Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2022.2065596
The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium deficiency and the continuous application of organic matter on paddy rice yield were examined in relation to the nutrient balance and changes in soil chemistry that were recorded over a period of 95 years, i.e., since 1926. The experiment consisted of the following nine treatment plots: NPK (complete), NF (non-fertilized), -N (non-nitrogen), -P (non-phosphorus), -K (non-potassium), +RSC750 (NPK+rice straw compost, 750 g m −2 ), +RSC2250 (NPK+rice straw compost, 2250 g m −2 ), NPK-Ca (NPK without slaked lime), and NF-Ca (non-fertilized and without slaked lime). The rice grain yield among various treatment plots was arranged in the following order: (NF-Ca, NF, -P)<-N<(-K, NPK-Ca, NPK)<+RSC750<+RSC2250. The yield ratios of the NF, -P, -N, and -K plots to the NPK plot were 0.27, 0.33, 0.44, and 0.94, respectively. Rice straw compost application increased the grain yield by 1.17 times for +RSC750 and by 1.31 times for +RSC2250 as compared with the NPK plot. Potassium balance was negative in the NF, NF-Ca, -K, NPK, NPK-Ca, and +RSC750 plots. Total soil potassium, exchangeable potassium, and nonexchangeable potassium concentrations were stable for the last 45 years (since 1976), despite the negative potassium balance. Although total potassium concentration in each experimental plot was almost equal, exchangeable potassium and nonexchangeable potassium concentrations differed depending on the treatment, reflecting potassium balance. These findings suggest that potassium dynamics in this paddy field have already reached equilibrium and that weathering of soil minerals is an important source of potassium for crop yield. In addition, potassium fertility in this paddy field is considered to be very persistent because the decrease in yield in the -K plot was lower than that in the NPK plot over 95 years. C of released CO 2 (to calculate primed carbon), and soil pH were periodically measured. After 60 days, the amount of primed carbon was −31.8, −56.9, −43.9, and 8.4 mg C kg −1 in the R, R+ FA5, R+ FA10, and R+ FA20 plots, respectively. Soil pH after 60 days were 4.5, 4.6, 5.0, 5.3, and 5.9 in the C, R, R+ FA5, R+ FA10, and R+ FA20 plots, respectively. These results indicated that 20% (w/w) fly ash application sig-nificantly ameliorated soil pH, led to a positive priming effect, and promoted the decomposition of native soil organic carbon. On the other hand, 5% and 10% (w/w) fly ash applications only slightly, but significantly, ameliorated soil pH ranges from 4.6 to 5.0 and 5.3, respectively, causing a negative priming effect similar to that observed in the R plot. To predict present-day soil distribution in Japan, it is necessary to clarify the effects of landform, land improvement, and land-use changes on soil class because many agricultural fields have experienced anthropogenic activities since the original agricultural soil maps were created. For this purpose, we compared the previous soil profiles of a p
从1926年以来95年的土壤养分平衡和土壤化学变化记录中，研究了氮、磷、钾缺乏和连续施用有机质对水稻产量的影响。试验包括9个处理区:NPK(完全)、NF(不施肥)、-N(不施肥)、-P(不施肥)、-K(不施肥)、+RSC750 (NPK+稻草堆肥，750 g m−2)、+RSC2250 (NPK+稻草堆肥，2250 g m−2)、NPK- ca(不施肥、不施肥)和NF- ca(不施肥、不施肥)。各处理区水稻产量排列顺序为:(NF- ca, NF， -P)<-N<(-K, NPK- ca, NPK)<+RSC750<+RSC2250。NF、-P、-N和-K与NPK的产量之比分别为0.27、0.33、0.44和0.94。水稻秸秆堆肥处理与氮磷钾处理相比，+RSC750处理增产1.17倍，+RSC2250处理增产1.31倍。NF、NF- ca、-K、NPK、NPK- ca和+RSC750小区钾平衡为负。土壤全钾、交换性钾和非交换性钾浓度在近45年(1976年以来)保持稳定，但存在负钾平衡。虽然各试验田总钾浓度基本相等，但不同处理的交换性钾和非交换性钾浓度不同，反映了钾平衡。这些结果表明，该水田的钾动态已经达到平衡，土壤矿物质的风化作用是作物产量钾的重要来源。此外，该稻田的钾肥力被认为是非常持久的，因为在95年的时间里，-K地块的产量下降幅度低于NPK地块。定期测定co2释放量C(计算底质碳)和土壤pH值。60 d后，R区、R+ FA5区、R+ FA10区和R+ FA20区引碳量分别为- 31.8、- 56.9、- 43.9和8.4 mg C kg - 1。C、R、R+ FA5、R+ FA10和R+ FA20样地60 d后土壤pH分别为4.5、4.6、5.0、5.3和5.9。结果表明，施用20% (w/w)粉煤灰显著改善了土壤pH值，导致了正启动效应，促进了土壤原生有机碳的分解。另一方面，施用5%和10% (w/w)粉煤灰对土壤pH值的改善作用虽小，但效果显著，分别为4.6 ~ 5.0和5.3，引起了与R图相似的负启动效应。为了预测日本目前的土壤分布，有必要澄清地形、土地改良和土地利用变化对土壤类别的影响，因为自原始农业土壤地图创建以来，许多农业领域都经历了人为活动。为此，我们将滋贺县稻田以前的土壤剖面与当今简单土壤剖面调查的结果进行了比较。调查结果表明，在土地改良和附近森林地区正常水分补充之前，glley低地土壤分布在山谷底部平原，无论土壤等级如何。虽然三角洲地形的土壤类别之间没有关系，但在引入排水系统和随后的土地利用变化后，土壤类别发生了变化。在土地改良之前发生在三角洲地区的低洼土壤随后被改变为其他土壤类别。经过50多年的水稻土形成过程，在三角洲地区成为低地-水稻土区之前，一些土壤提供了良好的排水条件。综上所述，尽管土地改良和土地利用变化对所调查的农田产生了重大影响，但我们仍然能够通过考虑当前地形和过去土壤条件来预测现代土壤分布。
