Soil Biology & Biochemistry最新文献_第7页

Paving the way for deeper insights into nematode community composition with long-read metabarcoding: ecological and biogeographical coverage of the sequences 利用长读元条形码为深入了解线虫群落组成铺平道路：序列的生态和生物地理覆盖

IF 10.3 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110001

Arash Noshadi , Reza Ghaderi , Uffe N. Nielsen , Helen L. Hayden , Ji-Zheng He

Long-read metabarcoding has excellent potential to advance nematode community ecology beyond the limitations of morphological and short-read approaches. The ecological and biogeographical background of existing sequence databases offers important insights into the potential application of high-throughput sequencing approaches in nematode community analyses. This study searched public databases for the three universal marker genes used in nematode molecular taxonomy studies, i.e., 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), 28S ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA), and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes, to retrieve full-length sequences suitable for long-read metabarcoding of soil nematode communities. The most full-length sequences were found for COI with 17534, followed by 4898 for 18S rRNA and 800 for 28S rRNA. These full-length sequences represented 185, 54, and 163 unique families; 626, 160, and 609 unique genera; and 1320, 235, and 1527 unique species for 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and COI markers, respectively. Nucleotide composition and diversity analyses across the three markers revealed distinct patterns affecting their utility for taxonomic studies. Geographically, the majority of the sequences were from the United States, China, Japan or Germany. Additionally, precise country-of-origin information was lacking for the majority of sequences, highlighting the limitations of the current databases and rendering robust geographic analyses difficult. Full-length sequences were assigned to an ecological framework, revealing that, for nematode trophic groups, herbivores were the most numerous group (10735 sequences), followed by animal parasites (6588 sequences), bacterivores (1785 sequences) and entomopathogenic nematodes (1513 sequences), whereas other trophic groups had fewer representative sequences. Assigning the sequences to colonizer-persister (c-p) classification revealed that all c-p groups were covered by the retrieved full-length sequences, particularly c-p 3, which had the highest number of sequences (6691). This study provides a foundational understanding of the molecular data currently available for use in long-read metabarcoding databases, facilitating ecological research on nematode communities.

长读元条形码在突破形态学和短读方法的限制，推进线虫群落生态学方面具有很好的潜力。现有序列数据库的生态和生物地理背景为高通量测序方法在线虫群落分析中的潜在应用提供了重要的见解。本研究检索了线虫分子分类学研究中常用的3个通用标记基因，即18S核糖体RNA （18S rRNA）、28S核糖体RNA （28S rRNA）和细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I （COI）基因，检索了适合土壤线虫群落长读元条形码编码的全长序列。COI全长序列最多，为17534,18S rRNA为4898,28S rRNA为800。这些全长序列分别代表185、54和163个独特的家族；626、160和609唯一属；18S rRNA、28S rRNA和COI标记的独特种数分别为1320、235和1527种。三种标记的核苷酸组成和多样性分析揭示了影响其分类研究效用的不同模式。从地理位置上看，大多数序列来自美国、中国、日本和德国。此外，大多数序列缺乏精确的原产国信息，这突出了当前数据库的局限性，并使可靠的地理分析变得困难。结果表明，在线虫的营养类群中，草食线虫最多（10735条），其次是动物寄生虫（6588条）、细菌线虫（1785条）和昆虫病原线虫（1513条），其他营养类群代表性序列较少。结果表明，所有的c-p类群都被检索到的全长序列所覆盖，特别是c- p3，其序列数最多（6691条）。本研究为长读元条形码数据库中现有的线虫分子数据提供了基础认识，为线虫群落的生态学研究提供了便利。

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引用次数: 0

Rapid allocation of freshly added organic nitrogen to particulate organic matter in ectomycorrhiza- but not arbuscular mycorrhiza-dominated forests 在外生菌根而非丛枝菌根为主的森林中，新鲜添加的有机氮对颗粒有机质的快速分配

IF 10.3 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109999

Andrey G. Zuev , Amelie Hauer , Gerrit Angst , Antonis Chatzinotas , Nico Eisenhauer , Olga Ferlian , Stephanie D. Jurburg , Epp Maria Lillipuu , Maarja Öpik , Martti Vasar , Ajuan Zhang , Anna I. Zueva , Anton Potapov

