Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109654
Brian Scott, Jon Zaloumis, Ferran Garcia-Pichel
Biocrusts are comprised of soil-dwelling microbes well known for stabilizing desert soils. Unstable soil is typically colonized first by motile cyanobacteria that can burrow under the surface to avoid sun exposure when in a dry state. They produce long, sticky sheaths and large trichome bundles that bind soil particles. Biocrusts dominated by such cyanobacteria are rather inconspicuous and thus termed “light biocrusts.” Some non-motile cyanobacteria can produce the dark sunscreen pigment scytonemin. They are typically considered to be secondary colonizers of the soil surface and their development marks the formation of “dark biocrusts.” Contrasting with this general paradigm, we observed both light and dark biocrusts growing side by side in a natural desert area in Pinal County, Arizona. Because light biocrusts developed as a band along a nearby dirt road, we hypothesized that aeolian dust deposition from road traffic may have contributed to this spatial patterning. To test this, we used inoculum from the natural site to grow biocrust in the laboratory with and without inputs of dust deposition, characterizing resulting biocrusts by appearance, microscopy, community composition based on 16S RNA, as well as proxy pigment analyses. Light biocrusts developed on soils receiving regular dust inputs, while undusted soils developed dark biocrust, an outcome traceable primarily to a more rapid growth of motile, non scytonemin-producing cyanobacteria under dust deposition. However, similar experiments carried out with well-developed crusts resisted dust-driven community shifts, even after extended treatments. We conclude that dust can swiftly affect community assembly pathways, but that it is much less of a factor, if at all, in driving shifts in established communities, and can partly explain biocrust spatial patterning in our site, and likely elsewhere.
{"title":"Aeolian dust deposition as a driver of cyanobacterial community structure in biological soil crusts","authors":"Brian Scott, Jon Zaloumis, Ferran Garcia-Pichel","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109654","url":null,"abstract":"Biocrusts are comprised of soil-dwelling microbes well known for stabilizing desert soils. Unstable soil is typically colonized first by motile cyanobacteria that can burrow under the surface to avoid sun exposure when in a dry state. They produce long, sticky sheaths and large trichome bundles that bind soil particles. Biocrusts dominated by such cyanobacteria are rather inconspicuous and thus termed “light biocrusts.” Some non-motile cyanobacteria can produce the dark sunscreen pigment scytonemin. They are typically considered to be secondary colonizers of the soil surface and their development marks the formation of “dark biocrusts.” Contrasting with this general paradigm, we observed both light and dark biocrusts growing side by side in a natural desert area in Pinal County, Arizona. Because light biocrusts developed as a band along a nearby dirt road, we hypothesized that aeolian dust deposition from road traffic may have contributed to this spatial patterning. To test this, we used inoculum from the natural site to grow biocrust in the laboratory with and without inputs of dust deposition, characterizing resulting biocrusts by appearance, microscopy, community composition based on 16S RNA, as well as proxy pigment analyses. Light biocrusts developed on soils receiving regular dust inputs, while undusted soils developed dark biocrust, an outcome traceable primarily to a more rapid growth of motile, non scytonemin-producing cyanobacteria under dust deposition. However, similar experiments carried out with well-developed crusts resisted dust-driven community shifts, even after extended treatments. We conclude that dust can swiftly affect community assembly pathways, but that it is much less of a factor, if at all, in driving shifts in established communities, and can partly explain biocrust spatial patterning in our site, and likely elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142690761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109653
Liying Chen , Lanfang Han , Fayuan Wang , Qi'ang Chen , Hongkai Huang , Jie Wang , Chuanxin Ma , Ke Sun , Matthias C. Rillig , Yakov Kuzyakov , Zhifeng Yang
Biodegradable microplastics (MPs), which are starting to be used in large quantities in croplands, may affect the mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC). These priming effects induced by biodegradable MPs are a very new issue, and their mechanisms as well as consequences for various soils are nearly unknown. Using stable carbon isotope signature (δ13C), we quantified the priming effects by adding corn (C4 plant) -based polylactic acid (PLA, δ13C = 11.9‰) MPs to three paddy soils with solely C3 signature: Ferralsol, Alfisol and Mollisol at two rates (0.5 and 1.0 wt%, based on the mass of MPs). After the incubation (180 days), PLA-MPs reduced the SOC mineralization in all three soils, triggering a negative priming effect. This negative priming effect was strongest in Mollisol (210-220 mg CO2-C kg-1). The net C balance in Mollisol was positive and clearly higher than the C amounts initially added with PLA-MPs to soils, indicating C accrual. The two main mechanisms of the negative priming effects were: i) sorptive protection of SOC and especially dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by PLA-MPs, and ii) reduction of microbial biomass and fungal diversity after PLA-MPs addition. Additionally, “switching of microbial decomposition from SOC to PLA-MPs” was pronounced in Mollisol, indicated by more PLA-MPs being mineralized. PLA-MPs thus changed the soil C dynamics mediated in part by the changes of microbial biomass, diversity, and community composition, utilization switch to new resources and decrease of SOC mineralization, all of them leading to C accumulation in soil.
