Abstract Nuclear Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) microsatellite markers were developed for the Tasmanian palaeoendemic conifer Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook.-f.) Quinn for genetic studies. RNAseq data was mined for EST microsatellites, and primer pairs were synthesised from 70 contigs with 50 producing amplification products. Of these 50, 10 reliably amplified and displayed polymorphism across 8 samples representing the entire species range. The genetic diversity of these 10 loci was then examined in three wild populations (84 samples). The number of alleles varied from two to thirteen per locus with the average number of alleles per population ranging between 3.0 – 4.7. Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.34 – 0.42 and 0.37 – 0.44, respectively. Marker cross-amplification was tested in the New Zealand sister species Manoao colensoi (Hook. f.) Molloy, but no markers amplified reliably, which possibly reflects the age of divergence between these species (~64 million years). These are the first microsatellite markers developed for the monotypic genus Lagarostrobos. They will be valuable for assessing the species extant genetic diversity, the impact of past climatic perturbations and human disturbance and the role of clonal propagation in recruitment.
{"title":"Development of EST microsatellite markers for the Tasmanian palaeoendemic conifer Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook. f.) Quinn (Podocarpaceae)","authors":"J. Marthick, M. Larcombe, J. Worth","doi":"10.2478/sg-2020-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sg-2020-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nuclear Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) microsatellite markers were developed for the Tasmanian palaeoendemic conifer Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook.-f.) Quinn for genetic studies. RNAseq data was mined for EST microsatellites, and primer pairs were synthesised from 70 contigs with 50 producing amplification products. Of these 50, 10 reliably amplified and displayed polymorphism across 8 samples representing the entire species range. The genetic diversity of these 10 loci was then examined in three wild populations (84 samples). The number of alleles varied from two to thirteen per locus with the average number of alleles per population ranging between 3.0 – 4.7. Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.34 – 0.42 and 0.37 – 0.44, respectively. Marker cross-amplification was tested in the New Zealand sister species Manoao colensoi (Hook. f.) Molloy, but no markers amplified reliably, which possibly reflects the age of divergence between these species (~64 million years). These are the first microsatellite markers developed for the monotypic genus Lagarostrobos. They will be valuable for assessing the species extant genetic diversity, the impact of past climatic perturbations and human disturbance and the role of clonal propagation in recruitment.","PeriodicalId":21834,"journal":{"name":"Silvae Genetica","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76239005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Nezu, F. Ishiguri, H. Aiso, S. Diloksumpun, J. Ohshima, K. Iizuka, S. Yokota
Abstract To promote solid wood production, the diameter at breast height, height, stress-wave velocity, surface-released strain, basic density and compressive strength parallel to the grain were measured for 10 half-sib families of 12-year-old Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. trees growing in Thailand. Based on the results, growth rates, correlations among measured properties, radial and among-family variations of wood properties, and their repeatability were evaluated. Diameter at breast height, height, and wood volume were exponentially increased at initial stage, and then gradually increased toward to 12 years after planting. The maximum current annual increment and mean annual increment in wood volume showed at age of 8 and 11years old, suggesting that rotation period for optimum productivity may be ranged from 8 to 11 years old. Wood with stable properties was found greater than 6 cm from the pith. These results indicate that 12-year-old E. camaldulensis trees had already reached the maturation stage. No significant correlations were found between growth characteristics and wood properties. Significant variances in the height, stress-wave velocity, and basic density were found among the 10 families. The F-values and repeatability of the wood properties in the outer wood were higher than those in the inner wood. These results indicate that the properties of the outer wood are closely related to genetic factors. Thus, to obtain superior E. camaldulensis trees for solid wood production, the family selection should be conducted using the outer wood of aged trees.
