Soil Biology & Biochemistry最新文献_第6页

Grassland degradation-induced soil organic carbon loss associated with micro-food web simplification 草地退化导致的土壤有机碳损失与微型食物网简化有关

IF 9.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109659

Yang Hu , Tianle Kou , Mengfei Cong , Yuanbin Jia , Han Yan , Xingyun Huang , Zailei Yang , Shaoshan An , Hongtao Jia

Soil micro-food webs play a vital role in sustaining soil carbon cycling and stocks through the activities and interactions of individual organisms. However, grassland degradation disrupts these micro-food webs and is expected to reduce soil carbon stocks. This hypothesis was tested along degradation transects that were established in alpine meadows and steppes in arid regions, examining how multitrophic organisms and microbial metabolic efficiency respond to grassland degradation and how these responses relate to soil organic carbon (SOC). Grassland degradation reduced microbial necromass accumulation coefficient (the ratio of microbial necromass carbon to microbial biomass carbon) and increased microbial metabolic quotient (the ratio of soil respiration rate to microbial biomass carbon), indicating that microbes may prioritize SOC decomposition for resource acquisition over growth and necromass accumulation. Degradation led to increased bacterial and fungal diversity, reduced protist and nematode diversity, and simplified the structure of micro-food web (network complexity). Overall, grassland degradation reduced microbial metabolic efficiency, linked to reduced plant biomass, lower soil clay content, and a simplified micro-food web—particularly weakening interactions among microbes, microbivores, and predators—which is associated with SOC loss in degraded grasslands. These findings indicate the necessity of maintaining micro-food web structures to promote soil carbon sequestration in degraded grasslands.

土壤微食物网通过生物个体的活动和相互作用，在维持土壤碳循环和碳储量方面发挥着重要作用。然而，草地退化会破坏这些微食物网，预计会减少土壤碳储量。我们沿着在干旱地区的高山草甸和大草原上建立的退化横断面对这一假设进行了检验，考察了多营养生物和微生物代谢效率如何对草地退化做出反应，以及这些反应与土壤有机碳（SOC）之间的关系。草地退化降低了微生物坏死物质积累系数（微生物坏死物质碳与微生物生物量碳的比率），提高了微生物代谢商数（土壤呼吸速率与微生物生物量碳的比率），表明微生物可能会优先分解SOC以获取资源，而不是生长和坏死物质积累。退化增加了细菌和真菌的多样性，减少了原生动物和线虫的多样性，简化了微观食物网的结构（网络复杂性）。总体而言，草地退化降低了微生物的代谢效率，导致植物生物量减少、土壤粘土含量降低、微观食物网简化，特别是削弱了微生物、微型食草动物和捕食者之间的相互作用，这与退化草地的SOC损失有关。这些发现表明，有必要保持微食物网结构，以促进退化草地的土壤固碳。

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引用次数: 0

Microhabitat properties explain variations in soil nematode communities across climate conditions in cropland, but not in grassland 微生境特性可以解释不同气候条件下耕地土壤线虫群落的变化，但不能解释草地土壤线虫群落的变化

IF 9.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109657

Mengqi Wu , Xiaoli Yang , Thomas Reitz , Evgenia Blagodatskaya , Nico Eisenhauer , Martin Schädler , Steffen Schlüter

Soil nematodes are valuable bioindicators for the ecological status of soils. Nematode community properties are known to be altered by land-use intensity, to vary with seasonal dynamics, and to be affected by climate change. These external drivers also affect a range of structural, physical, and biochemical soil properties. However, it is unclear whether shifts in nematode community properties are the result of changing resource accessibility in the soil or whether these just co-occur.

Here, we linked nematode community to microhabitat properties of intact soils and biochemical properties of bulk soils from a long-term field trial on land-use intensity (cropland vs. grassland) and simulated climate change (ambient vs. future climate). Soil samples were taken in two seasons (November vs. June) to capture a wide range of climatic conditions. The objective of the study was to investigate whether the resource accessibility imposed by microhabitat properties would regulate nematode communities and whether the strength of bottom-up regulation depended on climate change, land use intensification, seasonality and their interactions.