{"title":"Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi 93 - 1","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00380768.2022.2065596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2022.2065596","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium deficiency and the continuous application of organic matter on paddy rice yield were examined in relation to the nutrient balance and changes in soil chemistry that were recorded over a period of 95 years, i.e., since 1926. The experiment consisted of the following nine treatment plots: NPK (complete), NF (non-fertilized), -N (non-nitrogen), -P (non-phosphorus), -K (non-potassium), +RSC750 (NPK+rice straw compost, 750 g m −2 ), +RSC2250 (NPK+rice straw compost, 2250 g m −2 ), NPK-Ca (NPK without slaked lime), and NF-Ca (non-fertilized and without slaked lime). The rice grain yield among various treatment plots was arranged in the following order: (NF-Ca, NF, -P)<-N<(-K, NPK-Ca, NPK)<+RSC750<+RSC2250. The yield ratios of the NF, -P, -N, and -K plots to the NPK plot were 0.27, 0.33, 0.44, and 0.94, respectively. Rice straw compost application increased the grain yield by 1.17 times for +RSC750 and by 1.31 times for +RSC2250 as compared with the NPK plot. Potassium balance was negative in the NF, NF-Ca, -K, NPK, NPK-Ca, and +RSC750 plots. Total soil potassium, exchangeable potassium, and nonexchangeable potassium concentrations were stable for the last 45 years (since 1976), despite the negative potassium balance. Although total potassium concentration in each experimental plot was almost equal, exchangeable potassium and nonexchangeable potassium concentrations differed depending on the treatment, reflecting potassium balance. These findings suggest that potassium dynamics in this paddy field have already reached equilibrium and that weathering of soil minerals is an important source of potassium for crop yield. In addition, potassium fertility in this paddy field is considered to be very persistent because the decrease in yield in the -K plot was lower than that in the NPK plot over 95 years. C of released CO 2 (to calculate primed carbon), and soil pH were periodically measured. After 60 days, the amount of primed carbon was −31.8, −56.9, −43.9, and 8.4 mg C kg −1 in the R, R+ FA5, R+ FA10, and R+ FA20 plots, respectively. Soil pH after 60 days were 4.5, 4.6, 5.0, 5.3, and 5.9 in the C, R, R+ FA5, R+ FA10, and R+ FA20 plots, respectively. These results indicated that 20% (w/w) fly ash application sig-nificantly ameliorated soil pH, led to a positive priming effect, and promoted the decomposition of native soil organic carbon. On the other hand, 5% and 10% (w/w) fly ash applications only slightly, but significantly, ameliorated soil pH ranges from 4.6 to 5.0 and 5.3, respectively, causing a negative priming effect similar to that observed in the R plot. To predict present-day soil distribution in Japan, it is necessary to clarify the effects of landform, land improvement, and land-use changes on soil class because many agricultural fields have experienced anthropogenic activities since the original agricultural soil maps were created. For this purpose, we compared the previous soil profiles of a p","PeriodicalId":21852,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition","volume":"8 1","pages":"339 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90014248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2022.2038521
S. Nishimura, M. Yoshimura, T. Yamane, N. Oka
ABSTRACT To elucidate the effects of slow-release fertilizers on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from fields with winter wheat cultivation in cool-temperate regions, we conducted a two-year field experiment in Hokkaido. Four types of fertilizer treatment, i.e., urea (U), coated urea (CU), coated calcium nitrate (CC), and no nitrogen fertilizer (NN) were investigated. In the U treatment, urea was applied at 40 and 90 + 60 kg N ha−1 in autumn and in spring, respectively. In the CU and CC treatments, all the nitrogen (190 kg N ha−1) was applied using coated fertilizers in autumn for the first cultivation, whereas nitrogen was applied at 130 kg N ha−1 using the coated fertilizers in autumn and the remaining 60 kg N ha−1 was applied using urea in spring for the second cultivation. The magnitudes and seasonal courses of N2O flux did not largely differ among the treatments (i.e., types of fertilizer), including the NN treatment in most of the experimental periods except that the N2O fluxes were higher in the U and CU treatments than in the CC and NN treatments at the beginning of the second wheat cultivation. In all the treatments, the N2O flux showed the highest peak immediately after basal fertilization, followed by other small peaks in autumn. After the next spring, the N2O flux consistently remained low until the wheat harvest including immediately after the end of snowmelt and after supplemental fertilizations. Cumulative N2O emissions tended to be lower in the CC treatment than in the U and CU treatments, although these differences in the emissions were not statistically significant. Although the wheat grain yields were lower in the CU and CC treatments than in the U treatments, the differences were small for the second wheat cultivation. These results indicate that reduction in N2O emission with no decrease in the wheat yield can be achieved by the basal application of slow-release nitrate fertilizer combined with the supplemental application of conventional fertilizer in winter wheat cultivation in Hokkaido, although further studies are still necessary to determine the optimum allocation levels of the basal and supplemental nitrogen applications.
