Obesity Reviews最新文献

Gut microbiota may contribute to the adiposity-associated disease risk, but human studies reported inconsistent associations of adiposity with gut microbiota composition. We examined associations of body mass index (BMI) with alpha diversity and relative microbial abundance at the phylum and genus taxonomic levels (based on 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing or metagenomics) among 7415 adults from eight European observational studies in a joint federated analysis of harmonized data using DataSHIELD. Higher BMI (per 5 kg/m²) was associated with lower alpha diversity (β: -0.05; 95% CI: -0.07, -0.03) and, on the phylum level, positively associated with Proteobacteria, but neither with Firmicutes nor Bacteroidetes nor their ratio, where high between-study heterogeneity was observed. On the genus level, BMI was inversely associated with the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium of the Firmicutes phylum (β: -0.11; 95% CI: -0.14, -0.07) but positively with the odds of detection of Dorea, Streptococcus, and Clostridium (all three Firmicutes) as well as Collinsella (Actinobacteria). This federated analysis of multiple studies found lower alpha diversity, alongside depleted Faecalibacterium, as well as higher odds of detection of Dorea, Streptococcus, Clostridium, and Collinsella with higher adiposity. By combining data from diverse study populations using harmonized data and statistical methods, our analysis partly overcomes sources of heterogeneity that may explain previously observed inconsistencies.

Dietary fat taste, a distinct gustatory modality that greatly influences food choice and energy intake, is primarily mediated by the lingual receptors CD36 and GPR120. Recent studies show that both short-term and long-term physical activity can modulate sensitivity to long-chain fatty acids, which can lead to changes in dietary patterns and preferences for high-fat foods. This review specifically examines the effects of exercise on the perception of fat taste by integrating findings from human and animal studies that examine alterations in detection thresholds, suprathreshold intensity ratings, and hedonic responses to fatty stimuli. We explore mechanistic pathways by which exercise influences fat taste, such as changes in hormones that regulate appetite, systemic anti-inflammatory processes that may enhance or attenuate CD36/GPR120 signaling in taste bud cells, and neural adaptations within gustatory cortices. The implications of exercise-induced alterations in fat-taste acuity for appetite regulation, dietary behavior, and long-term metabolic health are discussed, with particular attention to how increased sensitivity may promote reduced consumption of energy-dense foods. Finally, we highlight significant gaps in human translational research regarding the magnitude and persistence of exercise-induced fat-taste plasticity and propose targeted future studies to employ fat-taste modulation as a cutting-edge strategy for obesity prevention and public health nutrition interventions.

The aim of this systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses was to examine the effects of different exercise types on visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using four main keywords including "exercise training," "visceral fat," "diabetes," and "randomization" from inception to April 2025. Thirty-three randomized controlled trials or clinical trials with parallel groups were included (1740 patients), in which exercise training was compared with either nonexercise or other types of exercise training. Combined training (n = 5) (-0.63 [95% CI -0.95 to -0.30], p = 0.001), high-intensity interval training (n = 11) (-0.53 [95% CI -0.86 to -0.19], p = 0.001), and aerobic training (n = 24) (-0.38 [95% CI -0.59 to -0.18], p = 0.001), but not resistance training (n = 8) (-0.25 [95% CI -0.54 to 0.03], p = 0.08) were more effective for reducing VAT as compared with controls. Subgroup analyses based on age, health status, body mass index, or intervention duration confirmed that combined training, high-intensity interval training, aerobic training, but not resistance training, induced advantageous alterations in VAT compared to the control group. The main findings show that the P-score-based ranking of interventions reported the highest probability ranking for CT (0.89), followed by HIIT (0.76), AT (0.52), and RT (0.32). These findings provide compelling evidence to support the use of exercise training as a noninvasive and cost-effective nonpharmacological intervention for the reduction of VAT in patients with prediabetes and T2DM. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42024598045.