{"title":"Polylactic acid microplastics induced negative priming and improved carbon sequestration via microbial processes in different paddy soils","authors":"Liying Chen , Lanfang Han , Fayuan Wang , Qi'ang Chen , Hongkai Huang , Jie Wang , Chuanxin Ma , Ke Sun , Matthias C. Rillig , Yakov Kuzyakov , Zhifeng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodegradable microplastics (MPs), which are starting to be used in large quantities in croplands, may affect the mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC). These priming effects induced by biodegradable MPs are a very new issue, and their mechanisms as well as consequences for various soils are nearly unknown. Using stable carbon isotope signature (δ<sup>13</sup>C), we quantified the priming effects by adding corn (C4 plant) -based polylactic acid (PLA, δ<sup>13</sup>C = 11.9‰) MPs to three paddy soils with solely C3 signature: Ferralsol, Alfisol and Mollisol at two rates (0.5 and 1.0 wt%, based on the mass of MPs). After the incubation (180 days), PLA-MPs reduced the SOC mineralization in all three soils, triggering a negative priming effect. This negative priming effect was strongest in Mollisol (210-220 mg CO<sub>2</sub>-C kg<sup>-1</sup>). The net C balance in Mollisol was positive and clearly higher than the C amounts initially added with PLA-MPs to soils, indicating C accrual. The two main mechanisms of the negative priming effects were: i) sorptive protection of SOC and especially dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by PLA-MPs, and ii) reduction of microbial biomass and fungal diversity after PLA-MPs addition. Additionally, “switching of microbial decomposition from SOC to PLA-MPs” was pronounced in Mollisol, indicated by more PLA-MPs being mineralized. PLA-MPs thus changed the soil C dynamics mediated in part by the changes of microbial biomass, diversity, and community composition, utilization switch to new resources and decrease of SOC mineralization, all of them leading to C accumulation in soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 109653"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142690759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-23DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109655
Zhen-Huan Guan , Bin Jia , Zi-qi Niu , Xiao-Ming Mou , Jie Chen , Fen-Can Li , Yi-Ning Wu , Shijie Ning , Kuzyakov Yakov , Xiao Gang Li
The huge soil organic C (SOC) storage (around 34 Pg in the top 0.7 m) in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) grasslands is commonly explained by slow decomposition of litter under cold climate therein, but this view may not be reliable as humidity also affects microbial activity. We sampled the 20 cm topsoil of grasslands along an altitudinal gradient from 1286 m on the western Loess Plateau (LP) to 4200 m above sea level on the northeastern QTP. The light-fraction SOC (LFOC), composition of non-cellulosic neutral carbohydrates, and amino sugars were used as biomarkers to investigate the intensity of microbial action on SOC as a function of climate along this altitudinal gradient. From the lowest-to the highest-humidity site with rising altitude, the root biomass tripled and the SOC content increased approximately sevenfold (from 13.5 g kg−1 to 93.3 g kg−1). The non-cellulosic neutral carbohydrate, microbial biomass C (MBC), and microbial necromass C (MNC) contents increased, but the LFOC content decreased. The contribution of MNC to the SOC and ratios between microbially- and plant-derived sugars in the non-cellulosic carbohydrate pool increased, but the proportion of LFOC in the SOC dropped. Consequently, besides the increased root biomass, the selective preservation of microbial compounds at colder and more humid sites contributed to SOC accruals in grasslands. The higher MBC in cold and humid grasslands perfectly explained the increased selective preservation of microbial derived C at the expense of plant C in higher-relative to lower-altitude areas. Importantly, the above humidity-controlled accumulations of microbial substances and SOC in grasslands were confirmed by results synthesized from published data across the LP and QTP. The higher SOC contents in cold and humid QTP grasslands relative to warm and dry regions were ascribed to the increased accumulation of microbial residues because of the increased humidity in QTP grasslands.