Mycorrhizal fungi mediate the partitioning and transformation of organic matter in forest soils worldwide. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi differently influence the formation of soil organic matter (SOM) pools, such as decomposable particulate (POM) and persistent mineral-associated organic matter (MaOM). While plant-derived effects were studied extensively, the role of other organic resources in SOM formation across different mycorrhizal systems remains understudied. To address this, we investigated the incorporation of carbon and nitrogen derived from more bioavailable (bacterial and fungal biomass) and less bioavailable (litter, artificial MaOM; a-MaOM) source organic matter into soil POM and MaOM pools in ECM- and AM-dominated soils, using a dual stable isotope (¹³C and ¹⁵N) labelling approach in a temperate experimental forest (MyDiv experiment). We detected ¹⁵N, but not ¹³C label in mycelium and POM across treatments (except a-MaOM) and mycorrhizal types, while no label was detected in soil MaOM. ECM mycelium showed higher ¹⁵N uptake from litter, while AM mycelium accumulated more ¹⁵N after the addition of fungal biomass. POM in ECM systems had a higher ¹⁵N label compared to AM systems in all bacteria, fungi and litter treatments, indicating the role of ECM fungi as important drivers of fresh organic nitrogen allocation in temperate forest soils. The absence of any label in MaOM indicates its slow turnover in Chernozem soil across forests dominated by a single mycorrhizal type. Overall, our study highlights the fast incorporation of freshly added organic nitrogen into the mycelium of mycorrhizal fungi and POM, emphasizing its fast turnover in forest soils.

菌根真菌介导了森林土壤中有机质的分配和转化。外生菌根真菌（ECM）和丛枝菌根真菌（AM）对土壤有机质（SOM）库的形成有不同的影响，如可分解颗粒物（POM）和持久性矿物相关有机质（MaOM）。虽然植物来源的影响已被广泛研究，但其他有机资源在不同菌根系统中形成SOM的作用仍未得到充分研究。为了解决这一问题，我们在温带实验森林（MyDiv实验）中使用双稳定同位素（13C和15N）标记方法，研究了ECM和am占主导地位的土壤中，生物可利用性较高（细菌和真菌生物量）和生物可利用性较低（凋落物，人工MaOM； a-MaOM）来源有机质的碳和氮在土壤POM和MaOM池中的结合情况。菌丝体和POM在不同处理（除a-MaOM）和菌根类型中均检测到15N标记，但未检测到13C标记，而土壤MaOM中未检测到13C标记。添加真菌生物量后，ECM菌丝体对凋落物15N的吸收量更高，AM菌丝体对15N的吸收量更高。在所有细菌、真菌和凋落物处理中，与AM处理相比，ECM处理下的POM具有更高的15N标签，表明ECM真菌在温带森林土壤中作为新鲜有机氮分配的重要驱动因素。MaOM中没有任何标记表明它在黑钙土中以单一菌根类型为主的森林中周转缓慢。总的来说，我们的研究强调了新鲜添加的有机氮在菌根真菌和POM的菌丝体中的快速结合，强调了其在森林土壤中的快速周转。

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引用次数: 0

Some new grand questions in soil biology and biochemistry 土壤生物学和生物化学中的一些新的重大问题

IF 10.3 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109996

Yakov Kuzyakov , Ning Ling , Giacomo Pietramellara , Paolo Nannipieri

In this Perspective, we look into the future and outline the crucial unresolved questions that can define broad directions in soil biology and biochemistry over the next decades. Considering that most of the Grand Questions of Selman A. Waksman have been answered over the last 100 years, we suggest here intriguing fundamental topics of basic research linking soil life with biochemical processes and ecosystem functions necessary for system understanding. We raise the following six question groups: Which level of understanding of microbial communities do we need? What are the emerging (microbial) properties and functions of soil? Are microbial memory and legacy important for soil functions? What defines soil health: pools, fluxes or potentials? Microbial growth and death: Can we identify the state of the soil microbiome and its importance for biochemical cycles? We subdivide each of these groups into narrower questions and briefly discuss the unsolved scientific problems based on previous and recent studies. The unresolved problems are visualized with exciting examples. We hope that this Perspective will stimulate new and broader discussion, as well as provide novel ideas for future research topics in soil biology and biochemistry.