Land-use and seasonality had clearly separable effects on nematode community composition. The coupling of physical microstructure properties with nematode community properties depended on land use. In cropland, nematode abundance was strongly associated with the features of the habitable pore space, such as nematode-specific porosity, pore connectivity, and particulate organic matter. Grassland nematode communities were independent of these measurable habitat properties and featured stronger co-occurrence networks. The effect of increased temperature and shifting precipitation patterns on nematode community properties were generally smaller, varied with land use and season, and were not linked to concomitant changes in microhabitat properties.

Our findings indicate that characterizing microhabitat properties might be a promising approach to help explain the notorious variability in nematode community composition. The strength of bottom-up regulation by resource accessibility could be a valuable indicator of the resilience of nematode communities to environmental stresses and perturbations.

土壤线虫是土壤生态状况的重要生物指标。众所周知，线虫群落的特性会因土地使用强度而改变，随季节动态而变化，并受气候变化的影响。这些外部驱动因素也会影响一系列土壤结构、物理和生物化学特性。在这里，我们将线虫群落与完整土壤的微生境特性和大体积土壤的生化特性联系起来，这些特性来自于土地利用强度（耕地与草地）和模拟气候变化（环境与未来气候）的长期田间试验。土壤样本在两个季节（11 月与 6 月）采集，以捕捉各种气候条件。该研究的目的是调查微生境特性所带来的资源可及性是否会调节线虫群落，以及自下而上的调节强度是否取决于气候变化、土地利用强度、季节性及其相互作用。物理微结构特性与线虫群落特性的耦合取决于土地利用。在耕地中，线虫数量与可居住孔隙空间的特征密切相关，如线虫特有的孔隙度、孔隙连通性和颗粒有机物。草地线虫群落与这些可测量的生境特性无关，并具有更强的共生网络。我们的研究结果表明，描述微生境特性可能是一种很有前途的方法，有助于解释线虫群落组成的显著变化。资源可及性自下而上调节的强度可能是线虫群落抵御环境压力和干扰的一个重要指标。

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引用次数: 0

Cropping system modulates the effect of spring drought on ammonia-oxidizing communities 种植系统调节春旱对氨氧化群落的影响

IF 9.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109658

Ari Fina Bintarti , Elena Kost , Dominika Kundel , Rafaela Feola Conz , Paul Mäder , Hans-Martin Krause , Jochen Mayer , Laurent Philippot , Martin Hartmann

The severity of drought is predicted to increase across Europe due to climate change. Droughts can substantially impact terrestrial nitrogen (N) cycling and the corresponding microbial communities. Here, we investigated how ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), archaea (AOA), and complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) as well as inorganic N pools and N₂O fluxes respond to simulated drought under different cropping systems. A rain-out shelter experiment was conducted as part of a long-term field experiment comparing cropping systems that differed mainly in fertilization strategy (organic, mineral, or mixed mineral and organic) and plant protection management (biodynamic versus conventional pesticide use). We found that the effect of drought varied depending on the specific ammonia-oxidizing (AO) groups and the type of cropping system. Drought had the greatest impact on the structure of the AOA community compared to the other AO groups. The abundance of ammonia oxidizers was also affected by drought, with comammox clade B exhibiting the highest sensitivity. Additionally, drought had, overall, a stronger impact on the AO community structure in the biodynamic cropping system than in the mixed and mineral-fertilized conventional systems. The responses of ammonia-oxidizing communities to drought were comparable between bulk soil and rhizosphere. We observed a significant increase in NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ pools during the drought period, which then decreased after rewetting, indicating a strong resilience. We further found that drought altered the complex relationships between AO communities and mineral N pools, as well as N₂O fluxes. These results highlight the importance of agricultural management practices in influencing the response of nitrogen cycling guilds and their processes to drought.