摘要为研究缓释肥料对寒温带地区冬小麦田氮氧化物(N2O)排放的影响，在北海道进行了为期两年的田间试验。研究了尿素(U)、包膜尿素(CU)、包膜硝酸钙(CC)和不施氮肥(NN) 4种施肥处理。在U处理中，分别在秋季和春季按40和90 + 60 kg N ha - 1施用尿素。在CU和CC处理中，所有氮肥(190 kg N ha - 1)在秋季进行第一次包衣施肥，其余氮肥(130 kg N ha - 1)在秋季进行包衣施肥，其余60 kg N ha - 1在春季进行尿素施肥，进行第二次施肥。N2O通量的大小和季节变化过程在不同的处理(即肥料类型)之间没有太大差异，除了在小麦二次栽培开始时，U和CU处理的N2O通量高于CC和NN处理外，在大多数试验时期，包括NN处理在内的N2O通量都没有太大差异。在所有处理中，N2O通量在基施后立即达到峰值，在秋季出现小峰值。次年春季后，N2O通量一直保持在较低水平，直至小麦收获，包括融雪结束后和补充施肥后。CC处理的累积N2O排放量倾向于低于U和CU处理，尽管这种差异在排放上没有统计学意义。虽然CU和CC处理的小麦产量低于U处理，但在小麦二次栽培中差异不大。综上所述，北海道冬小麦栽培中，缓释硝态氮基肥配施常规肥可在不降低小麦产量的情况下实现氮氧化物排放的减少，但基肥和氮肥的最佳配施水平仍需进一步研究。
{"title":"Effects of coated slow-release fertilizers on nitrous oxide emission from winter wheat field in a cool-temperate region in Japan","authors":"S. Nishimura, M. Yoshimura, T. Yamane, N. Oka","doi":"10.1080/00380768.2022.2038521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2022.2038521","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT To elucidate the effects of slow-release fertilizers on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from fields with winter wheat cultivation in cool-temperate regions, we conducted a two-year field experiment in Hokkaido. Four types of fertilizer treatment, i.e., urea (U), coated urea (CU), coated calcium nitrate (CC), and no nitrogen fertilizer (NN) were investigated. In the U treatment, urea was applied at 40 and 90 + 60 kg N ha−1 in autumn and in spring, respectively. In the CU and CC treatments, all the nitrogen (190 kg N ha−1) was applied using coated fertilizers in autumn for the first cultivation, whereas nitrogen was applied at 130 kg N ha−1 using the coated fertilizers in autumn and the remaining 60 kg N ha−1 was applied using urea in spring for the second cultivation. The magnitudes and seasonal courses of N2O flux did not largely differ among the treatments (i.e., types of fertilizer), including the NN treatment in most of the experimental periods except that the N2O fluxes were higher in the U and CU treatments than in the CC and NN treatments at the beginning of the second wheat cultivation. In all the treatments, the N2O flux showed the highest peak immediately after basal fertilization, followed by other small peaks in autumn. After the next spring, the N2O flux consistently remained low until the wheat harvest including immediately after the end of snowmelt and after supplemental fertilizations. Cumulative N2O emissions tended to be lower in the CC treatment than in the U and CU treatments, although these differences in the emissions were not statistically significant. Although the wheat grain yields were lower in the CU and CC treatments than in the U treatments, the differences were small for the second wheat cultivation. These results indicate that reduction in N2O emission with no decrease in the wheat yield can be achieved by the basal application of slow-release nitrate fertilizer combined with the supplemental application of conventional fertilizer in winter wheat cultivation in Hokkaido, although further studies are still necessary to determine the optimum allocation levels of the basal and supplemental nitrogen applications.","PeriodicalId":21852,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition","volume":"8 1","pages":"305 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85218267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-02DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2022.2045847
Wei Yajuan, Liu Meiying, Wang Ji, Dang Xiaohong, Han Yanlong
ABSTRACT Enclosure is an effective strategy for enhancing soil carbon sequestration in the desert steppe. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and its stock during changes in the plant community influence soil fertility and the global carbon cycle. We studied changes in SOC and its stock along with six plant community types in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, northern China. The goal of this study was to explore differences in SOC and its stock among plant communities while accounting for the effects of environmental factors. We collected 336 soil samples at four soil depths (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm) and vegetation attributes from 84 plots in the enclosure. The results revealed that plant community type and soil depth were the most influential factors for root biomass, SOC, and SOC stock. Total root biomass varied from 229.21 to 731.71 g·m−2 and was ranked as follows: Koeleria cristata > Leymus chinensis > Stipa krylovii >Allium mongolicum >Stipa breviflora > Convolvulus ammannii. Mean SOC and its stock of soils associated with K. cristata were 1.94 and 1.62 times higher than that measured for C. ammannii soils, respectively. Root biomass, SOC, and its stock gradually decreased with soil depth. Stratification ratios (SR s) of SOC increased with soil depth for different plant communities and showed better soil quality (except C. ammannii and A. mongolicum). Results from redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that root biomass, clay, coverage, and litter biomass had significant impacts on SOC and SOC stock. We conclude that the plant community had the greatest effect on improving SOC stock after enclosure, and plant root biomass contributed the most to SOC stock.