在这一展望中，我们展望了未来，并概述了关键的未解决的问题，这些问题可以确定未来几十年土壤生物学和生物化学的广阔方向。考虑到Selman A. Waksman的大多数重大问题在过去的100年里已经得到了回答，我们在这里提出了将土壤生命与生物化学过程和系统理解所必需的生态系统功能联系起来的基础研究的有趣的基本主题。我们提出以下六个问题组：我们需要对微生物群落的了解达到什么程度？土壤的新兴（微生物）特性和功能是什么？微生物记忆和遗产对土壤功能重要吗？什么定义土壤健康：池、通量还是潜力？微生物的生长和死亡：我们能否确定土壤微生物群的状态及其对生化循环的重要性？我们将这些组细分为更窄的问题，并简要讨论基于以前和最近的研究尚未解决的科学问题。用令人兴奋的例子将未解决的问题形象化。我们希望这一观点能够激发新的和更广泛的讨论，并为未来土壤生物学和生物化学的研究课题提供新的思路。

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引用次数: 0

Taxonomic assembly and trait partitioning contribute comparably to soil invertebrate functional diversity along secondary succession in high-elevation plateau ecosystems 分类组合和性状分配对高海拔高原生态系统土壤无脊椎动物次生演替的功能多样性贡献较大

IF 10.3 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109995

Chengwei Tu , Ajuan Zhang , Zheng Zhou , Yan Zhang , Lei Chen , Anton M. Potapov , Xueyong Pang

Deforested and abandoned lands have undergone extensive secondary succession. However, the emergence of functional diversity in soil invertebrate communities along the succession, particularly the relative roles of taxonomic assembly and trait partitioning in driving it, remains unclear. To address this issue, we developed a novel “taxonomic diversity-functional distance” analytical approach and applied it to soil invertebrate communities across a high-elevation secondary successional gradient, including secondary grassland, shrubland, arboreal forest, and primary (climax) forest. We found that soil invertebrate functional α diversity (functional richness within plots) increased overall with succession, although it fluctuated with tree identity in the arboreal forest stage. Functional β diversity (functional dissimilarity among plots) declined over succession, supporting the convergent successional model. Both taxonomic α/β diversity (taxonomic richness/dissimilarity) and functional α/β distance (trait partitions within/among plots) jointly shaped observed functional α/β diversity, with comparable contributions. The litter and soil microhabitats shaped functional diversity via taxonomic diversity and trait partitioning, thereby supporting soil multifunctionality succession. Our results advance trait-based soil invertebrate ecology by identifying dual recovery pathways for invertebrate functionality. They highlight trait partitioning as a mechanistic complement to taxonomic assembly, with both making comparable contributions to driving soil ecosystem functioning. Extending tests of these mechanisms across biomes and spatial scales will inform targeted ecosystem management, enhancing the functional benefits of soil biology conservation in global restoration.

被砍伐的森林和被遗弃的土地经历了广泛的次生演替。然而，在演替过程中，土壤无脊椎动物群落中功能多样性的出现，特别是分类组合和性状划分在其驱动中的相对作用尚不清楚。为了解决这一问题，我们开发了一种新的“分类多样性-功能距离”分析方法，并将其应用于高海拔次生演替梯度下的土壤无脊椎动物群落，包括次生草地、灌丛、乔木林和原始林（顶极）林。结果表明，土壤无脊椎动物功能α多样性（样地内功能丰富度）随演替的增加而增加，但在乔木林期随树种的不同而有所波动。功能β多样性（样地间功能不相似性）随演替而下降，支持收敛演替模型。分类α/β多样性（分类丰富度/不相似性）和功能α/β距离（小区内/小区间性状划分）共同塑造了观测到的功能α/β多样性，且贡献相当。凋落物和土壤微生境通过分类多样性和性状分配形成功能多样性，从而支持土壤多功能演替。我们的研究结果通过确定无脊椎动物功能的双重恢复途径，推进了基于性状的土壤无脊椎动物生态学。他们强调性状划分是分类组合的一种机制补充，两者在驱动土壤生态系统功能方面都有相当的贡献。将这些机制的测试扩展到生物群系和空间尺度，将为有针对性的生态系统管理提供信息，增强土壤生物保护在全球恢复中的功能效益。

