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Verilog HDL using LTE Implementation MAP Algorithm Verilog HDL使用LTE实现MAP算法
Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.55524/ijircst.2022.10.2.115
T. Krishna, T. K. Murthy, N. Sarode, P. Srilakshmi, V. G. Sri
In many communication systems, turbo coding Techniques for Encoding and Decoding are employed to repair errors. As compared to other error correction codes, turbo codes provide great error correcting capabilities. For the implementation of the Turbo decoder, a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) architecture is suggested in this study. The Maximum-a-Posteriori (MAP) algorithm is employed at the decoder side, where soft-in-soft-out decoders, interleaves, and deinterleavers are all used. The usage of the MAP algorithm reduces the quantity of iterations necessary to decode the information bits being transferred. This research employs a system for the encoder component that consists of two recursive convolutional encoders and a pseudorandom interleaver on the encoder side. Tools from Octave and Xilinx Vivado are used for the Turbo encoding and decoding. The system is synthesised and implemented using a specialised integrated circuit.
在许多通信系统中,采用turbo编码技术进行编码和解码来修复错误。与其他纠错码相比,turbo码提供了强大的纠错能力。为了实现Turbo解码器,本研究提出了一种超大规模集成(VLSI)架构。在解码器端采用最大后验(MAP)算法,其中使用了软入软出解码器、交织器和去交织器。MAP算法的使用减少了解码传输的信息位所需的迭代次数。本研究采用了一种编码器组件系统,该系统由两个递归卷积编码器和编码器侧的伪随机交织器组成。来自Octave和Xilinx Vivado的工具用于Turbo编码和解码。该系统是用专门的集成电路合成和实现的。
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引用次数: 0
A CPW Fed Slot Antenna with Triangular Serrated Stub 带三角形锯齿根的CPW馈电槽天线
Pub Date : 2022-01-30 DOI: 10.55524/ijircst.2022.10.1.27
S. Venkatesan, T. S. Murthy, A. T. Rao, B. G. Krishna, Sk. Mastan Vali
This paper is aimed to focus on bandwidth enhancement of a slot antenna with coplanar waveguide feeding. The experimentation is performed on the general CPW structure which is having a signal conductor in the middle and two ground layers etched on either side of feed with some gap to allow a unique feature of uniplanar in construction. In this context, the study of a CPW transmission line discontinuity is applied to prepare a slot antenna and this is followed by the study of incorporating serrated shape in the structure.
本文主要研究共面波导馈电的缝隙天线的带宽增强问题。实验是在一般的CPW结构上进行的,该结构在中间有一个信号导体,在馈线的两侧蚀刻两个接地层,并有一定的间隙,以使其具有独特的单平面结构特征。在这种情况下,应用CPW传输线不连续的研究来制备槽天线,然后在结构中加入锯齿形状的研究。
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引用次数: 0
A Review on Drinking Water Treatment with Disinfectant 饮用水消毒剂处理研究进展
Pub Date : 2022-01-30 DOI: 10.55524/ijircst.2022.10.1.28
S. Reddemma, K. C, Manikandan C, Adaikkalakumar P, Nissi P
The majority of the world's natural water sources are not always safe to consume untreated. Raw water from rivers, lakes, ponds, and groundwater can include microorganisms. Waterborne diseases can be contracted by consuming it when pathogens in the water are spread through a drinking water distribution system. As it guarantees that water is free of dangerous microorganisms that cause water-borne diseases, disinfection is an essential water treatment technique. Different disinfection techniques are used to inactivate germs to fight waterborne illnesses. The primary goal of this essay is to describe various disinfection techniques, their applicability, limitations, and factors affecting the disinfection process. Chlorine by products and the effects of chlorine by products on people.
世界上大多数天然水源不经处理并不总是安全的。来自河流、湖泊、池塘和地下水的原水可能含有微生物。当水中的病原体通过饮用水分配系统传播时,水传播疾病可以通过饮用它而感染。消毒是一项必要的水处理技术,因为它保证水不含导致水传播疾病的危险微生物。不同的消毒技术被用来灭活细菌,以对抗水传播的疾病。本文的主要目的是描述各种消毒技术,它们的适用性,局限性和影响消毒过程的因素。氯副产物和氯副产物对人体的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The New Topology of Multilevel Inverter with Less Number of Switches 开关数少的多电平逆变器新拓扑
Pub Date : 2021-09-28 DOI: 10.55524/ijircst.2021.9.5.27
Thottempudi Prasanth, Garikapati Siva Sankar, Bathula Swarna Babu, Dupati Gopi, Chandana Gowtham Sai, G. Murthy, K. S. Kumar, K. Naresh, S. Kavitha
A new multilayer inverter topology is proposed in this study. The cascaded feature is used in this innovative topology. In addition to the isolated DC sources seen in Cascaded H- bridge. The clamping diode in Diode and the multilevel inverter (CHB-MLI) Inverter with Clamped Multilevel (DC-MLI). With these advantages, an inverter topology with 18 total component counts when coupled had been discovered. This proposed topology has the potential to generate up to According to the ratio allocated to its DC sources, there are 17 output levels. Aside from increasing the number of output voltage levels, this study has a relatively low number of component counts. The THD limit defined by IEEE standard is also a goal (i.e. 5 percent) all voltage applications under 69kV. To ensure that the suggested topology is functional, it is being simulated in Mat lab/Simulink with various modulation indexes. The amount of THD, the number of voltage outputs, and the RMS voltage are all being monitored and discussed. Finally, to assess the uniqueness of the suggested topology, a comparison study with recently disclosed topologies is being carried out.