{"title":"Humidity controls soil organic carbon accrual in grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau","authors":"Zhen-Huan Guan , Bin Jia , Zi-qi Niu , Xiao-Ming Mou , Jie Chen , Fen-Can Li , Yi-Ning Wu , Shijie Ning , Kuzyakov Yakov , Xiao Gang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The huge soil organic C (SOC) storage (around 34 Pg in the top 0.7 m) in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) grasslands is commonly explained by slow decomposition of litter under cold climate therein, but this view may not be reliable as humidity also affects microbial activity. We sampled the 20 cm topsoil of grasslands along an altitudinal gradient from 1286 m on the western Loess Plateau (LP) to 4200 m above sea level on the northeastern QTP. The light-fraction SOC (LFOC), composition of non-cellulosic neutral carbohydrates, and amino sugars were used as biomarkers to investigate the intensity of microbial action on SOC as a function of climate along this altitudinal gradient. From the lowest-to the highest-humidity site with rising altitude, the root biomass tripled and the SOC content increased approximately sevenfold (from 13.5 g kg<sup>−1</sup> to 93.3 g kg<sup>−1</sup>). The non-cellulosic neutral carbohydrate, microbial biomass C (MBC), and microbial necromass C (MNC) contents increased, but the LFOC content decreased. The contribution of MNC to the SOC and ratios between microbially- and plant-derived sugars in the non-cellulosic carbohydrate pool increased, but the proportion of LFOC in the SOC dropped. Consequently, besides the increased root biomass, the selective preservation of microbial compounds at colder and more humid sites contributed to SOC accruals in grasslands. The higher MBC in cold and humid grasslands perfectly explained the increased selective preservation of microbial derived C at the expense of plant C in higher-relative to lower-altitude areas. Importantly, the above humidity-controlled accumulations of microbial substances and SOC in grasslands were confirmed by results synthesized from published data across the LP and QTP. The higher SOC contents in cold and humid QTP grasslands relative to warm and dry regions were ascribed to the increased accumulation of microbial residues because of the increased humidity in QTP grasslands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 109655"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142690758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109647
Letian Wang , Lin Zhang , Timothy S. George , Gu Feng
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi acquire photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) from host plants and transport some of it to hyphosphere bacteria via an extensive extraradical hyphal network. The hyphosphere microbiome, fostered by hyphal exudates, is crucial for AM fungi to access soil organic phosphorus (Po) and enhance plant growth, but the impact of plant-AM fungal combinations is still not well-elucidated. To answer this question, we selected two plant species with differing photosynthetic efficiency, medic (a C3 plant) and maize (a C4 plant), along with 4 AM fungal species, and successfully established various plant-AM fungal combinations. We examined the growth of plants and AM fungi, the mineralization process of soil Po, and the absolute quantity, community composition, and metabolic preferences of the hyphosphere microbiome.
Maize-AM fungi combinations exhibited greater abilities to increase soil phosphatase activity and promote Po mineralization compared to medic-AM fungi combinations. This was related to substantial disparities in the hyphosphere core microbiome between maize and medic. Massilia, a pivotal member of the core microbiome and a keystone taxon within the hyphosphere network, showed a notably greater relative abundance in maize-AM fungal systems than in the medic treatment. Thirteen core bacterial strains isolated from the hyphosphere showed a universal ability to secrete phosphatase, with Massilia being the most proficient. Additionally, community level physiological profiles showed that the maize-associated hyphosphere microbiomes had a heightened capacity for metabolizing fructose and glucose, key components of hyphal exudates.
Our study demonstrates that different combinations of plants and AM fungal species modulate the relative abundance of the core taxon through hyphal exudates, thus influencing the functionality of hyphosphere microbiomes for Po mineralization in the phytate-enriched soil. This provides novel insights into AM symbiosis for nutrient cycling and underscores the potential of tailored plant-fungal pairings in improving agricultural nutrient management and soil health.