{"title":"Repeatability of growth characteristics and wood properties for solid wood production from Eucalyptus camaldulensis half-sib families growing in Thailand","authors":"I. Nezu, F. Ishiguri, H. Aiso, S. Diloksumpun, J. Ohshima, K. Iizuka, S. Yokota","doi":"10.2478/sg-2020-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sg-2020-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To promote solid wood production, the diameter at breast height, height, stress-wave velocity, surface-released strain, basic density and compressive strength parallel to the grain were measured for 10 half-sib families of 12-year-old Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. trees growing in Thailand. Based on the results, growth rates, correlations among measured properties, radial and among-family variations of wood properties, and their repeatability were evaluated. Diameter at breast height, height, and wood volume were exponentially increased at initial stage, and then gradually increased toward to 12 years after planting. The maximum current annual increment and mean annual increment in wood volume showed at age of 8 and 11years old, suggesting that rotation period for optimum productivity may be ranged from 8 to 11 years old. Wood with stable properties was found greater than 6 cm from the pith. These results indicate that 12-year-old E. camaldulensis trees had already reached the maturation stage. No significant correlations were found between growth characteristics and wood properties. Significant variances in the height, stress-wave velocity, and basic density were found among the 10 families. The F-values and repeatability of the wood properties in the outer wood were higher than those in the inner wood. These results indicate that the properties of the outer wood are closely related to genetic factors. Thus, to obtain superior E. camaldulensis trees for solid wood production, the family selection should be conducted using the outer wood of aged trees.","PeriodicalId":21834,"journal":{"name":"Silvae Genetica","volume":"72 1","pages":"36 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85831873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The present report is based on a cytological data base on 614 (56.0 %) of the total 1104 recognized species and 82 (90.0 %) of the 88 recognized genera of gymnosperms. Family Cycadaceae and many genera of Zamiaceae show intrageneric uniformity of somatic numbers, the genus Zamia is represented by a range of number from 2n=16-28. Ginkgo, Welwitschia and Gentum show 2n=24, 2n=42, and 2n=44 respectively. Ephedra shows a range of polyploidy from 2x-8x based on n=7. The family Pinaceae as a whole shows 2n=24except for Pseudolarix and Pseudotsuga with 2n=44 and 2n=26 respectively. Araucariaceae constantly shows 2n=26 while Podocarpaceae has a range of 2n=18-38. Sciadopityaceae and Cupressaceae are represented by 2n=20 and 2n=22 respectively. Taxaceae shows variable numbers of 2n=24, 36 and 22. Polyploidy is exceptional being represented by 8.0 % of the taxa studied. B-chromosomes have been studied in 31 taxa while heteromorphic sex chromosomes have been reported in some dioecious taxa.
{"title":"Chromosome Numbers in Gymnosperms - An Update","authors":"S. Rastogi, D. Ohri","doi":"10.2478/sg-2020-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sg-2020-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present report is based on a cytological data base on 614 (56.0 %) of the total 1104 recognized species and 82 (90.0 %) of the 88 recognized genera of gymnosperms. Family Cycadaceae and many genera of Zamiaceae show intrageneric uniformity of somatic numbers, the genus Zamia is represented by a range of number from 2n=16-28. Ginkgo, Welwitschia and Gentum show 2n=24, 2n=42, and 2n=44 respectively. Ephedra shows a range of polyploidy from 2x-8x based on n=7. The family Pinaceae as a whole shows 2n=24except for Pseudolarix and Pseudotsuga with 2n=44 and 2n=26 respectively. Araucariaceae constantly shows 2n=26 while Podocarpaceae has a range of 2n=18-38. Sciadopityaceae and Cupressaceae are represented by 2n=20 and 2n=22 respectively. Taxaceae shows variable numbers of 2n=24, 36 and 22. Polyploidy is exceptional being represented by 8.0 % of the taxa studied. B-chromosomes have been studied in 31 taxa while heteromorphic sex chromosomes have been reported in some dioecious taxa.","PeriodicalId":21834,"journal":{"name":"Silvae Genetica","volume":"18 1","pages":"13 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79352887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Kormuťák, Martin Galgóci, P. Boleček, Dusan Gomory, J. Libantova
Abstract The crossability relationship between Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and mountain dwarf pine (Pinus mugo Turra) was tested under field conditions using an artificial pollination approach. There was partial compatibility between the parental species, as evidenced by the amount of filled seeds in their reciprocal crossings and in control variants from self-pollination, controlled intraspecific outcrossing and open pollination of mother trees. The crossability degree in P. sylvestris × P. mugo was characterised by the index 0.15, and the reciprocal crossing by the index 0.18. Crossability of P. sylvestris and P. mugo with their putative hybrid individuals was much higher; the number of filled seeds was comparable with that of the control variants. The reciprocal crossings of P. sylvestris and P. mugo species were highlighted by the opposite inheritance of their chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). The paternal cpDNA inheritance in P. sylvestris × P. mugo and maternal cpDNA inheritance in P. mugo × P. sylvestris was repeatedly confirmed using the cpDNA trnV-trnH/HinfI marker as well as the newly developed partial cpDNA trnV-trnH/AseI marker. The nature of the latter is described in terms of the nucleotide sequence.