据预测，整个欧洲的干旱严重程度将因气候变化而加剧。干旱会严重影响陆地氮（N）循环和相应的微生物群落。在此，我们研究了氨氧化细菌（AOB）、古菌（AOA）、完全氨氧化剂（comammox）以及无机氮库和一氧化二氮通量在不同种植系统下如何应对模拟干旱。作为长期田间试验的一部分，我们进行了一次避雨试验，比较了主要在施肥策略（有机肥、矿物质肥或矿物质与有机肥混合施肥）和植保管理（生物动力施肥与常规农药使用）方面不同的耕作制度。我们发现，干旱的影响因特定的氨氧化（AO）群体和种植系统类型而异。与其他氨氧化物群相比，干旱对氨氧化物群落结构的影响最大。氨氧化剂的丰度也受到干旱的影响，Comammox 支系 B 的敏感性最高。此外，总体而言，干旱对生物动力耕作系统中的氨氧化物群落结构的影响要大于混合耕作系统和矿物肥料常规耕作系统。氨氧化群落对干旱的反应在块状土壤和根瘤层中具有可比性。我们观察到，在干旱期间，NH4+ 和 NO3- 池明显增加，复湿后又有所减少，这表明氨氧化群落具有很强的恢复能力。我们还发现，干旱改变了氧化亚氮群落和矿物氮库之间的复杂关系，以及氧化亚氮通量。这些结果凸显了农业管理方法在影响氮循环类群及其过程对干旱的响应方面的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Aeolian dust deposition as a driver of cyanobacterial community structure in biological soil crusts 浮尘沉积是生物土壤结壳中蓝藻群落结构的驱动因素

IF 9.7 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109654

Brian Scott, Jon Zaloumis, Ferran Garcia-Pichel

Biocrusts are comprised of soil-dwelling microbes well known for stabilizing desert soils. Unstable soil is typically colonized first by motile cyanobacteria that can burrow under the surface to avoid sun exposure when in a dry state. They produce long, sticky sheaths and large trichome bundles that bind soil particles. Biocrusts dominated by such cyanobacteria are rather inconspicuous and thus termed “light biocrusts.” Some non-motile cyanobacteria can produce the dark sunscreen pigment scytonemin. They are typically considered to be secondary colonizers of the soil surface and their development marks the formation of “dark biocrusts.” Contrasting with this general paradigm, we observed both light and dark biocrusts growing side by side in a natural desert area in Pinal County, Arizona. Because light biocrusts developed as a band along a nearby dirt road, we hypothesized that aeolian dust deposition from road traffic may have contributed to this spatial patterning. To test this, we used inoculum from the natural site to grow biocrust in the laboratory with and without inputs of dust deposition, characterizing resulting biocrusts by appearance, microscopy, community composition based on 16S RNA, as well as proxy pigment analyses. Light biocrusts developed on soils receiving regular dust inputs, while undusted soils developed dark biocrust, an outcome traceable primarily to a more rapid growth of motile, non scytonemin-producing cyanobacteria under dust deposition. However, similar experiments carried out with well-developed crusts resisted dust-driven community shifts, even after extended treatments. We conclude that dust can swiftly affect community assembly pathways, but that it is much less of a factor, if at all, in driving shifts in established communities, and can partly explain biocrust spatial patterning in our site, and likely elsewhere.

生物簇是由生活在土壤中的微生物组成的，以稳定沙漠土壤而闻名。不稳定的土壤通常首先由能动蓝藻定殖，这些蓝藻可以在干燥状态下钻到地表下，以避免阳光照射。它们产生长而粘的鞘和大的毛状体束，将土壤颗粒粘结在一起。以这类蓝藻为主的生物簇非常不明显，因此被称为 "轻生物簇"。一些不运动的蓝藻可产生深色防晒色素鞘氨醇。它们通常被认为是土壤表面的次生定殖者，它们的发展标志着 "深色生物簇 "的形成。与这一普遍范例不同的是，我们在亚利桑那州皮纳尔县的一个自然沙漠地区观察到了同时生长的浅色和深色生物簇。由于浅色生物簇沿着附近的一条土路呈带状生长，我们推测道路交通造成的风尘沉积可能促成了这种空间格局。为了验证这一点，我们在实验室中使用了来自自然地点的接种体，在有和没有尘埃沉积的情况下培育生物簇，并通过外观、显微镜、基于 16S RNA 的群落组成以及代用色素分析来确定生物簇的特征。在定期投入灰尘的土壤上形成浅色生物簇，而未投入灰尘的土壤则形成深色生物簇。然而，在结壳发达的类似实验中，即使经过长时间的处理，灰尘驱动的群落转移也不会发生。我们的结论是，灰尘会迅速影响群落的聚集途径，但在驱动已建立群落的变化方面，灰尘的作用要小得多（如果有的话）。

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引用次数: 0

Polylactic acid microplastics induced negative priming and improved carbon sequestration via microbial processes in different paddy soils 聚乳酸微塑料在不同稻田土壤中通过微生物过程诱导负引力并提高固碳效果