丛枝菌根真菌（AM）从寄主植物中获取光合固定碳（C），并通过广泛的茎外菌丝网络将其中一部分输送给下层细菌。由芽胞渗出物促进的下层微生物群对 AM 真菌获取土壤有机磷（Po）和促进植物生长至关重要，但植物-AM 真菌组合的影响仍未得到很好的阐明。为了回答这个问题，我们选择了两种光合效率不同的植物--苜蓿（C3 植物）和玉米（C4 植物），以及四种 AM 真菌，并成功建立了各种植物-AM 真菌组合。我们考察了植物和AM真菌的生长情况、土壤Po的矿化过程，以及同温层微生物组的绝对数量、群落组成和代谢偏好。与medic-AM真菌组合相比，玉米-AM真菌组合在提高土壤磷酸酶活性和促进Po矿化方面表现出更强的能力。这与玉米和药用真菌在下气层核心微生物组中的巨大差异有关。Massilia是核心微生物组的关键成员，也是下皮层网络中的关键类群，它在玉米-AM 真菌系统中的相对丰度明显高于在药物处理中的相对丰度。从低温层中分离出的 13 种核心细菌菌株普遍具有分泌磷酸酶的能力，其中 Massilia 菌株的能力最强。我们的研究表明，植物和AM真菌物种的不同组合可通过头状渗出物调节核心类群的相对丰度，从而影响下气圈微生物群在富含植酸的土壤中进行Po矿化的功能。这为研究养分循环中的AM共生提供了新的视角，并强调了量身定制的植物-真菌配对在改善农业养分管理和土壤健康方面的潜力。
{"title":"Hyphosphere core taxa link plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi combinations to soil organic phosphorus mineralization","authors":"Letian Wang , Lin Zhang , Timothy S. George , Gu Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi acquire photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) from host plants and transport some of it to hyphosphere bacteria via an extensive extraradical hyphal network. The hyphosphere microbiome, fostered by hyphal exudates, is crucial for AM fungi to access soil organic phosphorus (Po) and enhance plant growth, but the impact of plant-AM fungal combinations is still not well-elucidated. To answer this question, we selected two plant species with differing photosynthetic efficiency, medic (a C<sub>3</sub> plant) and maize (a C<sub>4</sub> plant), along with 4 AM fungal species, and successfully established various plant-AM fungal combinations. We examined the growth of plants and AM fungi, the mineralization process of soil Po, and the absolute quantity, community composition, and metabolic preferences of the hyphosphere microbiome.</div><div>Maize-AM fungi combinations exhibited greater abilities to increase soil phosphatase activity and promote Po mineralization compared to medic-AM fungi combinations. This was related to substantial disparities in the hyphosphere core microbiome between maize and medic. <em>Massilia</em>, a pivotal member of the core microbiome and a keystone taxon within the hyphosphere network, showed a notably greater relative abundance in maize-AM fungal systems than in the medic treatment. Thirteen core bacterial strains isolated from the hyphosphere showed a universal ability to secrete phosphatase, with <em>Massilia</em> being the most proficient. Additionally, community level physiological profiles showed that the maize-associated hyphosphere microbiomes had a heightened capacity for metabolizing fructose and glucose, key components of hyphal exudates.</div><div>Our study demonstrates that different combinations of plants and AM fungal species modulate the relative abundance of the core taxon through hyphal exudates, thus influencing the functionality of hyphosphere microbiomes for Po mineralization in the phytate-enriched soil. This provides novel insights into AM symbiosis for nutrient cycling and underscores the potential of tailored plant-fungal pairings in improving agricultural nutrient management and soil health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 109647"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142673222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109650
Chao Guo , J. Scott MacIvor , Marc W. Cadotte , Adriano N. Roberto , Praveen Jayarajan , Sebastian Seibold
Human activities are swiftly reshaping ecosystems, and the simultaneous rise of urbanization and plant invasions has become a significant challenge that jeopardizes both global biodiversity and ecosystem function. Deadwood is an important provider of biodiversity and carbon storage, yet it remains unknown how urbanization and plant invasion affect wood-inhabiting taxa and decomposition rates, separately and interactively. Here we conducted a two-year wood decomposition experiment using Acer saccharum and Pinus strobus at 19 paired invaded and uninvaded plots along an urbanization gradient in Toronto, Canada. We assessed the individual and combined effects of urbanization and plant invasion by Vincetoxicum rossicum on the community composition and diversity of bacteria, fungi and insects, as well as on wood decomposition rates, which are partly driven by these taxa. Our results show that urbanization had individual effects on the diversity of all three taxa and on the composition of bacterial and fungal communities. Plant invasion individually affected fungal and insect diversity. Interactive effects of urbanization and plant invasion occurred only for fungal diversity in Pinus strobus. Wood decomposition rates varied by tree species, with urbanization accelerating the rates for Pinus strobus but not Acer saccharum. Fungi were the only taxon that significantly influenced wood decomposition. Our findings together indicate that urbanization and plant invasion lead to changes in deadwood-inhabiting communities and decomposition processes, yet their interactive effects are of minor importance. They also show that these effects differ between tree species. Hence, integrating the combined effects of various anthropogenic drivers and different tree species is crucial for developing effective strategies to restore and sustain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in urban landscapes.