摘要采用人工授粉方法，在田间条件下对苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris L.)与山地矮松(Pinus mugo Turra)的杂交关系进行了研究。亲本种之间存在部分亲和性，这主要表现在它们的互交和自花授粉、种内异交和母树开放授粉的控制变异的种子填充量上。柽柳的杂交度指数为0.15，互交度指数为0.18。黄杨和黄杨与其推测杂交个体的亲和性较高;填充种子的数量与对照变异相当。两种植物的互交主要表现为叶绿体DNA (cpDNA)的反向遗传。利用cpDNA trnV-trnH/HinfI标记和新开发的部分cpDNA trnV-trnH/AseI标记，反复确认了P. sylvestris × P. sylvestris父本cpDNA遗传和P. mugo × P. sylvestris母本cpDNA遗传。后者的性质是根据核苷酸序列来描述的。
{"title":"Reinforced evidence on partial compatibility between Pinus sylvestris and Pinus mugo and on maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA in the Pinus mugo × Pinus sylvestris cross","authors":"A. Kormuťák, Martin Galgóci, P. Boleček, Dusan Gomory, J. Libantova","doi":"10.2478/sg-2020-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sg-2020-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The crossability relationship between Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and mountain dwarf pine (Pinus mugo Turra) was tested under field conditions using an artificial pollination approach. There was partial compatibility between the parental species, as evidenced by the amount of filled seeds in their reciprocal crossings and in control variants from self-pollination, controlled intraspecific outcrossing and open pollination of mother trees. The crossability degree in P. sylvestris × P. mugo was characterised by the index 0.15, and the reciprocal crossing by the index 0.18. Crossability of P. sylvestris and P. mugo with their putative hybrid individuals was much higher; the number of filled seeds was comparable with that of the control variants. The reciprocal crossings of P. sylvestris and P. mugo species were highlighted by the opposite inheritance of their chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). The paternal cpDNA inheritance in P. sylvestris × P. mugo and maternal cpDNA inheritance in P. mugo × P. sylvestris was repeatedly confirmed using the cpDNA trnV-trnH/HinfI marker as well as the newly developed partial cpDNA trnV-trnH/AseI marker. The nature of the latter is described in terms of the nucleotide sequence.","PeriodicalId":21834,"journal":{"name":"Silvae Genetica","volume":"10 1","pages":"108 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83669824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Populus euphratica Oliv. (Euphrates poplar) is one of the naturally distributed poplar species and limited to south and southwestern Turkey. The species possesses great importance for both renewable energy resources and persistence of a healthy river ecosystem. Due to increased habitat destructions and fragmentation by human activities, the distribution area of this species has become narrower. Hence, searching for potential genetic diversity present in species’ genetic resources is of great importance in terms of its resilience to changing environment as well as breeding and use. To explore genetic structure and diversity of Euphrates poplar, natural populations in the Göksu and Euphrates river ecosystems were studied with 21 microsatellite DNA loci. Results demonstrated reduced level of genetic diversity (Ho:0.44, uHe:0.45) and low differentiation among two river populations (FST= 0.07), suggesting a common origin. It appears that severe past reductions in population sizes have resulted in loss of genetic variation in the species. Native populations of this species in two rivers seemed to be marginal with continued gene pool shrinkage. Therefore, they are in great danger of collapsing, mainly because of continued habitat loss and fragmentation. Genetic data generated with the current study provide important information which could be useful for future restoration and conservation studies of the species.
