Sociological Methods & Research最新文献

英文中文

Analyzing factorial survey data with structural equation models 用结构方程模型分析析因调查数据

IF 6.3 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Sociological Methods & Research

Pub Date : 2021-11-29 DOI: 10.1177/00491241211043139

Bert Weijters, E. Davidov, H. Baumgartner

In factorial survey designs, respondents evaluate multiple short descriptions of social objects (vignettes) that experimentally vary different levels of attributes of interest. Analytical methods (including individual-level regression analysis and multilevel models) estimate the weights (or utilities) assigned to the levels of the different attributes by participants to arrive at an overall response to the vignettes. In the current paper, we explain how data from factorial surveys can be analyzed in a structural equation modeling framework using an approach called structural equation modeling for within-subject experiments. We review the use of factorial surveys in social science research, discuss typically used methods to analyze factorial survey data, introduce the structural equation modeling for within-subject experiments approach, and present an empirical illustration of the proposed method. We conclude by describing several extensions, providing some practical recommendations, and discussing potential limitations.

在析因调查设计中，受访者评估了社交对象的多个简短描述（小插曲），这些描述在实验上改变了不同级别的兴趣属性。分析方法（包括个体水平回归分析和多级模型）估计参与者分配给不同属性水平的权重（或效用），以得出对小插曲的总体反应。在当前的论文中，我们解释了如何在结构方程建模框架中使用一种称为结构方程建模的方法来分析因子调查的数据，用于受试者内实验。我们回顾了因子调查在社会科学研究中的使用，讨论了分析因子调查数据的常用方法，介绍了受试者内实验方法的结构方程建模，并对所提出的方法进行了实证说明。最后，我们描述了几个扩展，提供了一些实用的建议，并讨论了潜在的局限性。

引用次数: 0

Using Inverse Probability Weighting to Address Post-Outcome Collider Bias 使用逆概率加权来解决结果后对撞机偏差

IF 6.3 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Sociological Methods & Research

Pub Date : 2021-11-17 DOI: 10.1177/00491241211043131

R. Breen, J. Ermisch

We consider the problem of bias arising from conditioning on a post-outcome collider. We illustrate this with reference to Elwert and Winship (2014) but we go beyond their study to investigate the extent to which inverse probability weighting might offer solutions. We use linear models to derive expressions for the bias arising in different kinds of post-outcome confounding, and we show the specific situations in which inverse probability weighting will allow us to obtain estimates that are consistent or, if not consistent, less biased than those obtained via ordinary least squares regression.

我们考虑由后结果对撞机条件反射引起的偏差问题。我们通过Elwert和Winship(2014)来说明这一点，但我们超越了他们的研究，调查了逆概率加权可能提供解决方案的程度。我们使用线性模型来推导在不同类型的结果后混淆中产生的偏差的表达式，并且我们展示了在特定情况下，逆概率加权将允许我们获得一致的估计，或者如果不一致，则比通过普通最小二乘回归获得的估计偏差更小。

引用次数: 1

Method Bias Mechanisms and Procedural Remedies 方法偏倚机制和程序补救

IF 6.3 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Sociological Methods & Research

Pub Date : 2021-11-10 DOI: 10.1177/00491241211043141

Minghui Yao, Y. Xu

As a crucial method in organizational and social behavior research, self-report surveys must manage method bias. Method biases are distorted scores in survey response, distorted variance in variables, and distorted relational estimates between variables caused by method designs. Studies on method bias have focused on post hoc statistical control, but integrated analyses of the sociopsychological mechanism of method bias are lacking. This review proposes a framework for method bias and offers a relatively complete and detailed review of the sociopsychological and statistical mechanisms of four main types of method bias and their procedural remedies. This review proposes “reduce, remove, and rectify” as a guideline for researchers in survey design to address method bias. Finally, this review presents two directions for future methodology research.

作为组织行为学和社会行为学研究的重要方法，自我报告调查必须控制方法偏差。方法偏差是指由方法设计引起的调查反应得分失真、变量方差失真以及变量间关系估计失真。对方法偏差的研究主要集中在事后统计控制上，但缺乏对方法偏差的社会心理机制的综合分析。本文提出了一个方法偏差的框架，并对四种主要类型的方法偏差的社会心理学和统计机制及其程序性补救措施进行了相对完整和详细的回顾。本综述提出“减少、删除和纠正”作为研究人员在调查设计中解决方法偏差的指导方针。最后，本文提出了未来方法论研究的两个方向。

引用次数: 3

Agent-Based Models for Assessing Complex Statistical Models: An Example Evaluating Selection and Social Influence Estimates from SIENA. 评估复杂统计模型的基于主体的模型:一个评估SIENA选择和社会影响估计的例子。

