Obesity Reviews最新文献

Women with a raised body mass index are likely to take longer to conceive and have poorer outcomes from fertility treatment. Furthermore, fertility clinics commonly require women to have body mass index < 30 kg/m² prior to treatment. Consequently, many women face the challenge of needing to lose weight to improve their chances of conception or to become eligible for fertility treatment. For these women, there is an additional pressure to lose weight quickly due to the diminishment in reproductive potential with advancing age. Synthetic glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have been shown to cause rapid weight loss in individuals with obesity, as well as reversing some of the metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome. The potential effect of preconception glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy to increase the chance of pregnancy in women with obesity is an emerging area of research. If this treatment proves to be safe and effective, it could provide significant benefits for many overweight women facing infertility. This article summarizes our understanding of the effect of obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome on fertility and the success of assisted reproductive techniques. It also describes the traditional treatments for obesity, the pharmacology of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and the evidence for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in improving fertility and pregnancy outcomes in overweight women, as well as the potential safety and ethical issue.

The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to rise, posing major public health challenges, partly driven by increasing obesity rates. Obesity has been established as an independent risk factor for renal dysfunction, with a complex pathophysiology involving renal hemodynamic changes, inflammation, lipid accumulation, and metabolic disorders. Recent research has also underscored the potential role of gastrointestinal dysbiosis and specific endothelial cell characteristics. Current evidence indicates that the impact of obesity on renal function becomes more pronounced with advancing age, partly owing to the significant structural and functional alterations in kidneys associated with aging. Furthermore, the interaction between obesity and aging exerts a synergistic effect on renal function. Sex-related differences are also observed, with males generally experiencing earlier declines in renal function, while females with obesity may face more rapid changes, although this remains a debated issue. In this review, we provide a thorough summary of what is currently known about how obesity affects renal function, focusing on age- and sex-related differences and the underlying mechanisms. Bibliometric analyses are employed to summarize and visualize the evolving trends and emerging hotspots in this field. Furthermore, we discuss methods for assessing renal function, weight management strategies, and novel treatment avenues for older individuals with obesity, offering insights for the prevention or mitigation of renal dysfunction.

As “obesogenic environments” grow increasingly prevalent, obesity has become a pressing global health challenge. It has been somewhat overlooked that individual responses to this obesogenic condition tend to be varied, and the mechanism behind this variability remains poorly understood. In the current study, we seek to summarize recent studies of human subjects and rodents that aim to identify the predictive factors of the heterogeneity of obesity. These factors include baseline fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), muscle oxidative capacity, VO₂max, androgen level, plasma leptin level, physical activity (PA), energy intake (EI), and genes such as SFRP5, MEST, and BMP3. Influenced by both genetic and environmental conditions, these factors provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the causes why individuals, even under the same obesogenic environment, exhibit differing weight gain responses. Our review synthesizes the existing literature to highlight these predictive factors, such as FM and FFM, as strong potential indicators of future weight gain and obesity risk. Integrating these factors into a unified framework not only enhances our understanding of obesity susceptibility but also provides a foundation for developing personalized obesity prevention and treatment strategies.

The Worldwide Incidence of Obesity, which tripled in 2016 from 1975, is a leading risk factor for chronic diseases. The presence of sex-dependent disparities in obesity has spurred increased interest in understanding the diverse environmental and genetic factors influencing this condition. Typically, men tend to have more visceral adipose tissue (VAT), while women generally have higher amounts of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). These differences have been largely attributed to the effects of sex hormones, particularly estrogen. However, large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic factors associated with sex-dependent disparities in obesity-related traits, which revealed that the role of estrogen may have been overemphasized. This review aims to summarize sex-specific differences in adipose tissue distribution and adipose tissue type such as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Additionally, the mechanisms underlying the development of sex-specific characteristics are explained, with a focus on estrogen and obesity-associated genes. Specifically, we propose a list of GWAS-derived genes that may be responsible for the observed sex differences in obesity, which could significantly contribute to the existing literature.

Weight discrimination refers to bias against individuals whose body weight and shape do not align with predominant social norms. Weight discrimination is prevalent and negatively impacts health outcomes. The prevalence and impact of weight discrimination vary by race; however, there is a dearth of research describing the potential health effects across racial and ethnic groups. This scoping review aimed to assess the literature for associations between weight discrimination and health outcomes, with a focus on racial and ethnic differences. A literature search was conducted across five databases for original studies that examined health outcomes associated with weight discrimination and delineated results by race. After quality assessment, thematic analysis was performed to generate themes, and consensus was reached. Twenty articles met the selected inclusion criteria, revealing racial differences in several health outcomes and disease management linked to weight-based discrimination. Social determinants of health and cultural beliefs about body size emerged as potential modifiers of these disparities. Although most studies investigated unique populations and variables, complicating comparisons, the review highlighted racial variances in the prevalence of weight discrimination. Additionally, 25 physical and mental health outcomes were associated with weight discrimination, with body mass index (BMI) being the most common. Future research should further explore the intersection of weight discrimination and race and ethnicity, identifying contributing factors and incorporating personal narratives. Clinicians must consider the influence of culture and social determinants of health to provide equitable care across body size spectrums.