{"title":"Genetic diversity of marginal populations of Populus euphratica Oliv. from highly fragmented river ecosystems","authors":"Çiğdem Kansu, Z. Kaya","doi":"10.2478/sg-2020-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sg-2020-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Populus euphratica Oliv. (Euphrates poplar) is one of the naturally distributed poplar species and limited to south and southwestern Turkey. The species possesses great importance for both renewable energy resources and persistence of a healthy river ecosystem. Due to increased habitat destructions and fragmentation by human activities, the distribution area of this species has become narrower. Hence, searching for potential genetic diversity present in species’ genetic resources is of great importance in terms of its resilience to changing environment as well as breeding and use. To explore genetic structure and diversity of Euphrates poplar, natural populations in the Göksu and Euphrates river ecosystems were studied with 21 microsatellite DNA loci. Results demonstrated reduced level of genetic diversity (Ho:0.44, uHe:0.45) and low differentiation among two river populations (FST= 0.07), suggesting a common origin. It appears that severe past reductions in population sizes have resulted in loss of genetic variation in the species. Native populations of this species in two rivers seemed to be marginal with continued gene pool shrinkage. Therefore, they are in great danger of collapsing, mainly because of continued habitat loss and fragmentation. Genetic data generated with the current study provide important information which could be useful for future restoration and conservation studies of the species.","PeriodicalId":21834,"journal":{"name":"Silvae Genetica","volume":"49 1","pages":"139 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88490812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The second cycle of cooperative breeding and testing of coastal Douglas-fir in western Oregon and Washington was started around 1992. By 2020 the bulk of testing is nearing completion, while the latest program in southern Oregon and NW California is scheduled to run through 2035. A total of 109 first-generation programs were consolidated into nine second- cycle breeding and testing cooperatives (with 15 testing zones); 136 tests are planned, of which 120 have already been established. Between five and eight tests are established per trial series. Trials established to date have contained from 50 to 283 full-sib crosses. In total, the Douglas-fir breeding effort will be comprised of over 2,900 crosses, of which 2,500 have already been established in the field. A total of about 349,000 test trees are to be planted, with over 310,000 already planted. Tests typically get three main measurements when the trees are 3 (or 4), 7 and 12 years old from seed. (1) Age-3 or 4: progression of budburst, on a 1 to 5 rating score, when roughly 50 % of the seedlings have broken bud, on one or two sites per trial series. (2) Age-7: height (height pole), dbh, stem sinuosity in the second internode from the top, number of incidences of stem forking, number of incidences of ramicorn branching and (3) Age-12: height (vertex), dbh, stem sinuosity in the second internode from the top, number of incidences of stem forking, number of incidences of ramicorn branching, second flushing yesno in current year, and wood acoustic velocity (in some trial series).