Background: Social media may support weight loss through online interaction and support, but its impact on interactions, social support, psychological factors, and weight loss outcomes across socioeconomic groups is unclear. This review aimed to (1) identify social support mechanisms aiding weight loss on social media, (2) pinpoint effective platforms and functions, and (3) assess intervention effectiveness across diverse demographics.

Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted through mid-2023. Studies included targeted adults without psychiatric disorders and linked social media use to outcomes like weight, diet, physical activity, self-management, or social support. Studies not meeting these criteria were excluded.

Results: From 61 studies, informational support was most common (83%), followed by esteem (52%), network (47%), and emotional support (44%). Tangible support was rare due to the need for physical proximity. Informational and esteem support showed positive effects, but challenges like social comparison and negative group dynamics were noted. Facebook was the most studied platform, with higher engagement linked to better outcomes. Factors such as network embeddedness, tailored support, and platform familiarity influenced effectiveness. Only 18 studies addressed social inequality, showing younger individuals and women benefit more from these interventions.

Conclusions: Social media facilitates weight loss through diverse support mechanisms, but challenges like varied platform preferences and social inequality require attention. Tailored interventions and strategies to promote engagement and mitigate negative dynamics are critical for maximizing outcomes.

Obesity is understood as a condition driven by interactions between genetics and environmental factors. The role of CD36 in the regulation of lipid metabolism and ectopic fat accumulation emerges as a key area of interest. This review presents CD36 not only as a crucial facilitator of fatty acid uptake but also as a regulator of how and where excess lipids are stored. Ectopic fat accumulation-lipid deposition in non-adipose tissues such as the liver, muscle, and pancreas-is linked to obesity-related complications, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and cardiovascular risk. Through CD36, tissues that normally play minor roles in lipid storage become overloaded, leading to metabolic dysfunction. We offer a fresh perspective on the adipose tissue expandability hypothesis, positioning CD36 as a regulator of adipose tissue's capacity to store lipids. Possibly, once adipose tissue reaches its expansion limit, CD36-mediated mechanisms drive the spillover of lipids into ectopic sites, exacerbating obesity complications. This insight offers a transformative view of CD36 as a player in the metabolic tipping point between healthy fat storage and pathogenic fat deposition. The connection between CD36 and extracellular vesicles (EVs) hints at a broader network of inter-tissue communication that could further amplify ectopic fat accumulation. Finally, we list evidence showing how CD36 genetics are related to the predisposition to develop and manage obesity. By understanding the role of CD36 in fat storage regulation, new personalized therapeutic strategies may emerge, targeting its pathways to prevent or reverse the metabolic damage caused by ectopic fat.

Background: This scoping review identified existing outcome measurement instruments (OMIs) for weight and body composition in children ≤ 1 year of age and how they are used in clinical trials. This information will improve outcome selection in future trials.

Methods: We searched the EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO up to September 2023, previous reviews, and the TOPCHILD collaboration registry. Screening was conducted independently in duplicate. We included studies reporting trials including healthy, full-term infants ≤ 1 year of age reporting at least one weight, weight gain, and/or body composition OMI. Study and OMI characteristics were synthesized narratively.

Results: Seventy-two studies were included. Reported outcomes included weight (n = 71), changes in weight (n = 33), and body composition (n = 10). Six OMIs were used to measure infant weight, with undefined (n = 19) and electronic (n = 15) scales being the most common. Results for weight were mostly expressed as z scores relative to a population reference (n = 50). Five OMIs were used to assess infant weight gain, most frequently undefined weighing scales (n = 8) and electronic scales (n = 7), with results mostly expressed as changes in z scores relative to a population reference (n = 10). Eight body composition OMIs were identified; calipers (n = 5) and air displacement plethysmography (n = 3) were most commonly used. Body composition was predominantly presented as fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) in kg (n = 5). OMIs were mostly administered in person by researchers, clinicians, or healthcare practitioners.

Conclusions: Given the heterogeneity identified in this review, research is needed to select standardized, feasible, and reliable OMIs for infant anthropometric outcomes in trials.