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引用次数: 0

Microbial mechanisms underlying differences of methane emissions between urban and rural wetlands 城乡湿地甲烷排放差异的微生物机制

IF 10.3 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109993

Yuwen Lin , Xinyu Yi , Chen Ning , Yong Li , Yinghe Peng , Shuguang Liu , Changhui Peng , Xiaoyong Chen , Shuailong Feng , Pengpeng Duan , Yan Liu , Juyang Liao

Methane (CH₄) emissions differ between urban and rural wetlands, while the microbial mechanisms associated with these differences have not been clearly identified. Here, we characterized the CH₄-cycling microbial communities and their functional metabolic pathways between urban and rural wetlands by using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, metagenomes and CH₄ flux measurements. Results showed that rural wetlands primarily utilized acetate/CO₂-dependent methanogenic pathway and complete carbon oxidation to CO₂ in methanotrophic pathway. Whereas, urban wetlands were dominated by the coenzyme M-dependent methanogenic pathway and trimethylamine catabolism, with methanotrophic pathway characterized by enhanced carbon assimilation capacity. In wetland water, while the abundances of methanogens in urban water were 5-fold lower than in rural water, urban water exhibited stronger microbial cooperation and higher metabolic flexibility, which were associated with an 85 % higher water-atmosphere CH₄ flux compared to rural counterparts. In wetland soil, key environmental factors (e.g. higher pH and lower organic matter content compared to rural sites) shaped distinct microbial community structures and CH₄ metabolic traits. These differences were shown as higher functional gene diversity, more stable co-occurrence networks, and greater metabolic flexibility, which were linked to a 6-fold higher soil CH₄ emissions than in rural soil. This study describes the microbial mechanisms underlying CH₄ emission differences between urban and rural wetlands, providing insights into microbially mediated CH₄ cycling in urban wetland ecosystems.

城市湿地和农村湿地的甲烷（CH4）排放存在差异，而与这些差异相关的微生物机制尚未明确。通过16S rRNA扩增子测序、宏基因组和CH4通量测量，研究了城市和农村湿地之间CH4循环微生物群落及其功能代谢途径。结果表明：农村湿地主要利用醋酸/CO2依赖的产甲烷途径和完全的碳氧化为CO2的甲烷营养途径。城市湿地以辅酶m依赖性产甲烷途径和三甲胺分解代谢为主，其中甲烷营养途径以碳同化能力增强为特征。在湿地水体中，虽然城市水体中产甲烷菌的丰度比农村水体低5倍，但城市水体表现出更强的微生物合作和更高的代谢灵活性，这与水-大气CH4通量比农村水体高85%有关。在湿地土壤中，关键环境因素（如pH值较高、有机质含量较低）塑造了不同的微生物群落结构和CH4代谢特征。这些差异表现为更高的功能基因多样性、更稳定的共生网络和更大的代谢灵活性，这与土壤CH4排放量比农村土壤高6倍有关。本研究描述了城市湿地和农村湿地CH4排放差异的微生物机制，为城市湿地生态系统中微生物介导的CH4循环提供了新的思路。

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引用次数: 0

Bacterial necromass decomposition and priming effects in paddy soils depend on long-term fertilization 水稻土细菌坏死物分解和启动效应依赖于长期施肥

IF 10.3 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109992

Qi Liu , Zhenke Zhu , Liang Wei , Wenju Zhang , Shuang Wang , Hongzhao Yuan , Jianping Chen , Tida Ge , Minggang Xu , Yakov Kuzyakov