{"title":"Cooperative Second-Cycle Breeding and Testing of Coastal Douglas-fir in the US Pacific Northwest: Strategy, Implementation, and Operational Aspects","authors":"K. Jayawickrama, T. Ye","doi":"10.2478/sg-2020-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sg-2020-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The second cycle of cooperative breeding and testing of coastal Douglas-fir in western Oregon and Washington was started around 1992. By 2020 the bulk of testing is nearing completion, while the latest program in southern Oregon and NW California is scheduled to run through 2035. A total of 109 first-generation programs were consolidated into nine second- cycle breeding and testing cooperatives (with 15 testing zones); 136 tests are planned, of which 120 have already been established. Between five and eight tests are established per trial series. Trials established to date have contained from 50 to 283 full-sib crosses. In total, the Douglas-fir breeding effort will be comprised of over 2,900 crosses, of which 2,500 have already been established in the field. A total of about 349,000 test trees are to be planted, with over 310,000 already planted. Tests typically get three main measurements when the trees are 3 (or 4), 7 and 12 years old from seed. (1) Age-3 or 4: progression of budburst, on a 1 to 5 rating score, when roughly 50 % of the seedlings have broken bud, on one or two sites per trial series. (2) Age-7: height (height pole), dbh, stem sinuosity in the second internode from the top, number of incidences of stem forking, number of incidences of ramicorn branching and (3) Age-12: height (vertex), dbh, stem sinuosity in the second internode from the top, number of incidences of stem forking, number of incidences of ramicorn branching, second flushing yesno in current year, and wood acoustic velocity (in some trial series).","PeriodicalId":21834,"journal":{"name":"Silvae Genetica","volume":"7 1","pages":"98 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89961598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Vega, I. Teich, M. Acosta, D. L. Lauenstein, A. Verga, A. Cosacov
Abstract The Gran Chaco is the largest dry forest in South America. One of the key taxa of this biome is the genus Prosopis (Fabaceae) which contains several economically important species. One of the characteristics of this genus is its natural capacity to exchange genetic information among congeneric species, generating zones of high morphological and genetic variability at contact points. The study and management of these contact areas can contribute to the dynamic conservation of these native genetic resources. In this study, we analysed three sites within a gradient of land aridity, where P. nigra and P. alba grow in sympatry and apparently hybridize. This is the first study performed in both, Prosopis pure sites and hybrid swarm, which includes a spatially explicit approach and simultaneously analyses fruit and leaf morphological variation, together with molecular information (microsatellites markers). We performed a multivariate morphological analysis, Bayesian genetic clustering and multivariate associations between genetic and morphological variability in the pure parental populations and in the hybrid swarm, considering possible spatial autocorrelation. Bayesian cluster analysis revealed two distinct groups corresponding to each species, differentiating the pure morphotypes from sites 1 and 2. Site 3, corresponding to the hybrid swarm, was composed of pure P. alba and P. nigra trees and hybrid individuals. We found morphological and molecular evidence of hybridization between P. alba and P. nigra, and detected novel phenotypes in the hybrid site.
{"title":"Morphological and molecular characterization of a hybrid zone between Prosopis alba and P. nigra in the Chaco region of northwestern Argentina","authors":"C. Vega, I. Teich, M. Acosta, D. L. Lauenstein, A. Verga, A. Cosacov","doi":"10.2478/sg-2020-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sg-2020-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Gran Chaco is the largest dry forest in South America. One of the key taxa of this biome is the genus Prosopis (Fabaceae) which contains several economically important species. One of the characteristics of this genus is its natural capacity to exchange genetic information among congeneric species, generating zones of high morphological and genetic variability at contact points. The study and management of these contact areas can contribute to the dynamic conservation of these native genetic resources. In this study, we analysed three sites within a gradient of land aridity, where P. nigra and P. alba grow in sympatry and apparently hybridize. This is the first study performed in both, Prosopis pure sites and hybrid swarm, which includes a spatially explicit approach and simultaneously analyses fruit and leaf morphological variation, together with molecular information (microsatellites markers). We performed a multivariate morphological analysis, Bayesian genetic clustering and multivariate associations between genetic and morphological variability in the pure parental populations and in the hybrid swarm, considering possible spatial autocorrelation. Bayesian cluster analysis revealed two distinct groups corresponding to each species, differentiating the pure morphotypes from sites 1 and 2. Site 3, corresponding to the hybrid swarm, was composed of pure P. alba and P. nigra trees and hybrid individuals. We found morphological and molecular evidence of hybridization between P. alba and P. nigra, and detected novel phenotypes in the hybrid site.","PeriodicalId":21834,"journal":{"name":"Silvae Genetica","volume":"52 1","pages":"44 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85674195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kimura, T. Nagashima, T. Kamitani, H. Sakio, Y. Tsumura
Abstract Clonal reproduction may contribute to population maintenance in areas where disturbance caused by snow limits tree recruitment. To understand the importance of clonal reproduction in the population dynamics of canopy tree species, it is necessary to determine the frequency of clonal reproduction in the early stages of seedling establishment. We found 106 ramets, including “small-sized” ramets of less than 5 cm in diameter at breast height, aggregated within 4 patches in a 70 × 50 m plot and also identified 20 genets among these ramets with the use of nuclear microsatellite markers. The size structure of the ramets revealed an inverse J-shaped distribution, suggesting that continuous recruitment of new ramets occurs. However, the number of intermediate-sized ramets (around 10 cm DBH) at the present study site was small, suggesting that most new ramets die while they are still small by pressure from heavy snow. Of the 20 genets, 12 included one or more small-sized ramets, which indicated recent recruitment. Of the 12 genets, 3 included only a single small-sized ramet, which suggested seedling recruitment, whereas the other 9 included multiple ramets (39 small-sized ramets in total), which indicated clonal recruitment. The frequency (9/12) and number (39/9) of recent clonal recruits suggest that clonal reproduction effectively maintains the population of Cryptomeria japonica in snowy regions.