本文提出了一种新的多层逆变器拓扑结构。在这种创新的拓扑结构中使用了级联特性。除了在级联H桥中看到的孤立直流电源外。箝位二极管中的二极管和箝位多电平逆变器(CHB-MLI)。利用这些优势,发现了耦合时具有18个总分量计数的逆变器拓扑。根据分配给其直流电源的比例,该拓扑有可能产生多达17个输出电平。除了增加输出电压电平的数量外,本研究的组件计数数量相对较低。IEEE标准定义的THD限制也是69kV以下所有电压应用的目标(即5%)。为了确保所建议的拓扑是功能性的,在Mat lab/Simulink中使用各种调制指标对其进行了模拟。对THD的量、电压输出的数量和均方根电压都进行了监控和讨论。最后,为了评估所建议拓扑的唯一性,与最近公开的拓扑进行了比较研究。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic Modelling and Control Analysis of a Fuel Cell Connected to Electric Vehicle 燃料电池网联电动汽车动力学建模与控制分析
Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.55524/ijircst.2021.9.4.28
Kanneti Bhaskar, Muramala Srinivas, Darla Nagendra, Babu Badugu, B. Prakash, B. Kumar, B. Nagaraju, Dr. M. Laxmana rao, Dr.K. Prakasam
A fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is an electric vehicle that uses a fuel cell to power an electric motor. FCEV aims to provide customers with the benefits of battery electric vehicles such as low-to-zero emissions, high efficiency and low maintenance, without compromising on range and recharge times. A novel power management control strategy is proposed to improve the fuel cell system simulation model that is easy to use and has acceptable accuracy at the same time. The simulation model is developed through MATLAB / Simulink software using the energy macroscopic representation method, the accuracy of this method is compared with an established model. Fuel cell integration simulation analysis is performed using experimental data from a real battery car.
燃料电池电动汽车(FCEV)是一种使用燃料电池为电动机提供动力的电动汽车。FCEV旨在为客户提供电池电动汽车的优势,如低至零排放、高效率和低维护,同时不影响续航里程和充电时间。提出了一种新的功率管理控制策略,使燃料电池系统仿真模型易于使用,同时具有可接受的精度。采用能量宏观表示法,通过MATLAB / Simulink软件建立了仿真模型,并与已建立的模型进行了精度比较。利用一辆真实电池车的实验数据,进行了燃料电池集成仿真分析。
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引用次数: 0
Tri-Strip Monopole Antenna for LTE, WLAN and WiMAX Communication Applications 用于LTE, WLAN和WiMAX通信应用的三带单极天线
Pub Date : 2021-05-31 DOI: 10.55524/ijircst.2021.9.3.37
C. Karthik, K. Babu, K. L. Narasamma, Ch. Sandhya, L. Bharath
In this research, we present a Tri-strip monopole antenna for LTE, WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and WIMAX (Wireless interoperability for microwave access) Applications. This is due to the fact that wireless applications is not needed to connect all operating frequencies simultaneously, Which will effect improving functionalities without increasing size of antenna. A miniaturized triple wideband coplanar waveguide-fed patch antenna with the defected ground structure isused for LTE, WLAN and WIMAX applications. The proposed antenna with overall size of 40 mm×40 mm×1mm and the design simulation are carried on a Rogers RT/ duroid 5880 substrate using HFSS v.13.0 simulation software. The proposed antenna shows the gain of 9dB at notch band frequency therefore it is good for its working conditions. Moreover, the proposed antenna is fabricated with a new metamaterial approach by placing the unit cell we have observed the triple band notch characteristics and depth in resonant frequency. There is enhancement in gain and radiation patterns, return loss is analyzed and parametric analysis is presented for optimization of antenna. The average gain that is observed through the band is 3.5dB and the average radiation efficiency that is observed for the model is 94%.