IF 9.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109653

Liying Chen , Lanfang Han , Fayuan Wang , Qi'ang Chen , Hongkai Huang , Jie Wang , Chuanxin Ma , Ke Sun , Matthias C. Rillig , Yakov Kuzyakov , Zhifeng Yang

Biodegradable microplastics (MPs), which are starting to be used in large quantities in croplands, may affect the mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC). These priming effects induced by biodegradable MPs are a very new issue, and their mechanisms as well as consequences for various soils are nearly unknown. Using stable carbon isotope signature (δ¹³C), we quantified the priming effects by adding corn (C4 plant) -based polylactic acid (PLA, δ¹³C = 11.9‰) MPs to three paddy soils with solely C3 signature: Ferralsol, Alfisol and Mollisol at two rates (0.5 and 1.0 wt%, based on the mass of MPs). After the incubation (180 days), PLA-MPs reduced the SOC mineralization in all three soils, triggering a negative priming effect. This negative priming effect was strongest in Mollisol (210-220 mg CO₂-C kg^-1). The net C balance in Mollisol was positive and clearly higher than the C amounts initially added with PLA-MPs to soils, indicating C accrual. The two main mechanisms of the negative priming effects were: i) sorptive protection of SOC and especially dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by PLA-MPs, and ii) reduction of microbial biomass and fungal diversity after PLA-MPs addition. Additionally, “switching of microbial decomposition from SOC to PLA-MPs” was pronounced in Mollisol, indicated by more PLA-MPs being mineralized. PLA-MPs thus changed the soil C dynamics mediated in part by the changes of microbial biomass, diversity, and community composition, utilization switch to new resources and decrease of SOC mineralization, all of them leading to C accumulation in soil.

开始在农田中大量使用的可生物降解的微塑料（MPs）可能会影响土壤有机碳（SOC）的矿化。可生物降解的微塑料所引起的这些启动效应是一个非常新的问题，其机制以及对各种土壤造成的后果几乎无人知晓。利用稳定碳同位素特征（δ13C），我们量化了在三种仅具有 C3 特征的水稻土中添加玉米（C4 植物）基聚乳酸（PLA，δ13C = 11.9‰）多孔质材料所产生的启动效应：Ferralsol、Alfisol 和 Mollisol 三种水稻土中，MPs 的比例分别为 0.5% 和 1.0%。培养（180 天）后，聚乳酸-MPs 降低了所有三种土壤中的 SOC 矿化度，引发了一种负引导效应。这种负引导效应在 Mollisol 中最强（210-220 毫克 CO2-C kg-1）。在 Mollisol 中，净 C 平衡为正值，明显高于最初添加到土壤中的 PLA-MPs 的 C 量，这表明 C 累积。产生负引导效应的两个主要机制是：i）聚乳酸-MPs 对 SOC（特别是溶解有机碳）的吸附保护作用；ii）添加聚乳酸-MPs 后微生物生物量和真菌多样性的减少。此外，"微生物分解从 SOC 到 PLA-MPs 的转换 "在 Mollisol 中非常明显，这表现在更多的 PLA-MPs 被矿化。因此，PLA-MPs 改变了土壤中的碳动态，部分原因是微生物生物量、多样性和群落组成的变化、对新资源的利用转换以及 SOC 矿化的减少，所有这些都导致了土壤中的碳积累。

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引用次数: 0

Humidity controls soil organic carbon accrual in grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau 湿度控制青藏高原草地土壤有机碳的积累

IF 9.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-11-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109655

Zhen-Huan Guan , Bin Jia , Zi-qi Niu , Xiao-Ming Mou , Jie Chen , Fen-Can Li , Yi-Ning Wu , Shijie Ning , Kuzyakov Yakov , Xiao Gang Li