{"title":"The effects of vegetation communities on soil organic carbon stock in an enclosed desert-steppe region of northern China","authors":"Wei Yajuan, Liu Meiying, Wang Ji, Dang Xiaohong, Han Yanlong","doi":"10.1080/00380768.2022.2045847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2022.2045847","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Enclosure is an effective strategy for enhancing soil carbon sequestration in the desert steppe. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and its stock during changes in the plant community influence soil fertility and the global carbon cycle. We studied changes in SOC and its stock along with six plant community types in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, northern China. The goal of this study was to explore differences in SOC and its stock among plant communities while accounting for the effects of environmental factors. We collected 336 soil samples at four soil depths (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm) and vegetation attributes from 84 plots in the enclosure. The results revealed that plant community type and soil depth were the most influential factors for root biomass, SOC, and SOC stock. Total root biomass varied from 229.21 to 731.71 g·m−2 and was ranked as follows: Koeleria cristata > Leymus chinensis > Stipa krylovii >Allium mongolicum >Stipa breviflora > Convolvulus ammannii. Mean SOC and its stock of soils associated with K. cristata were 1.94 and 1.62 times higher than that measured for C. ammannii soils, respectively. Root biomass, SOC, and its stock gradually decreased with soil depth. Stratification ratios (SR s) of SOC increased with soil depth for different plant communities and showed better soil quality (except C. ammannii and A. mongolicum). Results from redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that root biomass, clay, coverage, and litter biomass had significant impacts on SOC and SOC stock. We conclude that the plant community had the greatest effect on improving SOC stock after enclosure, and plant root biomass contributed the most to SOC stock.","PeriodicalId":21852,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition","volume":"176 1","pages":"284 - 294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79812405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-02DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2022.2045553
Yoshiki Tokonami, Taketo Funao, Toshiya Oga, M. Nishida, Tomoki Takahashi, S. Asakawa
ABSTRACT Soil microbial biomass (microbial biomass) contains substantial amounts of potassium (K) as a reservoir of K in soils. However, information about K dynamics and K flux through the microbial biomass are lacking. In the present study, the turnover time of microbial biomass K was estimated for the first time using paddy field soils. The paddy field soils, either amended with substrates of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, or not, were aerobically incubated for 60 days, during which the amounts of microbial biomass K were periodically determined by the chloroform fumigation-extraction procedure. Microbial biomass K increased to twice (51.4–72.3 mg K kg−1 soil) of that in the unamended control 5 days after addition of the substrates and gradually decreased to the values in the control (25.2–44.0 mg K kg−1 soil) until 60 days of the incubation. The turnover time of microbial biomass K was estimated from the declines in the substrate amended soils. The turnover time of microbial biomass K ranged from 80.4 to 98.5 days, which roughly corresponded to the cultivation period of rice (about 100 days). These results indicated that microbial biomass K plays important roles in the supply of K source as well as the reservoir of K in paddy field soil.
土壤微生物生物量(微生物生物量)含有大量的钾(K)作为钾在土壤中的水库。然而，关于微生物生物量的钾动力学和钾通量的信息缺乏。本研究首次利用水田土壤估算了微生物生物量钾的周转时间。将水田土壤分别添加或不添加碳、氮和磷基质，进行好氧培养60天，在此期间，通过氯仿熏蒸提取程序定期测定微生物生物量K的数量。添加底物后第5天，微生物生物量K增加到未添加对照的2倍(51.4-72.3 mg K kg−1土壤)，并逐渐下降到对照组(25.2-44.0 mg K kg−1土壤)，直到培养60天。微生物生物量K的周转时间由基质改良土壤的下降量估算。微生物生物量K的周转时间为80.4 ~ 98.5 d，与水稻的栽培期(约100 d)基本一致。这些结果表明，微生物量钾在稻田土壤钾源供应和钾库中起着重要作用。
{"title":"Estimation of turnover time of microbial biomass potassium in paddy field soil","authors":"Yoshiki Tokonami, Taketo Funao, Toshiya Oga, M. Nishida, Tomoki Takahashi, S. Asakawa","doi":"10.1080/00380768.2022.2045553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2022.2045553","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soil microbial biomass (microbial biomass) contains substantial amounts of potassium (K) as a reservoir of K in soils. However, information about K dynamics and K flux through the microbial biomass are lacking. In the present study, the turnover time of microbial biomass K was estimated for the first time using paddy field soils. The paddy field soils, either amended with substrates of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, or not, were aerobically incubated for 60 days, during which the amounts of microbial biomass K were periodically determined by the chloroform fumigation-extraction procedure. Microbial biomass K increased to twice (51.4–72.3 mg K kg−1 soil) of that in the unamended control 5 days after addition of the substrates and gradually decreased to the values in the control (25.2–44.0 mg K kg−1 soil) until 60 days of the incubation. The turnover time of microbial biomass K was estimated from the declines in the substrate amended soils. The turnover time of microbial biomass K ranged from 80.4 to 98.5 days, which roughly corresponded to the cultivation period of rice (about 100 days). These results indicated that microbial biomass K plays important roles in the supply of K source as well as the reservoir of K in paddy field soil.","PeriodicalId":21852,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition","volume":"39 1","pages":"275 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78838798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-24DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2022.2037392
Shin Deguchi, H. Uchino, S. Uozumi, E. Touno, S. Morita
ABSTRACT It is well known that legume green manure (GM) supplies nitrogen (N) to succeeding crops. However, in Japan, there are few experimental field studies that have quantitatively evaluated the effect of GM on the N supply. To estimate the inorganic N fertilizer equivalency of GM for the succeeding corn crop, two field experiments were conducted in 2012 at Morioka, Tohoku district (cool climate region) and in 2014 at Nasushiobara, Kanto district (warm temperate region). Each experiment had a split-plot design with a factorial arrangement of two cropping systems, hairy vetch [HV; Vicia villosa Roth] GM and conventional cultivation, with four N fertilizer treatments (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha−1). In both sites, GM increased the N uptake and, as a result, the shoot yield of the succeeding forage (silage) corn. The apparent N recovery rates of HV shoot were 64% at Morioka and 24% at Nasushiobara. The inorganic N fertilizer equivalency rates of HV shoot were 82% at Morioka and 104% at Nasushiobara. In conclusion, by introducing HV as a GM, we can reduce the amount of inorganic N fertilizer applied to the succeeding corn crop with the same amount as at least 80% of N uptake in HV shoot.