Long-term fertilization alters nutrient availability and microbial community composition in soil, thereby modulating the decomposition of microbial necromass and its influence on soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover. However, the microbial taxa that drive necromass recycling and how their activity translates into positive or negative priming effects (PEs) on SOC mineralization in rice paddies remain unknown. We combined ¹³C isotope probing and high-throughput sequencing to investigate the microbial groups involved in necromass decomposition and their associated PEs on SOC mineralization in paddy soils subjected to 34 years of mineral fertilization or chicken manure application as compared to unfertilized control soil. Following the addition of ¹³C-labeled bacterial necromass, 50–60 % of the ¹³C was mineralized to CO₂ within 210 days, with fertilized soils releasing 15 % more ¹³C–CO₂ compared to unfertilized soils. Microbial uptake of ¹³C from necromass occurred sequentially: Gram-positive (Gram⁺) bacteria dominated initial incorporation (within 5 days), followed by uptake by Gram-negative (Gram⁻) bacteria and thereafter by actinomycetes and fungi after 40 days. In unfertilized carbon-limited soils, K-strategist taxa, such as Gram⁺ bacteria, Gamma-proteobacteria, Patescibacteria, and Basidiomycota, mined recalcitrant SOC to fulfill their nutrient demands, thus generating a strong positive PE. Conversely, in soils receiving combined mineral and organic inputs, r-strategist taxa, including Gram⁻ bacteria, Alpha-proteobacteria, and Ascomycota, preferentially decomposed newly formed microbial necromass rather than SOC, resulting in a negative PE and net SOC accumulation. These findings demonstrate that fertilization-driven shifts in microbial life-history strategies as well as SOC availability govern necromass turnover and its priming consequences, highlighting necromass recycling as a key lever to raise SOC stabilization. Thus, managing fertilizer regimes to favor targeted microbial guilds offers a promising pathway to increase carbon sequestration and sustain soil health in paddy ecosystems.

长期施肥会改变土壤养分有效性和微生物群落组成，从而调节微生物坏死块的分解及其对土壤有机碳（SOC）周转的影响。然而，在稻田中，驱动坏死团循环的微生物分类以及它们的活动如何转化为对有机碳矿化的正或负启动效应（PEs）仍然知之甚少。采用13C同位素探测和高通量测序相结合的方法，研究了施用34年矿肥和鸡粪的水稻土中参与尸块分解的微生物群及其对有机碳矿化的影响。在添加13C标记的细菌坏死块后，在210天内，50-60%的13C被矿化成二氧化碳，与未施肥的土壤相比，施肥土壤释放的13C-CO2多15%。从坏死块中摄取13C的微生物顺序发生：最初（5天内）革兰氏阳性（革兰氏+）细菌占主导地位，随后是革兰氏阴性（革兰氏−）细菌的二次摄取，然后是放线菌和真菌的二次摄取。在未施肥的碳限制土壤中，革兰氏菌（Gram+ bacteria）、γ -变形菌（γ -proteobacteria）、Patescibacteria和担子菌（Basidiomycota）等k -策略菌群通过挖掘顽固的有机碳来满足其养分需求，从而产生强烈的正PE。相反，在接受矿物和有机混合输入的土壤中，包括革兰氏菌、α -变形菌和子囊菌在内的r-策略分类群优先分解新形成的微生物坏死块，而不是有机碳，导致负PE和净有机碳积累。这些发现表明，施肥驱动的微生物生活史策略的转变控制着坏死块的周转及其引发的后果，突出了坏死块的循环是促进有机碳稳定的关键杠杆。因此，管理肥料制度以支持目标微生物协会为加强水稻生态系统的碳固存和维持土壤健康提供了一条有希望的途径。

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引用次数: 0

Precipitation rather than temperature dominates microbial necromass accumulation by regulating soil physicochemical properties in alpine wetlands 通过调节高寒湿地土壤理化性质，降水而非温度主导微生物坏死团的积累

IF 10.3 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109987

Xiongjie Sheng , Juan Zhou , Meng Lu , Hui Jin , Wenli Wang , Zhiming Zhang , Liding Chen , Wenjun Liu , Xun Wang , Qiong La , Jingxin Huang , Zhiheng Ma , Yuhan Gao , Yuan Chi , Xiaolin Dou