The huge soil organic C (SOC) storage (around 34 Pg in the top 0.7 m) in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) grasslands is commonly explained by slow decomposition of litter under cold climate therein, but this view may not be reliable as humidity also affects microbial activity. We sampled the 20 cm topsoil of grasslands along an altitudinal gradient from 1286 m on the western Loess Plateau (LP) to 4200 m above sea level on the northeastern QTP. The light-fraction SOC (LFOC), composition of non-cellulosic neutral carbohydrates, and amino sugars were used as biomarkers to investigate the intensity of microbial action on SOC as a function of climate along this altitudinal gradient. From the lowest-to the highest-humidity site with rising altitude, the root biomass tripled and the SOC content increased approximately sevenfold (from 13.5 g kg⁻¹ to 93.3 g kg⁻¹). The non-cellulosic neutral carbohydrate, microbial biomass C (MBC), and microbial necromass C (MNC) contents increased, but the LFOC content decreased. The contribution of MNC to the SOC and ratios between microbially- and plant-derived sugars in the non-cellulosic carbohydrate pool increased, but the proportion of LFOC in the SOC dropped. Consequently, besides the increased root biomass, the selective preservation of microbial compounds at colder and more humid sites contributed to SOC accruals in grasslands. The higher MBC in cold and humid grasslands perfectly explained the increased selective preservation of microbial derived C at the expense of plant C in higher-relative to lower-altitude areas. Importantly, the above humidity-controlled accumulations of microbial substances and SOC in grasslands were confirmed by results synthesized from published data across the LP and QTP. The higher SOC contents in cold and humid QTP grasslands relative to warm and dry regions were ascribed to the increased accumulation of microbial residues because of the increased humidity in QTP grasslands.

青藏高原草地土壤有机碳（SOC）储量巨大（表层 0.7 米约 34 Pg），通常解释为寒冷气候条件下枯落物分解缓慢，但由于湿度也会影响微生物活动，这种观点可能并不可靠。我们沿黄土高原西部海拔 1286 米至青藏高原东北部海拔 4200 米的海拔梯度对草地 20 厘米表土进行了取样。以轻组分 SOC（LFOC）、非纤维素中性碳水化合物成分和氨基糖为生物标志物，研究微生物对 SOC 的作用强度与气候在这一海拔梯度上的函数关系。从湿度最低的地点到湿度最高的地点，随着海拔的升高，根部生物量增加了三倍，SOC 含量增加了约七倍（从 13.5 克/千克增加到 93.3 克/千克）。非纤维素中性碳水化合物、微生物生物量 C (MBC) 和微生物坏死物质 C (MNC) 含量增加，但 LFOC 含量减少。MNC 对 SOC 的贡献以及非纤维素碳水化合物池中微生物和植物衍生糖类的比例都有所增加，但 LFOC 在 SOC 中的比例却有所下降。因此，除了根部生物量增加外，微生物化合物在较冷和较潮湿地点的选择性保存也是草地SOC累积的原因之一。相对于低海拔地区，高海拔地区微生物产生的碳的选择性保存增加，而植物碳的选择性保存则减少。重要的是，根据低纬度地区和高纬度地区已发表的数据综合得出的结果证实了上述受湿度控制的微生物物质和SOC在草原上的积累。寒冷潮湿的 QTP 草原的 SOC 含量高于温暖干旱地区，这是因为 QTP 草原湿度增加，微生物残留物积累增加。

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引用次数: 0

Hyphosphere core taxa link plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi combinations to soil organic phosphorus mineralization 同温层核心类群将植物-丛枝菌根真菌组合与土壤有机磷矿化联系起来

IF 9.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109647

Letian Wang , Lin Zhang , Timothy S. George , Gu Feng

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi acquire photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) from host plants and transport some of it to hyphosphere bacteria via an extensive extraradical hyphal network. The hyphosphere microbiome, fostered by hyphal exudates, is crucial for AM fungi to access soil organic phosphorus (Po) and enhance plant growth, but the impact of plant-AM fungal combinations is still not well-elucidated. To answer this question, we selected two plant species with differing photosynthetic efficiency, medic (a C₃ plant) and maize (a C₄ plant), along with 4 AM fungal species, and successfully established various plant-AM fungal combinations. We examined the growth of plants and AM fungi, the mineralization process of soil Po, and the absolute quantity, community composition, and metabolic preferences of the hyphosphere microbiome.

Maize-AM fungi combinations exhibited greater abilities to increase soil phosphatase activity and promote Po mineralization compared to medic-AM fungi combinations. This was related to substantial disparities in the hyphosphere core microbiome between maize and medic. Massilia, a pivotal member of the core microbiome and a keystone taxon within the hyphosphere network, showed a notably greater relative abundance in maize-AM fungal systems than in the medic treatment. Thirteen core bacterial strains isolated from the hyphosphere showed a universal ability to secrete phosphatase, with Massilia being the most proficient. Additionally, community level physiological profiles showed that the maize-associated hyphosphere microbiomes had a heightened capacity for metabolizing fructose and glucose, key components of hyphal exudates.