{"title":"Tree species-dependent effects of urbanization and plant invasion on deadwood biota and decomposition rates","authors":"Chao Guo , J. Scott MacIvor , Marc W. Cadotte , Adriano N. Roberto , Praveen Jayarajan , Sebastian Seibold","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human activities are swiftly reshaping ecosystems, and the simultaneous rise of urbanization and plant invasions has become a significant challenge that jeopardizes both global biodiversity and ecosystem function. Deadwood is an important provider of biodiversity and carbon storage, yet it remains unknown how urbanization and plant invasion affect wood-inhabiting taxa and decomposition rates, separately and interactively. Here we conducted a two-year wood decomposition experiment using <em>Acer saccharum</em> and <em>Pinus strobus</em> at 19 paired invaded and uninvaded plots along an urbanization gradient in Toronto, Canada. We assessed the individual and combined effects of urbanization and plant invasion by <em>Vincetoxicum rossicum</em> on the community composition and diversity of bacteria, fungi and insects, as well as on wood decomposition rates, which are partly driven by these taxa. Our results show that urbanization had individual effects on the diversity of all three taxa and on the composition of bacterial and fungal communities. Plant invasion individually affected fungal and insect diversity. Interactive effects of urbanization and plant invasion occurred only for fungal diversity in <em>Pinus strobus</em>. Wood decomposition rates varied by tree species, with urbanization accelerating the rates for <em>Pinus strobus</em> but not <em>Acer saccharum</em>. Fungi were the only taxon that significantly influenced wood decomposition. Our findings together indicate that urbanization and plant invasion lead to changes in deadwood-inhabiting communities and decomposition processes, yet their interactive effects are of minor importance. They also show that these effects differ between tree species. Hence, integrating the combined effects of various anthropogenic drivers and different tree species is crucial for developing effective strategies to restore and sustain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in urban landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 109650"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142670692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109651
Sara E. Geonczy, Luke S. Hillary, Christian Santos-Medellín, Jane D. Fudyma, Jess W. Sorensen, Joanne B. Emerson
Many fundamental characteristics of soil viruses remain underexplored, including the effects of high temperatures on viruses and their hosts, as would be encountered under disturbances like wildland fire, prescribed burning, and soil solarization. In this study, we leveraged three data types (DNase-treated viromes, non-DNase-treated viromes, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) to measure the responses of soil viral and prokaryotic communities to heating to 30ºC, 60ºC, or 90ºC, in comparison to field and control conditions. We investigated (1) the response of dsDNA viral communities to heating of soils from two horizons (O and A) from the same forest soil profile, (2) the extent to which specific viral taxa could be identified as heat-sensitive or heat-tolerant across replicates and soil horizons, and (3) prokaryotic and virus-host dynamics in response to heating. We found that both viral and prokaryotic communities responded similarly to the treatment variables. Community composition differed most significantly by soil source (O or A horizon). Within both soil horizons, viral and prokaryotic communities clustered into three groups, based on beta-diversity patterns: the ambient community (field, control, and 30ºC samples) and the 60ºC and 90ºC communities. As DNase-treated viromic DNA yields were below detection limits at 90ºC, we infer that most viral capsids were compromised after the 90ºC treatment, indicating a maximum temperature threshold between 60ºC and 90ºC for most viral particles in these soils. We also identified groups of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive vOTUs across both soil sources. Overall, we found that over 70% of viral populations, like their prokaryotic counterparts, could withstand temperatures as high as 60ºC, with shifts in relative abundance explaining most community compositional differences across heating treatments.
{"title":"Virome responses to heating of a forest soil suggest that most dsDNA viral particles do not persist at 90°C","authors":"Sara E. Geonczy, Luke S. Hillary, Christian Santos-Medellín, Jane D. Fudyma, Jess W. Sorensen, Joanne B. Emerson","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109651","url":null,"abstract":"Many fundamental characteristics of soil viruses remain underexplored, including the effects of high temperatures on viruses and their hosts, as would be encountered under disturbances like wildland fire, prescribed burning, and soil solarization. In this study, we leveraged three data types (DNase-treated viromes, non-DNase-treated viromes, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) to measure the responses of soil viral and prokaryotic communities to heating to 30ºC, 60ºC, or 90ºC, in comparison to field and control conditions. We investigated (1) the response of dsDNA viral communities to heating of soils from two horizons (O and A) from the same forest soil profile, (2) the extent to which specific viral taxa could be identified as heat-sensitive or heat-tolerant across replicates and soil horizons, and (3) prokaryotic and virus-host dynamics in response to heating. We found that both viral and prokaryotic communities responded similarly to the treatment variables. Community composition differed most significantly by soil source (O or A horizon). Within both soil horizons, viral and prokaryotic communities clustered into three groups, based on beta-diversity patterns: the ambient community (field, control, and 30ºC samples) and the 60ºC and 90ºC communities. As DNase-treated viromic DNA yields were below detection limits at 90ºC, we infer that most viral capsids were compromised after the 90ºC treatment, indicating a maximum temperature threshold between 60ºC and 90ºC for most viral particles in these soils. We also identified groups of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive vOTUs across both soil sources. Overall, we found that over 70% of viral populations, like their prokaryotic counterparts, could withstand temperatures as high as 60ºC, with shifts in relative abundance explaining most community compositional differences across heating treatments.","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142670735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109649
Yuan Liu , Weijie Li , Hongfan Meng , Qinyu Xu , Liqiang Sun , Long Zhang , Qingsong Ba , Xiaoyu Liu , Cheng Liu , Li Jiang
Global climate change has various fundamental impacts on plant productivity and soil microbial communities, altering the formation and sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the effect of climate change on different SOC components such as plant-derived C and microbial-derived C, remains poorly understood. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020 to examine the impacts of elevating atmospheric CO2 levels (550 ppm) and warming (+2 °C) on microbial necromass, plant lignin and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) in a Chinese rice paddy. Results showed that elevated CO2 and warming conditions increased the SOC stock by 16.5% and 8.6%, respectively. Elevated CO2 increased the accumulation of microbial necromass (mainly fungal) C by 24.6% and total lignin phenols by 15.8%, while also increasing the biomass of fungal PLFAs by 33.4%. In comparison, warming increased the accumulation of microbial necromass C (mainly bacterial necromass) by 11.1% and bacterial biomass by 27.1%, while it decreased total lignin phenols and their contribution to SOC by 8.3% and 15.7%, respectively. The reduction in lignin phenols and their contribution to SOC under warming conditions was mainly attributed to the lower level of plant productivity and increased activities of the enzymes β-1,4-glucosidase, β-cellobiohydrolase and xylanase. This resulted in increased plant residue conversion to microbial necromass in warmed soils. Random forest and correlation analysis indicated that soil pH, fungal biomass, root biomass and C-acquiring enzyme activities were the major factors affecting microbial necromass, while lignin phenols were mainly regulated by the ratio of fungal/bacterial necromass and fungal biomass. Overall, the combined effects of CO2 enrichment and warming conditions increased the storage and sequestration of SOC by enhancing the accumulation of microbial necromass, which was affected by soil properties, plant root C inputs and microbial communities within soil.