Microbial necromass is a key component of stable soil organic carbon (C) and contributes substantially to long-term C sequestration, accounting for nearly half of soil C content in terrestrial ecosystems. However, both the contribution of microbial necromass to soil C in wetland soils and the environmental factors regulating the distribution of microbial residues remain poorly understood, especially in alpine regions. Here, we sampled 105 alpine wetlands across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to investigate the effects of climatic, soil, and plant factors on microbial-derived C. On average, microbial residues accounted for 17.7 % of soil organic C, with swamp wetlands exhibiting the highest microbial necromass C content but a relatively lower contribution to soil organic C than other wetland types. Fungal residues contributed more to soil C (11.6 %) than bacterial residues (6.1 %), reflecting the predominance of fungal-derived residues in soil C. Mean annual precipitation improved soil moisture and nutrient availability (e.g., soil organic C, N and ammonium-N) and alleviated salinity stress by reducing electrical conductivity, thereby favoring microbial activity and turnover, and ultimately enhancing microbial residue formation. Temperature and plant properties had relatively minor effects within the narrow temperature range (−5 to +5 °C) observed at most sites. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of precipitation in regulating soil physicochemical conditions and promoting microbial residue formation, suggesting that future changes in precipitation regimes may strongly influence residue dynamics and long-term C sequestration in alpine wetlands.

微生物坏死体是稳定土壤有机碳(C)的关键组成部分，对长期固碳有重要贡献，占陆地生态系统土壤C含量的近一半。然而，湿地土壤中微生物坏死块对土壤C的贡献，以及调节微生物残留分布的环境因子，特别是在高寒地区，仍然知之甚少。微生物残体平均占土壤有机碳的17.7%，沼泽湿地微生物残体碳含量最高，但对土壤有机碳的贡献相对低于其他湿地类型。真菌残留物对土壤有机C的贡献（11.6%）高于细菌残留物（6.1%），反映了真菌残留物在土壤C中的优势地位。平均年降水量通过降低土壤电导率改善土壤水分和养分有效性（如土壤有机C、氮和铵态氮），缓解盐胁迫，从而有利于微生物的活动和更替，最终促进微生物残留物的形成。温度和植物特性在大多数站点观测到的较窄范围（-5 ~ +5℃）内的影响相对较小。我们的研究结果强调了降水在调节土壤理化条件和促进微生物残留物形成方面的关键作用，这表明未来降水制度的变化可能会强烈影响高寒湿地的残留物动态和长期碳固存。

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引用次数: 0

Biotic and abiotic factors controlling terpenoid exchange from soil of a mixed temperate forest ecosystem 控制温带混交林生态系统土壤萜类交换的生物和非生物因子

IF 10.3 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109991

Jürgen Kreuzwieser , Hojin Lee , Alina Köhler , Andreas Christen , Markus Sulzer , Helmer Schack-Kirchner , Julian Brzozon , Friederike Lang , L. Erik Daber , Rahel Bechtold , Christiane Werner

The contribution of forest floors to the ecosystem budget of volatile terpenoids is still not fully understood. We performed seasonal measurements in a mixed temperate forest to elucidate the effects of tree species (Douglas fir vs. European beech) and abiotic drivers on soil-atmosphere terpenoid exchange. In addition, soil cores were studied under controlled conditions to characterize the effect of ambient air terpenoid concentrations on exchange rates of terpenoids and their enantiomers. Moreover, the role of litter layer and microbial activity on exchange of important terpenoids enantiomers was tested. Soil under Douglas fir emitted monoterpenes at rates up to 3 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, whereas soil under European beech released terpenes at much lower rates and occasionally even took up these volatiles. Exchange followed seasonal patterns with low fluxes during winter, increasing emissions during springtime and reduced exchange rates in summer. Flux rates weakly correlated with soil temperature, soil moisture and ambient terpenoid concentrations. In isolated soil cores emission of terpenoids was enantiomer specific, which was not observed for terpenoid uptake. Increasing ambient concentrations caused a switch from emission to an uptake of terpenoids at compound specific compensation points ranging between 10 and 250 ppt. More detailed analyses indicated that the litter layer and not the mineral soil is the main contributor for soil terpenoid exchange, and that microbial activity plays an important role for terpenoid uptake but not for emission. In conclusion, our results highlight a strong contribution of the forest floor to the ecosystem budget of terpenoids. For temperate forests tree-species and related litter determine terpenoid emission from the forest floor, whereas terpenoid uptake is driven by soil microbial activity. The balance of exchange is modulated by soil temperature and ambient terpenoid concentrations. It remains to be elucidated whether such relationships apply to forests in other biomes.