众所周知，豆科绿肥(GM)为后续作物提供氮(N)。然而，在日本，很少有田间试验研究定量评价转基因对氮素供应的影响。为了估算转基因玉米后续作物的无机氮肥当量，分别于2012年和2014年分别在东北地区森冈和关东地区暖温带那素原进行了两次大田试验。每个试验都采用裂地设计，采用两种种植制度的析因安排，毛豆[HV];采用4种氮肥处理(0、75、150和225 kg N ha - 1)进行转基因和常规栽培。在这两个试验点，转基因提高了氮素吸收，从而提高了后续牧草(青贮)玉米的茎部产量。HV苗的表观氮素回收率在盛冈为64%，在真原为24%。盛冈和初原的HV地上部无机氮肥当量率分别为82%和104%。综上所述，通过引入HV作为转基因作物，我们可以减少后续玉米作物的无机氮肥用量，其用量至少相当于HV茎部氮素吸收量的80%。
{"title":"The inorganic nitrogen fertilizer equivalency of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) as a winter green manure in Kanto and Tohoku district, Japan","authors":"Shin Deguchi, H. Uchino, S. Uozumi, E. Touno, S. Morita","doi":"10.1080/00380768.2022.2037392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2022.2037392","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is well known that legume green manure (GM) supplies nitrogen (N) to succeeding crops. However, in Japan, there are few experimental field studies that have quantitatively evaluated the effect of GM on the N supply. To estimate the inorganic N fertilizer equivalency of GM for the succeeding corn crop, two field experiments were conducted in 2012 at Morioka, Tohoku district (cool climate region) and in 2014 at Nasushiobara, Kanto district (warm temperate region). Each experiment had a split-plot design with a factorial arrangement of two cropping systems, hairy vetch [HV; Vicia villosa Roth] GM and conventional cultivation, with four N fertilizer treatments (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha−1). In both sites, GM increased the N uptake and, as a result, the shoot yield of the succeeding forage (silage) corn. The apparent N recovery rates of HV shoot were 64% at Morioka and 24% at Nasushiobara. The inorganic N fertilizer equivalency rates of HV shoot were 82% at Morioka and 104% at Nasushiobara. In conclusion, by introducing HV as a GM, we can reduce the amount of inorganic N fertilizer applied to the succeeding corn crop with the same amount as at least 80% of N uptake in HV shoot.","PeriodicalId":21852,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition","volume":"29 1","pages":"268 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90785251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2022.2040340
T. Nozoe, S. Miura, J. Tazawa, A. Uchino
ABSTRACT In organic paddy fields, one of the toughest weeds to control is Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Kunth. The application of fresh rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran to soil suppresses the germination of this weed. In stark contrast, the scarcely decomposable component of this material stimulates the germination. This review focuses on the elucidation of these conflicting traits. One of the chemical factors for the suppression is toxic substances such as organic acids. In addition, rice bran application enhances the piling of small soil particles by tubificids on the soil surface. This layer acts as a physical factor that slows germination, presumably because its fine grains prevent light from reaching the seed. The newly accumulated soil with small particle was sampled for the analysis of the settled soil volume in water (SSVW). This value corresponds to the mud volume in water per dry weight. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil solution and the SSVW of the soil surface are useful indicators to evaluate the chemical and physical factors that control germination, respectively. EC and SSVW have been traced in paddy fields where rice bran was applied. The chemical and physical factors were active during the earlier and latter halves of the month after transplanting, respectively. These factors worked in a complementary manner. Paddy soil is typically equipped with the ability to reduce oxygen (O2). This trait enhances the number of M. vaginalis plants because hypoxic conditions are preferable for germination. Anaerobic soil conditions are not required for the expression of O2-reducing power. A long-term application of rice bran might intensify this power because a scarcely decomposable component of rice bran contains a significant amount of O2-reducing substances. The presence of conflicting factors that suppress and enhance germination might destabilize the efficacy of the rice bran.