IF 6.5 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Sociological Methods & Research

Pub Date : 2021-11-01 Epub Date: 2019-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/0049124119826147

Sebastian Daza, L Kurt Kreuger

Although agent-based models (ABMs) have been increasingly accepted in social sciences as a valid tool to formalize theory, propose mechanisms able to recreate regularities, and guide empirical research, we are not aware of any research using ABMs to assess the robustness of our statistical methods. We argue that ABMs can be extremely helpful to assess models when the phenomena under study are complex. As an example, we create an ABM to evaluate the estimation of selection and influence effects by SIENA, a stochastic actor-oriented model proposed by Tom A. B. Snijders and colleagues. It is a prominent network analysis method that has gained popularity during the last 10 years and been applied to estimate selection and influence for a broad range of behaviors and traits such as substance use, delinquency, violence, health, and educational attainment. However, we know little about the conditions for which this method is reliable or the particular biases it might have. The results from our analysis show that selection and influence are estimated by SIENA asymmetrically and that, with very simple assumptions, we can generate data where selection estimates are highly sensitive to misspecification, suggesting caution when interpreting SIENA analyses.

尽管基于主体的模型（ABM）在社会科学中越来越被接受为一种有效的工具，可以将理论形式化，提出能够重现规律的机制，并指导实证研究，但我们不知道有任何研究使用ABM来评估我们统计方法的稳健性。我们认为，当所研究的现象很复杂时，ABM对评估模型非常有帮助。例如，我们创建了一个ABM来评估SIENA对选择和影响效应的估计，SIENA是Tom a.B.Snijders及其同事提出的一个面向参与者的随机模型。这是一种突出的网络分析方法，在过去10年中广受欢迎，并被应用于评估广泛行为和特征的选择和影响，如药物使用、犯罪、暴力、健康和教育程度。然而，我们对这种方法可靠的条件或可能存在的特定偏差知之甚少。我们的分析结果表明，选择和影响是由SIENA不对称估计的，通过非常简单的假设，我们可以生成选择估计对错误指定高度敏感的数据，这表明在解释SIENA分析时要谨慎。

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引用次数: 0

Measuring the Nature of Individual Sequences 测量单个序列的性质

IF 6.3 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Sociological Methods & Research

Pub Date : 2021-09-27 DOI: 10.1177/00491241211036156

G. Ritschard

This study reviews and compares indicators that can serve to characterize numerically the nature of state sequences. It also introduces several new indicators. Alongside basic measures such as the length, the number of visited distinct states, and the number of state changes, we shall consider composite measures such as turbulence and the complexity index, and measures that take account of the nature (e.g., positive vs. negative or ranking) of the states. The discussion points out the strange behavior of some of the measures—Elzinga’s turbulence and the precarity index of Ritschard, Bussi, and O’Reilly in particular—and propositions are made to avoid these flaws. The usage of the indicators is illustrated with two applications using data from the Swiss Household Panel. The first application tests the U-shape hypothesis about the evolution of life satisfaction along the life course, and the second one examines the scarring effect of earlier employment sequences.

本研究回顾并比较了可用来表征状态序列数值性质的指标。它还引入了几个新的指标。除了基本措施，如长度，访问不同的状态的数量，和状态变化的数量，我们将考虑复合措施，如湍流和复杂性指数，和措施，考虑到性质(例如，积极与消极或排名)的状态。讨论指出了一些测量方法的奇怪行为——尤其是elzinga的湍流和Ritschard、Bussi和O 'Reilly的不稳定性指数——并提出了避免这些缺陷的建议。指标的用法用瑞士家庭小组的两项应用数据来说明。第一个应用检验了生活满意度沿生命历程演变的u型假设，第二个应用检验了早期就业序列的疤痕效应。

引用次数: 13

Coping With Plenitude: A Computational Approach to Selecting the Right Algorithm 应对丰富:选择正确算法的计算方法

IF 6.3 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Sociological Methods & Research

Pub Date : 2021-09-13 DOI: 10.1177/00491241211031273

Ramina Sotoudeh, Paul DiMaggio

Sociologists increasingly face choices among competing algorithms that represent reasonable approaches to the same task, with little guidance in choosing among them. We develop a strategy that uses simulated data to identify the conditions under which different methods perform well and applies what is learned from the simulations to predict which method will perform best on never-before-seen empirical data sets. We apply this strategy to a class of methods that group respondents to attitude surveys according to whether they share construals of a given domain. This allows us to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of the methods we consider, including relational class analysis, correlational class analysis, and eight other such variants. Results support the “no free lunch” view that researchers should abandon the quest for one best algorithm in favor of matching algorithms to kinds of data for which each is most appropriate and provide direction on how to do so.