森林地面对挥发性萜类化合物的生态系统收支的贡献尚未完全了解。我们在温带混合森林中进行了季节性测量，以阐明树种（花旗松与欧洲山毛榉）和非生物驱动因素对土壤-大气萜类交换的影响。此外，在控制条件下研究了土壤岩心，表征了环境空气中萜类化合物浓度对萜类及其对映体交换速率的影响。此外，还考察了凋落物层数和微生物活性对重要萜类对映体交换的影响。花旗松土壤释放单萜烯的速率高达3 μg m-2 h-1，而欧洲山毛榉土壤释放萜烯的速率要低得多，有时甚至会吸收这些挥发物。交换遵循季节性模式，冬季通量低，春季排放量增加，夏季汇率降低。通量率与土壤温度、土壤湿度和环境萜类化合物浓度呈弱相关。在分离的土壤岩心中，萜类化合物的释放具有对映体特异性，而对萜类化合物的吸收没有观察到这一点。在化合物特定补偿点范围为10至250 ppt之间，环境浓度的增加导致萜类化合物从排放转向吸收。更详细的分析表明，凋落物层而非矿质土是土壤萜类交换的主要贡献者，微生物活动对萜类的吸收起重要作用，而对排放不起作用。总之，我们的结果强调了森林地面对萜类化合物生态系统预算的强大贡献。对于温带森林，树种和相关凋落物决定了森林地面的萜类排放物，而萜类吸收则由土壤微生物活动驱动。交换平衡受土壤温度和环境萜类化合物浓度的调节。这种关系是否适用于其他生物群系的森林还有待阐明。

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引用次数: 0

Joint effects of predatory protists and predatory bacteria on driving the evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance 掠食性原生生物和掠食性细菌在细菌耐药性进化中的共同作用

IF 10.3 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109990

Thi Bao-Anh Nguyen , Kenneth Dumack , Michael Bonkowski , Qing-Lin Chen , Tim Urich , Verena Groß , Ji-Zheng He , Hang-Wei Hu

Biological factors, especially predator-prey interactions, are crucial drivers of ecological processes. However, their roles in driving the evolution of antibiotic resistance, a global health concern, remain poorly understood in complex natural soil ecosystems. Predatory protists and predatory bacteria are primary bacterial predators, however, mechanisms underlying the influence of their predation on the richness and abundance of bacterial antibiotic resistance within a multitrophic soil ecosystem are still poorly known. Here, we assessed effects of soil predatory protists on predatory bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) across a gradient of protist concentrations under the control of bacteria's competitors – fungi. Our findings reveal that high-protist predation pressure significantly amplified the relative abundance of predatory bacteria Streptomycetales and Myxococcales between days 15 and 45 of the microcosm incubation. Aligning with a rising abundance of predatory bacteria and antibiotic-producing bacteria, the relative abundance and diversity of soil ARGs significantly increased under high protist concentrations, regardless of fungal effects. Many ARGs encoding key resistance mechanisms (antibiotic deactivation and efflux pumps) were enriched in response to predatory protists within complex inter-group interactions. Moreover, these enriched ARGs were strongly associated with both predatory bacteria and predatory protists. More profound effects of predatory protists on the predatory bacteria and soil ARGs were identified in the presence of fungi. Our study provides novel evidence about crucial effects of predatory protists on shaping the predatory bacterial community and driving bacterial antibiotic resistance under complex multitrophic interactions in a natural soil. These findings pave the way for future research aimed at mitigating this global health issue and uncovering other ecological processes.