在这项研究中,我们提出了一种用于LTE, WLAN(无线局域网)和WIMAX(微波接入的无线互操作性)应用的三带单极天线。这是因为无线应用程序不需要同时连接所有工作频率,这将在不增加天线尺寸的情况下改善功能。一种小型化的三宽带共面波导馈电贴片天线,具有缺陷的接地结构,用于LTE、WLAN和WIMAX应用。采用HFSS v.13.0仿真软件,在Rogers RT/ duroid 5880基板上对总尺寸为40 mm×40 mm×1mm的天线进行了设计仿真。该天线在陷波带频率下的增益为9dB,符合其工作条件。此外,所提出的天线是用一种新的超材料方法制作的,通过放置单元电池,我们已经观察到谐振频率的三波段陷波特性和深度。增强了天线的增益和辐射方向图,分析了天线的回波损耗,并提出了优化天线的参数分析方法。通过该波段观测到的平均增益为3.5dB,模型观测到的平均辐射效率为94%。
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引用次数: 0
Literature Review on Effects of Saturation on Soil Subgrade Strength 饱和对土壤路基强度影响的文献综述
Pub Date : 2021-01-28 DOI: 10.55524/ijircst.2021.9.1.13
S. Rao, S. Reddemma, L. Reddy, A. S. Kumar, A. Ranganathan
The remainder of the pavement system is supported by the subgrade, the soil layer on top of which the subbase or pavement is constructed. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value of a subgrade must be at least 10. This is essential for highway engineers. Numerous studies demonstrate that if a subgrade has If the subbase material has a CBR value < 10, it will deflect under traffic loads in a similar way to the subgrade and harm the pavement. Pavement drainage and stability are provided by the subbase, a layer of aggregate material immediately beneath the pavement. The inferior, that Undrained water can freeze and expand in the layers supporting the pavement, placing intense internal strain on the pavement structure. Additionally, running water can transport debris from the subbase or subgrade and, in conjunction with traffic, pump it out of the drains. Highway engineers must consequently provide a solid, permeable subbase with longitudinal sub-drains. The effects of saturation on the stability of the soil subgrade are reviewed in this essay.
路面系统的其余部分由路基支撑,路基是在其上建造下层或路面的土层。路基的加州承载比(CBR)值必须至少为10。这对公路工程师来说是必不可少的。大量研究表明,如果路基基底材料的CBR值< 10,则其在交通荷载作用下会发生与路基相似的偏转,并对路面造成危害。路面的排水和稳定性由下层提供,下层是一层集料材料,紧挨着路面。其次,不排水的水会在支撑路面的层中冻结和膨胀,给路面结构带来强烈的内部应变。此外,流水可以将碎屑从底基或路基上冲走,并与交通一起将其从排水沟中泵出。因此,公路工程师必须提供一个坚固的、透水的、纵向排水的底基。本文综述了饱和对土壤路基稳定性的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Performance, Emission & Combustion Characteristics of I.C Engine Using Jatropha Methyl Ester Oil and Bio-Diesel Blends 麻疯树甲酯油与生物柴油混合燃料内燃机的性能、排放与燃烧特性
Pub Date : 2021-01-27 DOI: 10.55524/ijircst.2021.9.1.12
P. Sushma, Ch. Meenakshidevi, D. S. Kumar, V. Venugopal, Anburaj ., P. K. Babu
This essay is focused on the idea of suggesting an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The experiments show that the diesel-biodiesel blends can be used as substitute fuels for diesel engines. Recent studies have demonstrated that the use of diesel biodiesel blends can significantly lower emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter. The mixing of biodiesel with diesel significantly reduces the emission particulate matter (PM) because the blended biodiesel contains oxygen. It was recommended that some alternative fuels that are climate-friendly based on various experiments. There for in the present study these lected biodiesel is jatropha seed oil which was obtained by Trans-esterification process by crude seed oil, because the large availability and easily extract from seed by different process.
