Sensors最新文献

Aiming at the problem that fault characteristics cannot be effectively expressed due to the low pixel proportion of the hot spot target and background interference when detecting hot spot faults in complex environments, a photovoltaic module hot spot fault detection method integrating U-Net and YOLOv8 is proposed. Firstly, the U-Net segmentation network is introduced to remove pseudo-high-brightness heat sources in the background and highlight the contour features of the photovoltaic panels, laying a good foundation for the subsequent photovoltaic hot spot fault detection tasks. Secondly, a detection network is built based on the YOLOv8 framework. Aiming at the problems that it is difficult to extract the hot spot features of photovoltaic panels of different sizes and to balance the reasoning speed and detection accuracy, a detection network based on deformable convolution and GhostNet is designed. Furthermore, to enhance the adaptability of the convolutional neural network to multi-scale hot spot targets, deformable convolution (DCN) is introduced into the YOLOv8 network. By adaptively adjusting the shape and size of the receptive field, the detection accuracy is further improved. Then, aiming at the issue that it is difficult to balance accuracy and speed in the detection network, the C2f_Ghost module is designed to simplify the network parameters and improve the model inference speed. To verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, a comparison is made with SSD, YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8. The results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately detect hot spot faults, with an accuracy of up to 88.5%.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the primary method for virus detection; however, its complex preprocessing has prompted research into simpler immunoassay-based approaches. Among these, techniques using antibody-modified magnetic particles, exemplified by digital ELISA, provide ultra-high sensitivity comparable to PCR by efficiently capturing trace viruses and enabling concentration, washing, and transfer to microreactors. In this study, we evaluated the virus capture efficiency of antibody-modified magnetic particles based on quantitative PCR (qPCR). Influenza A virus (H1N1/A/Puerto Rico/8/1934) was tested with 1 μm magnetic beads modified with HA1 antibodies. As quantification becomes unreliable and difficult in an extremely low-concentration range near the detection limit of qPCR, low-concentration viral suspensions (10⁵ copies/mL) were mixed with particle dispersions (up to 5 × 10⁸ particles/mL) for 10 min, followed by magnetic separation and washing, and the remaining virus in each fraction was analyzed by qPCR. At the highest particle concentration, capture rates exceeded 80% relative to the initial suspension, indicating near-complete capturing when considering free nucleic acids. Time-course analysis showed that the capture rate reached saturation within 2 min, with approximately 90% of the saturation at 1 min. Furthermore, kinetic modeling of magnetic bead-virus binding reproduced experimental data. These findings demonstrate that short mixing times with high particle concentrations enable efficient virus capture, contributing to the development of rapid and highly sensitive immunoassay systems.

To address the reduction in energy efficiency caused by severe signal attenuation during long-distance transmission in cognitive radio networks, this paper constructs an IRS-assisted and energy-constrained relay cognitive radio resource allocation model operating in the underlay mode. By introducing controllable reflective paths, the model enhances link quality and improves energy utilization efficiency. Our objective is to maximize the energy efficiency of secondary users while satisfying the interference constraints imposed on the primary user. To effectively solve the highly non-convex and high-dimensional optimization problem, we propose a Chaotic Spider Wasp Optimization algorithm. The algorithm employs chaotic mapping to initialize the population and enhance population diversity, and incorporates a dynamic trade-off factor to achieve an adaptive balance between hunting and nesting behaviors, thereby improving global search capability and avoiding premature convergence. In addition, the Jain fairness index is introduced to enforce fairness in the power allocation among secondary users. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model and optimization method significantly improve system energy efficiency and the stability of communication quality.

Spatial resolution is a critical parameter for optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). Phase-sensitive OFDR (Φ-OFDR) measures strain by detecting phase variations between adjacent sampling points, having the potential to achieve the theoretical limitation of spatial resolution. However, the results of Φ-OFDR suffer from large fluctuations due to multiple types of noise, including coherent fading and system noise. This work presents an OFDR-based strain sensing method that combines phase demodulation with cross-correlation analysis to achieve high spatial resolution. In the phase demodulation, the frequency-shift averaging (FSAV) and rotating vector summation (RVS) algorithms are first employed to suppress coherent fading noise and achieve accurate strain localization. Then the cross-correlation approach with an adaptive window is proposed. Guided by the accurate strain boundary obtained from phase demodulation, the length and position of the cross-correlation window are automatically adjusted to fit for continuous and uniform strain regions. As a result, an accurate and complete strain distribution along the entire fiber is finally obtained. The experimental results show that, within a strain range of 100-700 με, the method achieves a spatial resolution of 0.27 mm for the strain boundary, with a root-mean-square error approaching 0.94%. The processing time reaches approximately 0.035 s, with a demodulation length of 1.6 m. The proposed approach offers precise spatial localization of the strain boundary and stable strain measurement, demonstrating its potential for high-resolution OFDR-based sensing applications.

Individualization of buildings is one of the key issues in the establishment of three-dimensional (3D) building models. Most existing individualization methods rely on inefficient manual separation, while deep learning approaches require extensive pre-training and are highly influenced by the spatial structure of the models. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel method for 3D building individualization that integrates SAMPolyBuild with multiple spatial-geometric features. Leveraging the zero-shot learning capability of SAMPolyBuild, the method first performs coarse extraction of individual buildings, then refines the extraction accuracy using multiple spatial-geometric features. Innovatively, two statistical parameters-Jensen-Shannon Divergence and Earth Mover's Distance-are introduced into the building identification process. To validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, experiments were conducted on the Semantic Urban Meshes (SUM) dataset. The results demonstrate that the method can effectively extract individual building models from urban oblique photogrammetric 3D models, achieving an F1-score of approximately 0.83 for buildings with typical spatial structures.