Rationale: The global rise in obesity presents a major public health challenge, commonly associated with an increased risk of noncommunicable diseases. Paradoxically, individuals with obesity, particularly older adults and those with comorbidities, are also at risk of malnutrition. This coexistence, driven by inadequate nutritional intake, chronic inflammation, and immune dysfunction, highlights the need to understand these overlapping health risks. Obesity complicates the identification and management of malnutrition. This review examines current screening and diagnostic methods for malnutrition in individuals with obesity.

Methods: A systematic scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Literature was searched using a comprehensive strategy across the EBSCOhost database.

Results: From 2097 search results, 41 studies with 420,498 participants met the inclusion criteria. Three main methods for assessing malnutrition risk/nutritional status emerged: blood markers, malnutrition screening tools, and physical/etiologic assessments. The diagnostic criteria described were typically based on healthy weight reference values, lacking obesity-specific cutoff values. Only two studies introduced tools tailored to individuals with obesity: the Nutrition Health Outcomes Questionnaire and the Just a Nutritional Screening Tool.

Conclusion: Current malnutrition screening and diagnostic methods lack reliability, validity, and appropriate reference values for individuals with obesity. This limits their effectiveness in accurately identifying malnutrition risk in this population. Adjusting cutoff values for key indicators such as weight loss and muscle mass is vital to improve the accuracy of malnutrition diagnosis and ensure appropriate clinical management for individuals with obesity.

Introduction: Digital health interventions are effective for weight management and improving dietary intake, but studies in culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) and Indigenous populations are limited. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of digital health interventions on body weight and dietary intake outcomes in CALD and Indigenous populations.

Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched on December 28, 2022 (PROSPERO: CRD42023394058). Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in high-income English-speaking countries with free-living adults ≥ 18 years. Trials had to report both weight and dietary outcomes, with ≥ 50% participants from CALD/Indigenous backgrounds or outcomes reported by race/ethnicity. Two reviewers independently screened records. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Results were synthesized descriptively and presented in graphs and tables.

Results: From the 1984 records identified, nine RCTs were included, which involved a total of 2716 participants. Eight trials were conducted in the United States, and only one trial included Indigenous participants. Significant body weight changes occurred in three trials. Significant diet quality changes occurred in three trials. Most trials had high retention rates (≥ 80%) but low intervention adherence (< 50%). Risk of bias was low for most trials.

Conclusion: Limited evidence supports the effectiveness of digital health interventions for improving body weight and dietary intake outcomes in CALD and Indigenous populations. The predominance of US-based trials, female-dominated samples, and hybrid intervention designs limits generalizability. Future research should prioritize inclusive practices and standalone digital designs to establish effectiveness in these populations.

Background: In 2023 and 2024, research into semaglutide (SEMA), an antiobesity and antidiabetic medication, indicated potential benefits beyond its approved uses, particularly in preventing Alzheimer's disease (AD). This highlights the link between obesity and AD development.

Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates clinical studies assessing SEMA's effects on subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (SAT/VAT) measures, brain function, cognitive performance through cognitive tasks, and the incidence of cognitive disorders.

Methods: We searched databases for studies evaluating these outcomes pre- and post-SEMA treatment, with the last update on November 9, 2024. We included studies regardless of treatment duration, estimating pre-post standardized mean differences (SMD) for one-group and two-group designs using a random-effects model.

Results: We included 23 studies: 18 on SAT/VAT outcomes and five on brain function and cognitive impairment. Meta-analyses revealed significant VAT reductions but no significant impact on SAT. SEMA demonstrated neuroprotective effects, lowering the risk of AD compared to various treatments.

Conclusion: Our systematic appraisal highlighted high heterogeneity across available original investigations. Within this context, meta-analytic findings suggest that SEMA may be able to promote VAT loss and support cognitive preservation. Sequencing these effects, VAT loss and cognitive preservation, is an important question open for further exploration.