这篇文章的重点是建议柴油发动机的替代燃料的想法。实验结果表明,柴油-生物柴油混合物可作为柴油机的替代燃料。最近的研究表明,使用柴油生物柴油混合物可以显著降低一氧化碳(CO)、总碳氢化合物(HC)和颗粒物的排放。由于混合的生物柴油含有氧气,因此生物柴油与柴油的混合显著减少了颗粒物(PM)的排放。在各种实验的基础上,推荐了一些对气候友好的替代燃料。在本研究中所选择的生物柴油为麻疯树籽油,麻疯树籽油是由粗籽油经反式酯化反应得到的,因为麻疯树籽油的可得性大,而且通过不同的工艺都易于提取。
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引用次数: 0
An Experimental Study on Quarry Dust as Partial Replacement for Sand in Concrete 采石场粉尘在混凝土中部分替代砂石的试验研究
Pub Date : 2020-11-28 DOI: 10.55524/ijircst.2020.8.6.18
Bodapati Sandhya Rani, L. Reddy, S. Reddemma, C. D. Chandra, A. Ranganathan
Concrete plays the key role and a large quantum of concrete is being utilized in every construction practices. Quarry Dust which is a other non-voluble waste material after the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine particles less than 4.75mm.The Quarry dust can be an alternative to the river sand since river sand is expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from natural sources and also large scale depletion of these sources creates environmental problems .In this project work the usage of different quarry dusts by studying the physical and chemical properties, workability of the quarry dust concrete, with different ratios of 0%, 20%, 30%&40% for M20 grade of concrete behavior of quarry dust reinforced cement concrete beams, Sieve analysis was conducted for quarry dust and sand. Mix design has been developed using IS Mix Design for various proportion of four different quarry dust with river sand. Tests were conducted on cubes and cylinders to study the compressive and tensile strengths of concrete made of various proportion of quarry dust with river sand, optimum strength test values of various proportion of different quarry dust with river sand and the results were compared with natural sand.
混凝土起着关键的作用,在每一个施工实践中都要使用大量的混凝土。采石场粉尘是另一种不流动的废物,经过岩石的提取和加工,形成小于4.75毫米的细颗粒。采石场粉尘可以作为河砂的替代品,因为河砂由于从天然来源运输成本过高而价格昂贵,而且这些来源的大规模枯竭会造成环境问题。在本项目中,通过研究不同采石场粉尘的物理和化学特性,采石场粉尘混凝土的和易性,不同的比例为0%,20%,30%&40%为M20级采石场扬尘钢筋水泥混凝土梁的混凝土性能,对采石场扬尘和砂石进行筛分分析。采用IS配合比设计对四种不同采石场粉尘与河砂的不同配合比进行配合比设计。通过立方体和圆柱体试验,研究了不同掺量石粉河砂混凝土的抗压强度和抗拉强度,研究了不同掺量石粉河砂的最佳强度试验值,并与天然砂进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Behavior of Castellated Beams with and Without Stiffeners 加筋和不加筋城堡梁的性能
Pub Date : 2020-09-29 DOI: 10.55524/ijircst.2020.8.5.12
C. S. Reddy, M. Kumar, Gandhavalla Madhavarao, Thirumalairaja R, Manikandan C
Castellated beam applications for diverse buildings are quickly gaining popularity. This is a result of the section's enhanced depth without adding weight, excellent strength-to-weight ratio, low maintenance requirements, and low cost of painting. Increased vertical bending stiffness, ease of service provision, and appealing appearance are the main advantages of castellated beams. Castellated beams are made by zigzaggingly cutting I sections, then rejoining them to increase the depth of the parent I sections. When castellated beams are loaded, their increased depth makes them more susceptible to web post buckling and lateral torsional buckling failure. There are numerous other forms of failure that must be considered, such as the development of flexure mechanisms, lateral torsional buckling, and vierendeel mechanisms, rupture of the welded joint in a web post, and shear buckling of a web post. A study demonstrates how using stiffeners in the beam's web part can reduce these failures. Therefore, it is necessary to do a thorough analysis of the stiffeners' number, size, and readily available places in the web part of the castellated beam. In order to explore the experimental and analytical behavior of the castellated beam with stiffeners, an attempt has been undertaken in the current paper. The outcome shows that using end stiffeners at the ends of castellated beams increases their strength and reduces their deflection.
城堡梁在各种建筑中的应用正迅速普及。这是由于该段在不增加重量的情况下增加了深度,具有优异的强度重量比,维护要求低,涂装成本低。增加垂直弯曲刚度,易于提供服务,和吸引人的外观是城堡梁的主要优点。城堡梁是由锯齿形切割I段,然后重新连接它们,以增加母体I段的深度。当受荷载作用时,其深度的增加使其更容易发生腹板后屈曲和侧向扭转屈曲破坏。还有许多其他形式的失效必须考虑,如弯曲机制的发展,侧向扭转屈曲,纵向机制,腹板焊接接头的破裂,以及腹板的剪切屈曲。一项研究表明,在梁的腹板部分使用加强筋可以减少这些故障。因此,有必要对加强筋的数量、尺寸和在城形梁腹板部分的可用位置进行彻底的分析。为了探讨加筋的槽形梁的实验和分析性能,本文进行了尝试。结果表明,在城形梁端部加劲可提高其强度,减小其挠度。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology
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