{"title":"Suppressive and promotive effects of rice bran on germination of Monochoria vaginalis in organic rice (Oryza sativa L.) production","authors":"T. Nozoe, S. Miura, J. Tazawa, A. Uchino","doi":"10.1080/00380768.2022.2040340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2022.2040340","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In organic paddy fields, one of the toughest weeds to control is Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Kunth. The application of fresh rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran to soil suppresses the germination of this weed. In stark contrast, the scarcely decomposable component of this material stimulates the germination. This review focuses on the elucidation of these conflicting traits. One of the chemical factors for the suppression is toxic substances such as organic acids. In addition, rice bran application enhances the piling of small soil particles by tubificids on the soil surface. This layer acts as a physical factor that slows germination, presumably because its fine grains prevent light from reaching the seed. The newly accumulated soil with small particle was sampled for the analysis of the settled soil volume in water (SSVW). This value corresponds to the mud volume in water per dry weight. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil solution and the SSVW of the soil surface are useful indicators to evaluate the chemical and physical factors that control germination, respectively. EC and SSVW have been traced in paddy fields where rice bran was applied. The chemical and physical factors were active during the earlier and latter halves of the month after transplanting, respectively. These factors worked in a complementary manner. Paddy soil is typically equipped with the ability to reduce oxygen (O2). This trait enhances the number of M. vaginalis plants because hypoxic conditions are preferable for germination. Anaerobic soil conditions are not required for the expression of O2-reducing power. A long-term application of rice bran might intensify this power because a scarcely decomposable component of rice bran contains a significant amount of O2-reducing substances. The presence of conflicting factors that suppress and enhance germination might destabilize the efficacy of the rice bran.","PeriodicalId":21852,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition","volume":"26 1","pages":"374 - 382"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89812169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2022.2040339
T. Honma, T. Tsuchida, Katsuhiro Ishii, T. Mizuno, Y. Ishigooka, T. Takimoto, T. Kuwagata
ABSTRACT Paddy soil temperatures (Ts) are required to evaluate the mineralization patterns of organic fertilizers in rice paddies. We have developed an estimation method for Ts based on the heat balance model using Agro-Meteorological Grid Square Data (AMD) with a horizontal resolution of 1 km × 1 km. The paddy water temperature (Tw) (daily mean, assuming leaf area index LAI = 0) was first calculated from the AMD using the heat balance equation. Next, the daily mean Ts was evaluated using the empirical relationship between Ts and Tw. The value of Ts can be expressed as a linear function of a time series for Tw for up to 3 days prior. At five test sites in Niigata prefecture, Japan, the mean difference and root mean square errors between the estimated and measured Ts ranged from −0.54°C to 0.77°C (mean: 0.00°C) and from 0.53°C to 1.21°C (mean: 0.86°C), respectively. Overall, the results using the estimated Ts were found to agree with the observations for each field. Using the developed Ts estimation method and the nitrogen (N) mineralization parameters of organic fertilizers, we estimated the N mineralization patterns of four fertilizers at five test sites. The results show a good agreement with the measured values. This suggests that the proposed Ts estimation method in conjunction with the AMD can be utilized to estimate the N mineralization of organic fertilizers applied in paddy fields in Niigata prefecture.
稻田土壤温度(Ts)是评价稻田中有机肥矿化模式的必要条件。基于农业气象方格网数据(AMD)的热平衡模型，提出了一种水平分辨率为1 km × 1 km的Ts估算方法。首先利用热平衡方程从AMD计算出稻田水温(Tw)(日平均值，假设叶面积指数LAI = 0)。接下来，利用Ts和Tw之间的经验关系来评估日平均Ts。Ts的值可以表示为3天前Tw的时间序列的线性函数。在日本新潟县的五个试验点，估计和测量的Ts之间的平均差值和均方根误差分别为- 0.54°C至0.77°C(平均值:0.00°C)和0.53°C至1.21°C(平均值:0.86°C)。总体而言，发现使用估计t的结果与每个领域的观察结果一致。利用建立的Ts估算方法和有机肥氮素矿化参数，估算了4种有机肥在5个试验点的氮素矿化规律。计算结果与实测值吻合较好。这表明，结合AMD的Ts估算方法可用于估算新泻县稻田施用有机肥的N矿化。
{"title":"New estimation model for paddy soil temperature in early growth stage, and its application to estimate nitrogen mineralization of organic fertilizer","authors":"T. Honma, T. Tsuchida, Katsuhiro Ishii, T. Mizuno, Y. Ishigooka, T. Takimoto, T. Kuwagata","doi":"10.1080/00380768.2022.2040339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2022.2040339","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Paddy soil temperatures (Ts) are required to evaluate the mineralization patterns of organic fertilizers in rice paddies. We have developed an estimation method for Ts based on the heat balance model using Agro-Meteorological Grid Square Data (AMD) with a horizontal resolution of 1 km × 1 km. The paddy water temperature (Tw) (daily mean, assuming leaf area index LAI = 0) was first calculated from the AMD using the heat balance equation. Next, the daily mean Ts was evaluated using the empirical relationship between Ts and Tw. The value of Ts can be expressed as a linear function of a time series for Tw for up to 3 days prior. At five test sites in Niigata prefecture, Japan, the mean difference and root mean square errors between the estimated and measured Ts ranged from −0.54°C to 0.77°C (mean: 0.00°C) and from 0.53°C to 1.21°C (mean: 0.86°C), respectively. Overall, the results using the estimated Ts were found to agree with the observations for each field. Using the developed Ts estimation method and the nitrogen (N) mineralization parameters of organic fertilizers, we estimated the N mineralization patterns of four fertilizers at five test sites. The results show a good agreement with the measured values. This suggests that the proposed Ts estimation method in conjunction with the AMD can be utilized to estimate the N mineralization of organic fertilizers applied in paddy fields in Niigata prefecture.","PeriodicalId":21852,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition","volume":"36 1","pages":"295 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81395943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2022.2031284