生物因素，特别是捕食者-猎物相互作用，是生态过程的关键驱动因素。然而，在复杂的自然土壤生态系统中，它们在推动抗生素耐药性演变中的作用仍然知之甚少，这是一个全球健康问题。掠夺性原生生物和掠夺性细菌是主要的细菌捕食者，然而，在多营养土壤生态系统中，它们的捕食对细菌抗生素耐药性丰富度和丰度的影响机制仍然知之甚少。在细菌的竞争对手真菌的控制下，我们评估了不同浓度的土壤掠食性原生生物对掠食性细菌和抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的影响。我们的研究结果表明，高原生生物捕食压力显著增加了捕食性细菌链霉菌和黏液球菌的相对丰度。与掠食性细菌和产生抗生素的细菌的丰度上升一致，在高原生生物浓度下，土壤ARGs的相对丰度和多样性显著增加，而不考虑真菌的影响。许多编码关键耐药机制（抗生素失活和外排泵）的ARGs在复杂的群间相互作用中对掠夺性原生生物的反应中富集。此外，这些富集的ARGs与掠食性细菌和掠食性原生生物密切相关。在真菌存在的情况下，捕食原生生物对掠食性细菌和土壤ARGs的影响更为深远。我们的研究提供了新的证据，证明在自然土壤中，在复杂的多营养相互作用下，掠食性原生生物在形成掠食性细菌群落和驱动细菌抗生素耐药性方面的关键作用。这些发现为未来旨在减轻这一全球健康问题和揭示其他生态过程的研究铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

Soil biodiversity and ecosystem functions in grasslands: Is more always better? 草原土壤生物多样性与生态系统功能：越多越好吗？

IF 10.3 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.109988

Dajana Radujković , Miguel Portillo-Estrada , Björn Hendrickx , Giandiego Campetella , Willem-Jan Emsens , Mária Höhn , Gerald Jurasinski , Stefano Chelli , Tim Vochten , Erik Verbruggen

Given the biodiversity crisis, research on soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) has grown rapidly. While a positive BEF relationship is often reported, whether it holds across different soils with distinct soil and plant communities remains understudied. Here, we conducted a greenhouse experiment containing five experimental grassland systems representing different (semi)natural grasslands. Each grassland system contained four biodiversity levels established by sequential filtering of the field soil community by size, creating a gradient in their presence, richness and thus community completeness. We found that shoot biomass remained unaffected by treatments. However, consistent with expectations of a positive BEF relationship, nitrification potential and microbial nitrogen content generally increased with biodiversity increase, whereas the relative abundance of predatory/parasitic bacteria decreased. On the contrary, high soil biodiversity led to a decrease in plant nitrogen content and soil urea degradation potential, suggesting that soil biodiversity may influence competition for nitrogen between plants and microbes. Moreover, while microbial biomass carbon was promoted by soil biodiversity in relatively fertile grassland soils and root biomass was unaffected, they were both reduced in poorer soils. These findings highlight that soil biodiversity may promote certain grassland functions but suppress others and that the direction of these trade-offs may depend on the soil characteristics or the biotic community it harbours. The conservation and management of soil biodiversity thus need to be evaluated in the context of the functions that are to be maximised and the grassland soil context.

在生物多样性危机的背景下，土壤生物多样性与生态系统功能（BEF）研究迅速发展。虽然经常报道正BEF关系，但它是否适用于不同土壤和植物群落的不同土壤仍有待研究。在此，我们进行了一个温室实验，包含五个代表不同（半）天然草地的实验草地系统。每个草地系统包含4个生物多样性水平，这些水平是通过对田间土壤群落大小的顺序过滤建立起来的，在它们的存在、丰富度和群落完整性方面形成了梯度。我们发现茎部生物量不受处理的影响。然而，随着生物多样性的增加，硝化潜能和微生物氮含量普遍增加，而捕食/寄生细菌的相对丰度则下降，这与预期的正BEF关系一致。相反，土壤生物多样性高导致植物氮含量和土壤尿素降解潜力降低，表明土壤生物多样性可能影响植物和微生物对氮的竞争。土壤多样性对土壤微生物生物量碳的促进作用在相对肥沃的草地土壤中明显增强，根系生物量不受影响，而在较贫瘠的土壤中，两者均减少。这些发现强调，土壤生物多样性可能促进某些草地功能，但抑制其他功能，这些权衡的方向可能取决于土壤特征或其所含的生物群落。因此，土壤生物多样性的保护和管理需要在功能最大化和草原土壤环境的背景下进行评估。

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引用次数: 0