{"title":"Contributions of microbial necromass and plant lignin to soil organic carbon stock in a paddy field under simulated conditions of long-term elevated CO2 and warming","authors":"Yuan Liu , Weijie Li , Hongfan Meng , Qinyu Xu , Liqiang Sun , Long Zhang , Qingsong Ba , Xiaoyu Liu , Cheng Liu , Li Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global climate change has various fundamental impacts on plant productivity and soil microbial communities, altering the formation and sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the effect of climate change on different SOC components such as plant-derived C and microbial-derived C, remains poorly understood. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020 to examine the impacts of elevating atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels (550 ppm) and warming (+2 °C) on microbial necromass, plant lignin and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) in a Chinese rice paddy. Results showed that elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and warming conditions increased the SOC stock by 16.5% and 8.6%, respectively. Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> increased the accumulation of microbial necromass (mainly fungal) C by 24.6% and total lignin phenols by 15.8%, while also increasing the biomass of fungal PLFAs by 33.4%. In comparison, warming increased the accumulation of microbial necromass C (mainly bacterial necromass) by 11.1% and bacterial biomass by 27.1%, while it decreased total lignin phenols and their contribution to SOC by 8.3% and 15.7%, respectively. The reduction in lignin phenols and their contribution to SOC under warming conditions was mainly attributed to the lower level of plant productivity and increased activities of the enzymes β-1,4-glucosidase, β-cellobiohydrolase and xylanase. This resulted in increased plant residue conversion to microbial necromass in warmed soils. Random forest and correlation analysis indicated that soil pH, fungal biomass, root biomass and C-acquiring enzyme activities were the major factors affecting microbial necromass, while lignin phenols were mainly regulated by the ratio of fungal/bacterial necromass and fungal biomass. Overall, the combined effects of CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment and warming conditions increased the storage and sequestration of SOC by enhancing the accumulation of microbial necromass, which was affected by soil properties, plant root C inputs and microbial communities within soil.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 109649"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142670691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109648
Meng Zhou , Yang Xiao , Yansheng Li , Jian Liu , Yueyu Sui , Xingyi Zhang , Xiaobing Liu
Erosion of the A horizon of Mollisols is expected to change the dissolved organic matter (DOM) chemodiversity in the underlying B horizon. Three simulated erosion treatments, which had an A horizon of 30, 20, and 10 cm depth, were established for 9 years under a corn-soybean rotation on Mollisols. Compared to the A horizon that was 30 cm deep, the 20 cm treatment had 24–63% more dissolved lignin-like compounds, a significant increase, in the 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm layers of the B horizon. When the A horizon was 10 cm deep, 41% more lignin-like compounds accumulated in the 10–20 cm layer of the B horizon and 22% more lignin-like compounds were detected in the 20–30 cm layer of the B horizon. Relative to the A horizon of 30 cm depth, the 20 and 10 cm treatments reduced the lipid- and protein-like compounds by 69–87% in 10–20 and 20–30 cm layers of the B horizon layers. Labile compounds increased in the 0–10 cm layer of the B horizon but decreased in the 10–20 and 20–30 cm layers of the B horizon. The DOM degradation degree, expressed in terms of the degradation index and Gibbs free energy, were related to the lignin accumulation, indicating that lignin, a recalcitrant compound, was degraded. Notably, variations in DOM chemodiversity in eroded Mollisols were primarily controlled by soil physicochemical properties and not microbial traits. Therefore, eroded Mollisols have less carbon sequestration potential in the B horizon. To prevent soil deterioration in corn-soybean rotations, we recommend to incorporate a combination of organic and mineral fertiliser to a 20–30 cm soil depth in erosion-susceptible Mollisols.
