the humidity-sensitive material and interdigital electrodes are encapsulated in the middle of two layers of hydrophobic fabrics, which effectively avoids the influence of external water on the sensor; and it is also breathable, ensures the wearing comfort. The sensor is integrated with wireless communication and powering module to monitor the insensible sweat rate at different body locations continuously. Human testing demonstrated the feasibility of the system to assess the insensible sweat rate of the body under different exercise conditions. Our sensor provides a low-cost device platform that offers new ideas for research in personalized medicine and smart clothing.

{"title":"Fabric-based hydrophobic humidity sensors for measuring human insensible sweat rate","authors":"Zhenting Wu , Ruifang Liu , Shaohua Xing , Qing Hao , Long Ba","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sweat monitoring can reflect human health status, and insensible sweat is crucial for assessing skin barrier functions and physiological status. The development of a flexible, breathable, and insensible sweat rate sensor is still a challenge. Here we prepared a fabric-based humidity sensor for human insensible sweat rate monitoring. In which the CS/PVA/CNP composite material has a significant response to changes in humidity, the humidity-sensitive material and interdigital electrodes are encapsulated in the middle of two layers of hydrophobic fabrics, which effectively avoids the influence of external water on the sensor; and it is also breathable, ensures the wearing comfort. The sensor is integrated with wireless communication and powering module to monitor the insensible sweat rate at different body locations continuously. Human testing demonstrated the feasibility of the system to assess the insensible sweat rate of the body under different exercise conditions. Our sensor provides a low-cost device platform that offers new ideas for research in personalized medicine and smart clothing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"387 ","pages":"Article 116405"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Durability against folded test of SR/CNT/SR flexible strain sensors for human therapy motion monitoring

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116397

Muhammad Luthfi Hakim , Herianto , Ardi Wiranata , Seno Darmanto , Djarot Widagdo , Gil N. Santos , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun

Flexible strain sensors have application prospects for wearable sensors such as health monitoring, human-machine interface applications, human motions, and soft robots. However, current research is only limited to characterizing strain testing of flexible strain sensors. Whereas in its application, FSS is used to detect bending movements such as finger motion, arm motion, and knee bending. In this research, an innovative tool for strain and bending testing will be developed which aims to determine the performance of the strain sensor. Strain testing is performed in the range of 0–50 %, while the bending angles are 45°, 90°, and 135°. The flexible strain sensor is made using the sandwich method with SR/CNT/SR constituent material. SEM and FTIR observations were conducted in this study. In addition, performance testing of the strain sensor, such as sensitivity, response and recovery time, linearity, and durability, were systematically revealed. The results show that the SR/CNT/SR flexible strain sensor has a high sensitivity value of GF 168 (0–50 %). In addition, the strain sensor has response and recovery values of 170 ms and 225 ms for 20 % strain and 150 ms for 90° bending angle. The SR/CNT/SR strain sensors also have similar relative resistance values (ΔR/R0) after repeated stretching and bending for 20 cycles. In addition, the sensor is also able to withstand loading and unloading durability for 1000 cycles. These strain sensors can be applied to human motion detection such as mouth, finger, and wrist movements to help in improvement therapy treatment.

{"title":"Durability against folded test of SR/CNT/SR flexible strain sensors for human therapy motion monitoring","authors":"Muhammad Luthfi Hakim , Herianto , Ardi Wiranata , Seno Darmanto , Djarot Widagdo , Gil N. Santos , Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible strain sensors have application prospects for wearable sensors such as health monitoring, human-machine interface applications, human motions, and soft robots. However, current research is only limited to characterizing strain testing of flexible strain sensors. Whereas in its application, FSS is used to detect bending movements such as finger motion, arm motion, and knee bending. In this research, an innovative tool for strain and bending testing will be developed which aims to determine the performance of the strain sensor. Strain testing is performed in the range of 0–50 %, while the bending angles are 45°, 90°, and 135°. The flexible strain sensor is made using the sandwich method with SR/CNT/SR constituent material. SEM and FTIR observations were conducted in this study. In addition, performance testing of the strain sensor, such as sensitivity, response and recovery time, linearity, and durability, were systematically revealed. The results show that the SR/CNT/SR flexible strain sensor has a high sensitivity value of GF 168 (0–50 %). In addition, the strain sensor has response and recovery values of 170 ms and 225 ms for 20 % strain and 150 ms for 90° bending angle. The SR/CNT/SR strain sensors also have similar relative resistance values (ΔR/R0) after repeated stretching and bending for 20 cycles. In addition, the sensor is also able to withstand loading and unloading durability for 1000 cycles. These strain sensors can be applied to human motion detection such as mouth, finger, and wrist movements to help in improvement therapy treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"387 ","pages":"Article 116397"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sodium-doped graphene microelectrodes for high-density recording of scalp electroencephalography

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116354

Shiming Chen , Yunfei Yang , Hongji Li , Mingji Li

The rapid and high-density collection technology of local scalp EEG has important application potential for brain–computer interfaces in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and brain functional diseases. Here, sodium-doped graphene (NaG) electrodes with different Na contents are prepared, which are self-supporting tubular microelectrodes composed of graphene nanosheets with a consistent orientation; Na atomic clusters and nanoparticles with a content of 0.461.39 at% are embedded on the graphene nanosheets. For NaG microelectrodes, Na particles increase the distance between the graphene nanosheets, which enhances the water absorption of the NaG walls, whereas the microcavities store water and sweat. The NaG electrode with a Na content of 1.39 at% has a low scalp-contact resistance of 5.58 kΩ and high EEG signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 10.3 dB. The NaG-based 19-lead high-density electrode recorded auditory-evoked EEG signals with a high SNR of 43.6 dB, demonstrating its potential application value in the semantic decoding of word pronunciation and sleep regulation.