Thoa Phuong Nguyen, Y. Takagai, H. Tsukada
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to estimate the contribution of water-derived 137Cs in the total activity of 137Cs in brown rice collected from Minamisoma, Fukushima. Three different methods used for the estimation were: 1) the concentration ratio of 137Cs from water to brown rice (CR–water–rice), 2) mass balance ratio of the total activity of 137Cs from water to brown rice (MB–water–rice), and 3) the ratio of 137Cs/133Cs. To obtain water-to-brown rice transfer parameters (CR–water–rice and MB–water–rice), rice plants were grown in pots filled with soil collected from Minamisoma, Fukushima and irrigated with three types of water (tap water free of 137Cs containing 0.39 mg L−1 K+, tap water free of 137Cs containing 1.0 mg L−1 K+, and tap water containing 5.6 Bq L−1 137Cs and 1.0 mg L−1 K+). The activity concentrations of 137Cs in irrigation water, soils, and brown rice collected from Minamisoma, Fukushima were 0.032 Bq L−1, 1.04, and 0.0012 Bq g−1 dry wt, respectively. Water-derived 137Cs in brown rice only accounted for 1.9% estimated from the CR–water–rice parameter. It was 2.8% if estimated with the MB–water–rice parameter. The ratio of 137Cs/133Cs in brown rice was 0.00162 Bq ng−1, similar to that in the exchangeable fraction of soils (0.00173 ± 0.00007 Bq ng−1, n = 3). Thus, the contribution of 137Cs from irrigation water to brown rice was negligible. The results estimated by three different methods were in good agreement. Therefore, these methods will be useful tools for assessing the contribution of water-derived 137Cs in the total activity of 137Cs in brown rice collected from Minamisoma, Fukushima. The estimation using 137Cs/133Cs ratio can also be applicable for rice in other regions.
{"title":"Estimate the contribution of water-derived 137Cs in the total 137Cs in brown rice using water-to-brown rice transfer parameters and the ratio of 137Cs/133Cs","authors":"Thoa Phuong Nguyen, Y. Takagai, H. Tsukada","doi":"10.1080/00380768.2022.2031284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2022.2031284","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to estimate the contribution of water-derived 137Cs in the total activity of 137Cs in brown rice collected from Minamisoma, Fukushima. Three different methods used for the estimation were: 1) the concentration ratio of 137Cs from water to brown rice (CR–water–rice), 2) mass balance ratio of the total activity of 137Cs from water to brown rice (MB–water–rice), and 3) the ratio of 137Cs/133Cs. To obtain water-to-brown rice transfer parameters (CR–water–rice and MB–water–rice), rice plants were grown in pots filled with soil collected from Minamisoma, Fukushima and irrigated with three types of water (tap water free of 137Cs containing 0.39 mg L−1 K+, tap water free of 137Cs containing 1.0 mg L−1 K+, and tap water containing 5.6 Bq L−1 137Cs and 1.0 mg L−1 K+). The activity concentrations of 137Cs in irrigation water, soils, and brown rice collected from Minamisoma, Fukushima were 0.032 Bq L−1, 1.04, and 0.0012 Bq g−1 dry wt, respectively. Water-derived 137Cs in brown rice only accounted for 1.9% estimated from the CR–water–rice parameter. It was 2.8% if estimated with the MB–water–rice parameter. The ratio of 137Cs/133Cs in brown rice was 0.00162 Bq ng−1, similar to that in the exchangeable fraction of soils (0.00173 ± 0.00007 Bq ng−1, n = 3). Thus, the contribution of 137Cs from irrigation water to brown rice was negligible. The results estimated by three different methods were in good agreement. Therefore, these methods will be useful tools for assessing the contribution of water-derived 137Cs in the total activity of 137Cs in brown rice collected from Minamisoma, Fukushima. The estimation using 137Cs/133Cs ratio can also be applicable for rice in other regions.","PeriodicalId":21852,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition","volume":"10 1","pages":"329 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78297756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-26DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2022.2032335
K. Tawaraya
ABSTRACT Mycorrhizal fungi symbiotically associate with 80% of land plants, extend extraradical hyphae in the soil, and promote phosphorus (P) uptake in host plants. It is necessary to utilize the function of mycorrhizal symbiosis to cope with future depletion of P resources. Elucidation of the mycorrhizal colonization mechanism for utilizing mycorrhizal fungi, inoculation methods in agriculture and forestry, and new function of extraradical hyphae are described. Root exudates from P-deficient plants promoted extraradical hyphal growth and a hydrophobic fraction of the exudates promoted the formation of appressorium and subsequent colonization of the roots. Inoculation with a mycorrhizal fungus at the nursery stage reduced phosphate fertilizer application in Welsh onion cultivation and thus production cost. Inoculation with ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased the growth of tropical tree species under nursery and field conditions. Acid phosphatase was secreted from the extraradical hyphae of Rhizophagus clarus and its activity was increased under low P conditions. We found that utilization of AM fungi is useful as a strategy for sustainable P resource use.