{"title":"Recent clonal reproduction of Cryptomeria japonica in a snowy region revealed by a survey of small-sized ramets","authors":"M. Kimura, T. Nagashima, T. Kamitani, H. Sakio, Y. Tsumura","doi":"10.2478/sg-2020-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sg-2020-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Clonal reproduction may contribute to population maintenance in areas where disturbance caused by snow limits tree recruitment. To understand the importance of clonal reproduction in the population dynamics of canopy tree species, it is necessary to determine the frequency of clonal reproduction in the early stages of seedling establishment. We found 106 ramets, including “small-sized” ramets of less than 5 cm in diameter at breast height, aggregated within 4 patches in a 70 × 50 m plot and also identified 20 genets among these ramets with the use of nuclear microsatellite markers. The size structure of the ramets revealed an inverse J-shaped distribution, suggesting that continuous recruitment of new ramets occurs. However, the number of intermediate-sized ramets (around 10 cm DBH) at the present study site was small, suggesting that most new ramets die while they are still small by pressure from heavy snow. Of the 20 genets, 12 included one or more small-sized ramets, which indicated recent recruitment. Of the 12 genets, 3 included only a single small-sized ramet, which suggested seedling recruitment, whereas the other 9 included multiple ramets (39 small-sized ramets in total), which indicated clonal recruitment. The frequency (9/12) and number (39/9) of recent clonal recruits suggest that clonal reproduction effectively maintains the population of Cryptomeria japonica in snowy regions.","PeriodicalId":21834,"journal":{"name":"Silvae Genetica","volume":"2 1","pages":"152 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87895238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Microsatellite markers are most valuable tools for characterization of plant genetic resources or population genetic analysis. Since they are codominant and allelic markers, utilizing them in polyploid species remained doubtful. In such cases, microsatellite markers are usually analyzed by treating them as dominant marker. In the current study, it has been showed that despite of losing the advantage of co-dominance, microsatellite markers are still powerful tool for genotyping of polyploid species because of availability of large number of reproducible alleles per locus. It has been studied by genotyping of nineteen sub populations of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii (hexaploid bamboo species) with seventeen polymorphic SSR primer pairs. Among these, ten primers gave typical banding pattern of microsatellite marker as expected in diploid species but rest seven gave unusual pattern i.e. more than two bands per locus per genotype. In such case genotyping data are generally analyzed by considering as dominant markers. Given these facts, data were analyzed in both ways as dominant and codominant. All the seventeen primer were first scored as non-allelic data and analyzed; later ten primer pairs giving standard banding pattern were analyzed as allelic data and the results were compared. The UPGMA clustering and genetic structure showed that results obtained with both the data sets were very similar, and therefore the SSR marker could be utilized to characterize polyploid species by considering them as dominant marker. The study is highly useful to widen the scope of SSR markers applications and beneficial to the researchers dealing with polyploid species.