社会学家越来越多地面临着在相互竞争的算法中进行选择的问题，这些算法代表着对同一任务的合理方法，而在这些算法中的选择几乎没有指导。我们开发了一种策略，使用模拟数据来确定不同方法表现良好的条件，并应用从模拟中学到的知识来预测哪种方法在从未见过的经验数据集上表现最好。我们将这一策略应用于一类方法，根据受访者是否共享对给定领域的解释，对态度调查的受访者进行分组。这使我们能够确定我们考虑的方法的相对优势和劣势，包括关系类分析、相关类分析和其他八种此类变体。研究结果支持了“没有免费午餐”的观点，即研究人员应该放弃对一种最佳算法的追求，转而将算法与每种最合适的数据进行匹配，并为如何做到这一点提供指导。

引用次数: 4

Promise Into Practice: Application of Computer Vision in Empirical Research on Social Distancing 承诺付诸实践：计算机视觉在社交距离实证研究中的应用

IF 6.3 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Sociological Methods & Research

Pub Date : 2021-09-13 DOI: 10.1177/00491241221099554

W. Bernasco, Eveline Hoeben, D. Koelma, L. S. Liebst, Josephine Thomas, Joska Appelman, Cees G. M. Snoek, M. R. Lindegaard

Social scientists increasingly use video data, but large-scale analysis of its content is often constrained by scarce manual coding resources. Upscaling may be possible with the application of automated coding procedures, which are being developed in the field of computer vision. Here, we introduce computer vision to social scientists, review the state-of-the-art in relevant subfields, and provide a working example of how computer vision can be applied in empirical sociological work. Our application involves defining a ground truth by human coders, developing an algorithm for automated coding, testing the performance of the algorithm against the ground truth, and running the algorithm on a large-scale dataset of CCTV images. The working example concerns monitoring social distancing behavior in public space over more than a year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, we discuss prospects for the use of computer vision in empirical social science research and address technical and ethical challenges.

社会科学家越来越多地使用视频数据，但对其内容的大规模分析往往受到稀缺的人工编码资源的限制。随着计算机视觉领域正在开发的自动编码程序的应用，升级可能成为可能。在这里，我们向社会科学家介绍计算机视觉，回顾相关子领域的最新进展，并提供一个如何将计算机视觉应用于实证社会学工作的工作示例。我们的应用程序包括由人类编码器定义一个基本事实，开发一种自动编码算法，根据基本事实测试算法的性能，并在CCTV图像的大规模数据集上运行该算法。工作实例涉及在2019冠状病毒病大流行的一年多时间里监测公共场所的社交距离行为。最后，我们讨论了在实证社会科学研究中使用计算机视觉的前景，并解决了技术和伦理挑战。

引用次数: 6

A Robustness Test Protocol for Applied QCA: Theory and R Software Application 应用QCA的鲁棒性测试协议：理论与R软件应用

IF 6.3 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Sociological Methods & Research

Pub Date : 2021-08-26 DOI: 10.1177/00491241211036158

Ioana-Elena Oană, Carsten Q. Schneider

The robustness of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) results features high on the agenda of methodologists and practitioners. This article aims at advancing this debate on several fronts. First, in line with the extant literature, we take a comprehensive view on robustness arguing that decisions on calibration, consistency, and frequency thresholds should all be tested. Second, we introduce the notion of “sensitivity range” as the range of values for any of these parameters within which the solution formula remains unchanged. Third, we argue that interpreting robustness is more intricate than simply checking if solutions remain unchanged. Beyond sensitivity ranges, researchers should assess robustness by evaluating changes in parameters of fit and the classification of cases as robust, shaky, or possible. Fourth, we enable researchers to perform more than one robustness test at a time by proposing the notions of a “test set”: the overlap between conceptually plausible alternative solutions that can be generated; and of a “robust core”: that part of a QCA solution that withstands the robustness checks. Fifth, we present functionalities implemented in the R package SetMethods that enable researchers to put in practice our proposals. These advancements are integrated into a comprehensive QCA Robustness Test Protocol consisting of three main tests: sensitivity ranges, fit-oriented robustness, and case-oriented robustness. We illustrate the protocol’s implementation with an example on high life expectancy across the globe.