{"title":"Sodium-doped graphene microelectrodes for high-density recording of scalp electroencephalography","authors":"Shiming Chen , Yunfei Yang , Hongji Li , Mingji Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid and high-density collection technology of local scalp EEG has important application potential for brain–computer interfaces in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and brain functional diseases. Here, sodium-doped graphene (NaG) electrodes with different Na contents are prepared, which are self-supporting tubular microelectrodes composed of graphene nanosheets with a consistent orientation; Na atomic clusters and nanoparticles with a content of 0.46<img>1.39 at% are embedded on the graphene nanosheets. For NaG microelectrodes, Na particles increase the distance between the graphene nanosheets, which enhances the water absorption of the NaG walls, whereas the microcavities store water and sweat. The NaG electrode with a Na content of 1.39 at% has a low scalp-contact resistance of 5.58 kΩ and high EEG signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 10.3 dB. The NaG-based 19-lead high-density electrode recorded auditory-evoked EEG signals with a high SNR of 43.6 dB, demonstrating its potential application value in the semantic decoding of word pronunciation and sleep regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"387 ","pages":"Article 116354"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design, sensing and control of perceptive elongation deformation soft pneumatic actuator

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116304

Shaoke Yuan, Zihan Pu, Yuxuan Wang, Yanqiong Fei

This article introduces the design, sensing and control of a novel perceptive elongational deformation soft pneumatic actuator (PED-SPA). The actuator primarily consists of a silicone bladder, a longitudinally elastic fabric shell, three side liquid metal sensors and one top surface liquid metal sensor. We propose a deformation theory for liquid metal channels with a variable deformation factor, which serves as a guide for designing of the liquid metal sensors. By embedding two types of liquid metal sensors, PED-SPA achieves both proprioception and exteroception. We validate the deformation theory for liquid metal channels through experiments, which allow us to assess the static and dynamic characteristics of the liquid metal sensors and calibrate their elongation lengths with the actuator. Additionally, we design a closed-loop control system for PED-SPA based on the resistance changes within the actuator, and verify the top sensor’s ability to distinguish between sharp and soft objects. Experimental results demonstrate that the actuator can achieve 115% strain at 100 kPa pressure, with a maximum output force of 69.6 N when the end is blocked. This novel actuator with embedded sensors can perceive its elongation and collisions with sharp objects in the external environment.

{"title":"Design, sensing and control of perceptive elongation deformation soft pneumatic actuator","authors":"Shaoke Yuan, Zihan Pu, Yuxuan Wang, Yanqiong Fei","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article introduces the design, sensing and control of a novel perceptive elongational deformation soft pneumatic actuator (PED-SPA). The actuator primarily consists of a silicone bladder, a longitudinally elastic fabric shell, three side liquid metal sensors and one top surface liquid metal sensor. We propose a deformation theory for liquid metal channels with a variable deformation factor, which serves as a guide for designing of the liquid metal sensors. By embedding two types of liquid metal sensors, PED-SPA achieves both proprioception and exteroception. We validate the deformation theory for liquid metal channels through experiments, which allow us to assess the static and dynamic characteristics of the liquid metal sensors and calibrate their elongation lengths with the actuator. Additionally, we design a closed-loop control system for PED-SPA based on the resistance changes within the actuator, and verify the top sensor’s ability to distinguish between sharp and soft objects. Experimental results demonstrate that the actuator can achieve 115% strain at 100 kPa pressure, with a maximum output force of 69.6 N when the end is blocked. This novel actuator with embedded sensors can perceive its elongation and collisions with sharp objects in the external environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"387 ","pages":"Article 116304"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antenna-driven optical fiber-based acousto-optic modulation devices: Electro-mechanical model and experimental validation

IF 4.1 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2025.116327

Lee W. Bradley, Yusuf S. Yaras, F. Levent Degertekin

Acousto-optic modulation (AOM)-based sensors offer distinct advantages compared to their electrical counterparts. The electromagnetic immunity of optical fibers makes AOMs ideal for applications like radio frequency (RF) field measurement inside the bore of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner without interfering with the RF environment. These RF field sensors utilize antennae coupled with a radially poled, coaxial piezoelectric transducer over an optical Fiber-Bragg Grating (FBG). The design and optimization of these sensors require a complete electromechanical model of the fiber-transducer composite structure. This study presents an electromechanical equivalent circuit model for antenna-coupled, fiber-based AOMs, toward the determination of the electromechanical frequency response of this type of AOM-based sensor. The transducer model is validated against experimental data on a Zinc Oxide (ZnO)-based acousto-optic phase modulator in 1–800 MHz range, as well as a piezocomposite-based FBG-AOM sensor in the 1–100 MHz range. The antenna-coupled model is validated experimentally utilizing an N-turn loop antenna-coupled sensor for H-field measurements up to 100 MHz. The results also show the utility of sensitive, broadband optical FBG measurements for characterizing piezoelectric materials with high losses, which prevents accurate electrical characterization. The developed and validated model can be beneficial for design optimization of AF-AOM based sensors for different applications.

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