Wearable sensing technologies are increasingly used to assess neuromuscular function during daily-life activities. This study presents and evaluates a multisensor wearable system integrating a textile-based surface Electromyography (sEMG) sleeve and a pressure-sensing insole for monitoring Tibialis Anterior (TA) and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) activation during gait. Eleven healthy adults performed overground walking trials while synchronised sEMG and plantar pressure signals were collected and processed using a dedicated algorithm for detecting activation intervals across gait cycles. All participants completed the walking protocol without discomfort, and the system provided stable recordings suitable for further analysis. The detected activation patterns showed one to four bursts per gait cycle, with consistent TA activity in terminal swing and GL activity in mid- to terminal stance. Additional short bursts were observed in early stance, pre-swing, and mid-stance depending on the pattern. The area under the sEMG envelope and the temporal features of each burst exhibited both inter- and intra-subject variability, consistent with known physiological modulation of gait-related muscle activity. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed multisensor system for characterising muscle activation during walking. Its comfort, signal quality, and ease of integration encourage further applications in clinical gait assessment and remote monitoring. Future work will focus on system optimisation, simplified donning procedures, and validation in larger cohorts and populations with gait impairments.

Coal mine drill pipes are subjected to periodic impacts and high-intensity loads in complex underground environments, making them prone to developing micro-cracks that gradually expand, leading to equipment failure and major safety accidents. To address this issue, this paper proposes a framework for ultrasonic crack detection in drill pipes, which leverages a sliding-window root mean square (SWRMS) index for feature representation and a convolutional neural network for accurate classification in noisy environments. The influence mechanism of cracks on ultrasonic echoes was studied, and the SWRMS index was introduced to characterize the ultrasonic signal features. This index reflects the spatial position of the crack through the peak position and reveals the crack size through the amplitude, achieving a unified representation of both crack position and size. Furthermore, to address challenges such as spurious echoes and noise interference caused by the drill pipe's threaded structure in practical engineering applications, convolutional neural network (CNN) was constructed to achieve intelligent identification of drill pipe cracks in high-noise environments. A data augmentation method using alternating noise levels was designed to simulate the scattering effect caused by the drill pipe's threads and actual noise interference. The results show that CNN exhibits superior recognition performance under different noise levels, maintaining a classification accuracy of 94.4% even at a 75% noise level. The research results verify that the proposed method has significant advantages in crack detection accuracy and noise robustness, providing effective support for real-time monitoring and intelligent diagnosis of key components such as coal mine drill pipes.

This paper presents a high-accuracy and robust multi-object tracking method for maritime vessel detection and tracking in complex marine environments, characterized by dense targets, large-scale variations, and frequent occlusions. The proposed approach adopts an enhanced YOLOv8-based detector with lightweight feature enhancement and attention mechanisms to improve its capability in detecting small-scale vessels and complex scenes. Furthermore, a tracking framework combining BOTSORT with an OSNet-based re-identification (ReID) model is employed to achieve stable and reliable vessel association. Experimental results on the Near-Infrared On-Shore (NIR) dataset demonstrate that the proposed method improves Precision, Recall, mAP@0.5, and mAP@0.5:0.95 by approximately 4.0%, 5.0%, 5.1%, and 5.4%, respectively, compared with the baseline YOLOv8, while reducing parameter count and model size by 11.6% and 6.5%. On the Visible On-Shore (VIS) dataset, the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in detection accuracy and robustness, further validating its effectiveness and cross-modal generalization capability. In multi-object tracking tasks, the proposed CPM-YOLO and BOTSORT framework demonstrates clear advantages in trajectory continuity, occlusion handling, and identity preservation compared with mainstream tracking algorithms. On the NIR dataset, the proposed method achieves a competitive inference speed of 188 FPS, while running at 187 FPS on the VIS dataset, demonstrating that the accuracy improvements are achieved without sacrificing real-time performance. Overall, the proposed method achieves a favorable balance between detection accuracy, tracking robustness, and model efficiency, making it well-suited for practical maritime applications.

High-accuracy short-term electric load forecasting is essential for ensuring the security of power systems and enhancing energy efficiency. Power load sequences are characterized by strong randomness, non-stationarity, and nonlinearity over time. To improve the precision and efficiency of short-term load forecasting in microgrids, a hybrid predictive model combining Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (CEEMD) and a multi-strategy enhanced Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks has been proposed. Initially, this study employs CEEMD to decompose the short-term electric load time series. Subsequently, a multi-strategy enhanced WOA with chaotic initialization and reverse learning is introduced to enhance the search capability of model parameters and avoid entrapment in local optima. Finally, considering the distinct characteristics of each component, the multi-strategy improved WOA is utilized to optimize the LSTM model, establishing individual predictive models for each component, and the predictions are then aggregated. The proposed method's forecasting accuracy has been validated through multiple case studies using the UC San Diego microgrid data, demonstrating its reliability and providing a solid foundation for microgrid system planning and stable operation.

We propose a semi-automatic artificial lips control device that allows a human performer to produce sound on a brass instrument without the need to vibrate their own lips. The device integrates position control that presses artificial lips toward the mouthpiece and aperture control via wire traction, together with a pre-calibrated motor table and acoustic feedback for pitch stabilization. In evaluations using a euphonium, we verified timbre, pitch range, and pitch stabilization, including harmonic modes. The results showed that the harmonic structure of tones produced by a human using the device can be comparable to those produced by a human player in the conventional manner. Pitch-range and pitch-stabilization tests confirmed that the system can generate practical musical intervals and achieve reliable harmonic mode changes. Furthermore, real-time acoustic feedback improved pitch stability during performance. These findings demonstrate that, rather than fully automating human performance, the proposed system provides a compact and reproducible framework for controllable brass sound generation and pitch stabilization using only three actuators.