预计莫利土 A 层的侵蚀会改变下层 B 层的溶解有机物 (DOM) 化学多样性。在玉米-大豆轮作的莫利土层上建立了三种模拟侵蚀处理，其 A 层深度分别为 30、20 和 10 厘米，为期 9 年。与深度为 30 厘米的 A 地层相比，深度为 20 厘米的处理在 B 地层的 0-10、10-20 和 20-30 厘米层中溶解的木质素类化合物增加了 24-63%，增幅显著。当 A 地层深度为 10 厘米时，B 地层 10-20 厘米层中积累的木质素类化合物增加了 41%，B 地层 20-30 厘米层中检测到的木质素类化合物增加了 22%。与 30 厘米深的 A 地层相比，20 厘米和 10 厘米处理使 B 地层 10-20 厘米层和 20-30 厘米层的类脂和类蛋白化合物减少了 69-87%。在 B 地层 0-10 厘米层中，易溶化合物有所增加，但在 B 地层 10-20 厘米层和 20-30 厘米层中，易溶化合物有所减少。用降解指数和吉布斯自由能表示的 DOM 降解程度与木质素积累有关，表明木质素这种难降解化合物被降解了。值得注意的是，侵蚀莫利土中 DOM 化学多样性的变化主要受土壤理化性质的控制，而不是受微生物特性的控制。因此，受侵蚀的莫利土在 B 层的固碳潜力较小。为了防止玉米-大豆轮作中的土壤退化，我们建议在易受侵蚀的莫利土壤中将有机肥和矿物肥结合施入 20-30 厘米深的土壤中。
{"title":"Simulated erosion of A horizon influences the dissolved organic matter chemodiversity and carbon sequestration of B horizon in Mollisols","authors":"Meng Zhou , Yang Xiao , Yansheng Li , Jian Liu , Yueyu Sui , Xingyi Zhang , Xiaobing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Erosion of the A horizon of Mollisols is expected to change the dissolved organic matter (DOM) chemodiversity in the underlying B horizon. Three simulated erosion treatments, which had an A horizon of 30, 20, and 10 cm depth, were established for 9 years under a corn-soybean rotation on Mollisols. Compared to the A horizon that was 30 cm deep, the 20 cm treatment had 24–63% more dissolved lignin-like compounds, a significant increase, in the 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm layers of the B horizon. When the A horizon was 10 cm deep, 41% more lignin-like compounds accumulated in the 10–20 cm layer of the B horizon and 22% more lignin-like compounds were detected in the 20–30 cm layer of the B horizon. Relative to the A horizon of 30 cm depth, the 20 and 10 cm treatments reduced the lipid- and protein-like compounds by 69–87% in 10–20 and 20–30 cm layers of the B horizon layers. Labile compounds increased in the 0–10 cm layer of the B horizon but decreased in the 10–20 and 20–30 cm layers of the B horizon. The DOM degradation degree, expressed in terms of the degradation index and Gibbs free energy, were related to the lignin accumulation, indicating that lignin, a recalcitrant compound, was degraded. Notably, variations in DOM chemodiversity in eroded Mollisols were primarily controlled by soil physicochemical properties and not microbial traits. Therefore, eroded Mollisols have less carbon sequestration potential in the B horizon. To prevent soil deterioration in corn-soybean rotations, we recommend to incorporate a combination of organic and mineral fertiliser to a 20–30 cm soil depth in erosion-susceptible Mollisols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 109648"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109646
Linlin Zhong , Zhipeng Li , Lingling Shi , Thomas Larsen , Stefan Scheu , Melanie M. Pollierer
Root-derived carbon (C) is a crucial resource fuelling soil food webs. However, the quantity of these resources varies with plant communities and may also influence the flux of mineral nitrogen (N) into belowground food webs. Yet, little is known about how different plant communities, especially in agricultural systems, influence the incorporation of plant C and mineral N into the soil macrofauna. Here, we combined pulse 13C-labelling of plants with 15N-labelling of soil in a crop monoculture (oilseed rape), a mixed grass community (grass and legume mixture) and a young tree plantation (willow) to trace the fluxes of root-derived C and mineral N into earthworms and centipedes as major soil decomposers and predators, respectively, over 28 days. Bulk stable isotope analysis and compound-specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids were used to quantify the uptake of 13C and 15N by soil macrofauna and to investigate the pathways by which these resources are channelled into soil macrofauna. Aligning with their use of plant-derived resources, epigeic and anecic earthworms incorporated more root-derived C than endogeic earthworms, with endogeic earthworms mainly relying on bacteria or bacterial necromass associated with soil organic matter. Generally, macrofauna incorporated both root-derived C and mineral N across cropping systems, but incorporation was more pronounced in rape and grass than in willow. Importantly, root-derived resources facilitated the incorporation of mineral N into soil animal food webs. Centipedes, as one of the most important predators in soil, mainly incorporated root-derived C and mineral N via preying on collembolans, whereas in willow epigeic earthworms likely also contributed to their diet. Overall, the fluxes of root-derived C and mineral N into the soil food web depended on plant communities and soil animal ecological groups, with higher fluxes in herbaceous crops than in tree plantations.