定性比较分析（QCA）结果的稳健性是方法学家和从业者的重要议程。这篇文章旨在从几个方面推进这场辩论。首先，根据现有文献，我们对稳健性持全面的看法，认为校准、一致性和频率阈值的决策都应该经过测试。其次，我们引入了“灵敏度范围”的概念，即求解公式保持不变的任何参数的值范围。第三，我们认为，解释稳健性比简单地检查解决方案是否保持不变更复杂。除了灵敏度范围外，研究人员还应通过评估拟合参数的变化来评估稳健性，并将病例分类为稳健、不稳定或可能。第四，我们通过提出“测试集”的概念，使研究人员能够一次进行不止一次的稳健性测试：可以生成的概念上合理的替代解决方案之间的重叠；以及“稳健核心”：QCA解决方案中经受住稳健检查的部分。第五，我们介绍了R包SetMethods中实现的功能，使研究人员能够将我们的建议付诸实践。这些进步被集成到一个全面的QCA稳健性测试协议中，该协议由三个主要测试组成：灵敏度范围、面向拟合的稳健性和面向案例的稳健性。我们以全球高预期寿命为例说明了该议定书的实施情况。

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引用次数: 14

A Tale of Twin Dependence: A New Multivariate Regression Model and an FGLS Estimator for Analyzing Outcomes With Network Dependence 双胞胎依赖的故事：一个新的多元回归模型和一个用于分析网络依赖结果的FGLS估计

IF 6.3 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Sociological Methods & Research

Pub Date : 2021-08-12 DOI: 10.1177/00491241211031263

Weihua An

In this article, I present a new multivariate regression model for analyzing outcomes with network dependence. The model is capable to account for two types of outcome dependence including the mean dependence that allows the outcome to depend on selected features of a known dependence network and the error dependence that allows the outcome to be additionally correlated based on patterned connections in the dependence network (e.g., according to whether the ties are asymmetric, mutual, or triadic). For example, when predicting a group of students’ smoking status, the outcome can depend on the students’ positions in their friendship network and also be correlated among friends. I show that analyses ignoring the mean dependence can lead to severe bias in the estimated coefficients while analyses ignoring the error dependence can lead to inefficient inferences and failures in recognizing unmeasured social processes. I compare the new model with related models such as multilevel models, spatial regression models, and exponential random graph models and show their connections and differences. I propose a two-step, feasible generalized least squares estimator to estimate the model that is computationally fast and robust. Simulations show the validity of the new model (and the estimator) while four empirical examples demonstrate its versatility. Associated R package “fglsnet” is available for public use.

在这篇文章中，我提出了一个新的多元回归模型来分析网络依赖的结果。该模型能够考虑两种类型的结果依赖性，包括允许结果依赖于已知依赖性网络的选定特征的平均依赖性和允许结果基于依赖性网络中的图案化连接（例如，根据关系是不对称的、相互的还是三元的）额外相关的误差依赖性。例如，当预测一组学生的吸烟状况时，结果可能取决于学生在友谊网络中的位置，也可能与朋友之间的关系有关。我表明，忽略均值相关性的分析可能会导致估计系数的严重偏差，而忽略误差相关性的分析则可能导致低效的推断和无法识别未测量的社会过程。我将新模型与相关模型（如多级模型、空间回归模型和指数随机图模型）进行了比较，并展示了它们之间的联系和差异。我提出了一种两步可行的广义最小二乘估计器来估计模型，该估计器在计算上快速且稳健。仿真结果表明了新模型（和估计器）的有效性，四个经验例子证明了其通用性。相关的R包“fglsnet”可供公众使用。

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引用次数: 0

The Social Autopsy 社会解剖

IF 6.3 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICAL METHODS

Sociological Methods & Research

Pub Date : 2021-08-09 DOI: 10.1177/00491241211036163

S. Timmermans, Pamela J. Prickett

The social autopsy takes the death of a set of individuals as its starting point and then critically and systematically examines social and political conditions to explain these deaths and generate awareness and policy change. After distinguishing the social autopsy from other means to explain excess and premature deaths, we delineate three core methodological principles of the social autopsy: social relevance as a guiding criterion to sample the deaths to be autopsied, embedding the patterning of deaths in social worlds, and a focus on contextual causality and social mechanisms. We provide three contemporary examples of excess deaths calling out for social autopsies: school shootings, Black deaths at the hands of police, and migrant border deaths.

社会解剖以一组人的死亡为出发点，然后批判性和系统地检查社会和政治条件，以解释这些死亡，并产生意识和政策变化。在将社会尸检与其他解释过量死亡和过早死亡的方法区分开来之后，我们描述了社会尸检的三个核心方法原则:将社会相关性作为尸检死亡样本的指导标准，将死亡模式嵌入社会世界，以及关注上下文因果关系和社会机制。我们提供了三个当代的过度死亡案例，需要进行社会解剖:学校枪击事件、黑人死于警察之手，以及移民边境死亡。

引用次数: 2

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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Sociological Methods & Research

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