{"title":"Response of mycorrhizal symbiosis to phosphorus and its application for sustainable crop production and remediation of environment","authors":"K. Tawaraya","doi":"10.1080/00380768.2022.2032335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2022.2032335","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mycorrhizal fungi symbiotically associate with 80% of land plants, extend extraradical hyphae in the soil, and promote phosphorus (P) uptake in host plants. It is necessary to utilize the function of mycorrhizal symbiosis to cope with future depletion of P resources. Elucidation of the mycorrhizal colonization mechanism for utilizing mycorrhizal fungi, inoculation methods in agriculture and forestry, and new function of extraradical hyphae are described. Root exudates from P-deficient plants promoted extraradical hyphal growth and a hydrophobic fraction of the exudates promoted the formation of appressorium and subsequent colonization of the roots. Inoculation with a mycorrhizal fungus at the nursery stage reduced phosphate fertilizer application in Welsh onion cultivation and thus production cost. Inoculation with ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased the growth of tropical tree species under nursery and field conditions. Acid phosphatase was secreted from the extraradical hyphae of Rhizophagus clarus and its activity was increased under low P conditions. We found that utilization of AM fungi is useful as a strategy for sustainable P resource use.","PeriodicalId":21852,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition","volume":"26 1","pages":"241 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81301757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-22DOI: 10.1080/00380768.2022.2029220
N. Cuc, T. Ezawa, Katsuharu Saito
ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with land plants and supply soil minerals including phosphorus to their hosts. AM fungi accumulate polyphosphate (polyP), a linear phosphate polymer, in their mycelia, which functions in phosphorus storage and translocation. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it has been demonstrated that the vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 (VTC4) protein, a subunit of the VTC complex, is responsible for polyP synthesis. Here, we conducted a comprehensive survey of VTC proteins in eight AM fungal genomes by Blast analysis and characterized the biochemical properties of the Rhizophagus irregularis VTC4. The genomes of AM fungal species encode VTC1, VTC2, and VTC4. The recombinant protein RiVTC4* (RiVTC4183–474) containing the catalytic tunnel domain was expressed in E. coli cells and purified. RiVTC4* is capable of catalyzing polyP polymerization using ATP as a substrate. Pyrophosphate enhanced polyP-polymerizing activity >10-fold. RiVTC4* exhibited maximum activity at neutral pH and required divalent metal ions, preferentially Mn2+. In the presence of high concentrations of ADP, the reverse reaction (the regeneration of ATP from polyP) by RiVTC4* occurred. In the range of 0.2–5 mM ADP, polyP depolymerization by the reverse reaction was observed at the ATP/ADP ratio of less than 2–5. These results suggest that AM fungal VTC4 not only synthesizes polyP but also regenerates ATP from polyP and ADP, which has potential implications for the modulation of polyP and ATP levels in AM fungi.
丛枝菌根真菌(AM)与陆地植物形成共生关系，为寄主提供包括磷在内的土壤矿物质。AM真菌在其菌丝中积累聚磷酸盐(polyP)，这是一种线性磷酸盐聚合物，具有磷的储存和转运功能。在出芽酵母酿酒酵母中，已经证明液泡转运蛋白伴侣蛋白4 (VTC4)是VTC复合物的一个亚基，负责polyP的合成。本研究利用Blast分析方法对8个AM真菌基因组的VTC蛋白进行了全面分析，并对不规则根噬菌VTC4的生化特性进行了表征。AM真菌物种的基因组编码VTC1、VTC2和VTC4。含有催化隧道结构域的重组蛋白RiVTC4* (RiVTC4183-474)在大肠杆菌细胞中得到表达和纯化。RiVTC4*能够以ATP为底物催化聚酰亚胺聚合。焦磷酸盐使聚合物聚合活性提高了10倍以上。RiVTC4*在中性pH下表现出最大的活性，需要二价金属离子，优先是Mn2+。在高浓度ADP存在的情况下，RiVTC4*发生了逆反应(从息肉中再生ATP)。在0.2-5 mM ADP范围内，当ATP/ADP比小于2-5时，可观察到聚丙烯发生逆反应解聚。这些结果表明AM真菌VTC4不仅可以合成polyP，还可以从polyP和ADP中再生ATP，这可能对AM真菌中polyP和ATP水平的调节有潜在的影响。
{"title":"Polyphosphate polymerizing and depolymerizing activity of VTC4 protein in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus","authors":"N. Cuc, T. Ezawa, Katsuharu Saito","doi":"10.1080/00380768.2022.2029220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2022.2029220","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with land plants and supply soil minerals including phosphorus to their hosts. AM fungi accumulate polyphosphate (polyP), a linear phosphate polymer, in their mycelia, which functions in phosphorus storage and translocation. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it has been demonstrated that the vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 (VTC4) protein, a subunit of the VTC complex, is responsible for polyP synthesis. Here, we conducted a comprehensive survey of VTC proteins in eight AM fungal genomes by Blast analysis and characterized the biochemical properties of the Rhizophagus irregularis VTC4. The genomes of AM fungal species encode VTC1, VTC2, and VTC4. The recombinant protein RiVTC4* (RiVTC4183–474) containing the catalytic tunnel domain was expressed in E. coli cells and purified. RiVTC4* is capable of catalyzing polyP polymerization using ATP as a substrate. Pyrophosphate enhanced polyP-polymerizing activity >10-fold. RiVTC4* exhibited maximum activity at neutral pH and required divalent metal ions, preferentially Mn2+. In the presence of high concentrations of ADP, the reverse reaction (the regeneration of ATP from polyP) by RiVTC4* occurred. In the range of 0.2–5 mM ADP, polyP depolymerization by the reverse reaction was observed at the ATP/ADP ratio of less than 2–5. These results suggest that AM fungal VTC4 not only synthesizes polyP but also regenerates ATP from polyP and ADP, which has potential implications for the modulation of polyP and ATP levels in AM fungi.","PeriodicalId":21852,"journal":{"name":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition","volume":"7 1","pages":"256 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79433184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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