根源碳（C）是为土壤食物网提供燃料的重要资源。然而，这些资源的数量随植物群落的不同而变化，也可能影响矿质氮（N）进入地下食物网的通量。然而，人们对不同植物群落（尤其是农业系统中的植物群落）如何影响土壤大型动物对植物碳和矿质氮的吸收知之甚少。在这里，我们将植物的脉冲 13C 标记与土壤的 15N 标记相结合，在作物单一栽培（油菜）、混合禾本科群落（禾本科与豆科植物的混合物）和幼树种植园（柳树）中追踪 28 天内根源 C 和矿质 N 分别进入作为主要土壤分解者和捕食者的蚯蚓和蜈蚣的通量。大量稳定同位素分析和氨基酸的特定化合物稳定同位素分析被用来量化土壤大型动物对 13C 和 15N 的吸收，并研究这些资源进入土壤大型动物体内的途径。表皮蚯蚓和无尾蚯蚓比内生蚯蚓吸收更多的根源性 C，这与它们使用植物资源的情况一致，内生蚯蚓主要依靠与土壤有机质相关的细菌或细菌新陈代谢产物。一般来说，大型动物在不同的种植系统中都能吸收根源碳和矿质氮，但在油菜和禾本科植物中的吸收比在柳树中更明显。重要的是，根源资源促进了土壤动物食物网中矿质氮的吸收。作为土壤中最重要的捕食者之一，蜈蚣主要通过捕食禾本科植物来吸收根源碳和矿质氮，而柳树中的表皮蚯蚓很可能也是它们的食物来源。总体而言，根源碳和矿质氮进入土壤食物网的通量取决于植物群落和土壤动物生态群，草本作物的通量高于树木种植园。
{"title":"Cropping systems and ecological groups of soil animals jointly affect the transfer of root-derived carbon and mineral nitrogen into the soil food web","authors":"Linlin Zhong , Zhipeng Li , Lingling Shi , Thomas Larsen , Stefan Scheu , Melanie M. Pollierer","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Root-derived carbon (C) is a crucial resource fuelling soil food webs. However, the quantity of these resources varies with plant communities and may also influence the flux of mineral nitrogen (N) into belowground food webs. Yet, little is known about how different plant communities, especially in agricultural systems, influence the incorporation of plant C and mineral N into the soil macrofauna. Here, we combined pulse <sup>13</sup>C-labelling of plants with <sup>15</sup>N-labelling of soil in a crop monoculture (oilseed rape), a mixed grass community (grass and legume mixture) and a young tree plantation (willow) to trace the fluxes of root-derived C and mineral N into earthworms and centipedes as major soil decomposers and predators, respectively, over 28 days. Bulk stable isotope analysis and compound-specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids were used to quantify the uptake of <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>N by soil macrofauna and to investigate the pathways by which these resources are channelled into soil macrofauna. Aligning with their use of plant-derived resources, epigeic and anecic earthworms incorporated more root-derived C than endogeic earthworms, with endogeic earthworms mainly relying on bacteria or bacterial necromass associated with soil organic matter. Generally, macrofauna incorporated both root-derived C and mineral N across cropping systems, but incorporation was more pronounced in rape and grass than in willow. Importantly, root-derived resources facilitated the incorporation of mineral N into soil animal food webs. Centipedes, as one of the most important predators in soil, mainly incorporated root-derived C and mineral N via preying on collembolans, whereas in willow epigeic earthworms likely also contributed to their diet. Overall, the fluxes of root-derived C and mineral N into the soil food web depended on plant communities and soil animal ecological groups, with higher fluxes in herbaceous crops than in tree plantations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109646"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142599667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109645
Karl Ritz (co-Editor-in-Chief), Joshua Schimel (co-Editor-in-Chief), Joann Whalen (co-Editor-in-Chief)
{"title":"How to produce an effective manuscript: Further perspectives from the Editors-in-Chief of Soil Biology and Biochemistry","authors":"Karl Ritz (co-Editor-in-Chief), Joshua Schimel (co-Editor-in-Chief), Joann Whalen (co-Editor-in-Chief)","doi":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109645","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21888,"journal":{"name":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry","volume":"200 ","pages":"Article 109645"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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