{"title":"Usage of microsatellite markers for characterization of polyploids: a case study in reference to hexaploid bamboo species","authors":"R. Meena, M. Bhandari, H. Ginwal","doi":"10.2478/sg-2020-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sg-2020-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Microsatellite markers are most valuable tools for characterization of plant genetic resources or population genetic analysis. Since they are codominant and allelic markers, utilizing them in polyploid species remained doubtful. In such cases, microsatellite markers are usually analyzed by treating them as dominant marker. In the current study, it has been showed that despite of losing the advantage of co-dominance, microsatellite markers are still powerful tool for genotyping of polyploid species because of availability of large number of reproducible alleles per locus. It has been studied by genotyping of nineteen sub populations of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii (hexaploid bamboo species) with seventeen polymorphic SSR primer pairs. Among these, ten primers gave typical banding pattern of microsatellite marker as expected in diploid species but rest seven gave unusual pattern i.e. more than two bands per locus per genotype. In such case genotyping data are generally analyzed by considering as dominant markers. Given these facts, data were analyzed in both ways as dominant and codominant. All the seventeen primer were first scored as non-allelic data and analyzed; later ten primer pairs giving standard banding pattern were analyzed as allelic data and the results were compared. The UPGMA clustering and genetic structure showed that results obtained with both the data sets were very similar, and therefore the SSR marker could be utilized to characterize polyploid species by considering them as dominant marker. The study is highly useful to widen the scope of SSR markers applications and beneficial to the researchers dealing with polyploid species.","PeriodicalId":21834,"journal":{"name":"Silvae Genetica","volume":"104 1","pages":"94 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88962644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Ginwal, R. Sharma, P. Chauhan, K. Rai, S. Barthwal
Abstract Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara) is one of the most important temperate timber species of Western Himalayas and is considered to be among the endangered conifer species in the region. Knowledge of genetic diversity and population structure will help guide gene conservation strategies for this species. Ten polymorphic chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSR) were used to study genetic diversity and population structure in twenty one natural populations of C. deodara throughout its entire distribution range in Western Himalayas. When alleles at each of the 10 loci were jointly analysed, 254 different haplotypes were identified among 1050 individuals. The cpSSRs indicate that C. deodara forests maintain a moderately high level of genetic diversity (mean h = 0.79 ). AMOVA analysis showed that most of the diversity in C. deodara occurs within populations. Bayesian analysis for population structure (BAPS) revealed spatial structuration of the variation (22 % of the total variation) and substructuring captured nineteen genetic clusters in the entire divisions of the populations. Most of the populations were clustered independently with minor admixtures. The distribution of genetic diversity and sub-structuring of C. deodara may be due to restricted gene flow due to geographic isolation, genetic drift, and natural selection. These findings indicated existence of genetically distinct and different high diversity and low diversity clusters, which are potential groups of populations that require attention for their conservation and management. The results are interpreted in context of future conservation plans for C. deodara.
{"title":"Chloroplast microsatellites reveal genetic diversity and population structure in natural populations of Himalayan Cedar (Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don) in India","authors":"H. Ginwal, R. Sharma, P. Chauhan, K. Rai, S. Barthwal","doi":"10.2478/sg-2020-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/sg-2020-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara) is one of the most important temperate timber species of Western Himalayas and is considered to be among the endangered conifer species in the region. Knowledge of genetic diversity and population structure will help guide gene conservation strategies for this species. Ten polymorphic chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSR) were used to study genetic diversity and population structure in twenty one natural populations of C. deodara throughout its entire distribution range in Western Himalayas. When alleles at each of the 10 loci were jointly analysed, 254 different haplotypes were identified among 1050 individuals. The cpSSRs indicate that C. deodara forests maintain a moderately high level of genetic diversity (mean h = 0.79 ). AMOVA analysis showed that most of the diversity in C. deodara occurs within populations. Bayesian analysis for population structure (BAPS) revealed spatial structuration of the variation (22 % of the total variation) and substructuring captured nineteen genetic clusters in the entire divisions of the populations. Most of the populations were clustered independently with minor admixtures. The distribution of genetic diversity and sub-structuring of C. deodara may be due to restricted gene flow due to geographic isolation, genetic drift, and natural selection. These findings indicated existence of genetically distinct and different high diversity and low diversity clusters, which are potential groups of populations that require attention for their conservation and management. The results are interpreted in context of future conservation plans for C. deodara.","PeriodicalId":21834,"journal":{"name":"Silvae Genetica","volume":"13 1","pages":"86 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81634173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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