Our study demonstrates that different combinations of plants and AM fungal species modulate the relative abundance of the core taxon through hyphal exudates, thus influencing the functionality of hyphosphere microbiomes for Po mineralization in the phytate-enriched soil. This provides novel insights into AM symbiosis for nutrient cycling and underscores the potential of tailored plant-fungal pairings in improving agricultural nutrient management and soil health.

丛枝菌根真菌（AM）从寄主植物中获取光合固定碳（C），并通过广泛的茎外菌丝网络将其中一部分输送给下层细菌。由芽胞渗出物促进的下层微生物群对 AM 真菌获取土壤有机磷（Po）和促进植物生长至关重要，但植物-AM 真菌组合的影响仍未得到很好的阐明。为了回答这个问题，我们选择了两种光合效率不同的植物--苜蓿（C3 植物）和玉米（C4 植物），以及四种 AM 真菌，并成功建立了各种植物-AM 真菌组合。我们考察了植物和AM真菌的生长情况、土壤Po的矿化过程，以及同温层微生物组的绝对数量、群落组成和代谢偏好。与medic-AM真菌组合相比，玉米-AM真菌组合在提高土壤磷酸酶活性和促进Po矿化方面表现出更强的能力。这与玉米和药用真菌在下气层核心微生物组中的巨大差异有关。Massilia是核心微生物组的关键成员，也是下皮层网络中的关键类群，它在玉米-AM 真菌系统中的相对丰度明显高于在药物处理中的相对丰度。从低温层中分离出的 13 种核心细菌菌株普遍具有分泌磷酸酶的能力，其中 Massilia 菌株的能力最强。我们的研究表明，植物和AM真菌物种的不同组合可通过头状渗出物调节核心类群的相对丰度，从而影响下气圈微生物群在富含植酸的土壤中进行Po矿化的功能。这为研究养分循环中的AM共生提供了新的视角，并强调了量身定制的植物-真菌配对在改善农业养分管理和土壤健康方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Tree species-dependent effects of urbanization and plant invasion on deadwood biota and decomposition rates 城市化和植物入侵对枯木生物群和分解率的影响取决于树种

IF 9.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109650

Chao Guo , J. Scott MacIvor , Marc W. Cadotte , Adriano N. Roberto , Praveen Jayarajan , Sebastian Seibold

Human activities are swiftly reshaping ecosystems, and the simultaneous rise of urbanization and plant invasions has become a significant challenge that jeopardizes both global biodiversity and ecosystem function. Deadwood is an important provider of biodiversity and carbon storage, yet it remains unknown how urbanization and plant invasion affect wood-inhabiting taxa and decomposition rates, separately and interactively. Here we conducted a two-year wood decomposition experiment using Acer saccharum and Pinus strobus at 19 paired invaded and uninvaded plots along an urbanization gradient in Toronto, Canada. We assessed the individual and combined effects of urbanization and plant invasion by Vincetoxicum rossicum on the community composition and diversity of bacteria, fungi and insects, as well as on wood decomposition rates, which are partly driven by these taxa. Our results show that urbanization had individual effects on the diversity of all three taxa and on the composition of bacterial and fungal communities. Plant invasion individually affected fungal and insect diversity. Interactive effects of urbanization and plant invasion occurred only for fungal diversity in Pinus strobus. Wood decomposition rates varied by tree species, with urbanization accelerating the rates for Pinus strobus but not Acer saccharum. Fungi were the only taxon that significantly influenced wood decomposition. Our findings together indicate that urbanization and plant invasion lead to changes in deadwood-inhabiting communities and decomposition processes, yet their interactive effects are of minor importance. They also show that these effects differ between tree species. Hence, integrating the combined effects of various anthropogenic drivers and different tree species is crucial for developing effective strategies to restore and sustain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in urban landscapes.

人类活动正在迅速重塑生态系统，城市化和植物入侵的同时出现已成为危及全球生物多样性和生态系统功能的重大挑战。枯木是生物多样性和碳储存的重要提供者，但城市化和植物入侵如何单独或交互影响栖息在木材中的类群和分解率仍是未知数。在这里，我们在加拿大多伦多城市化梯度沿线的 19 个受入侵和未受入侵的配对地块上，使用槭树和松树进行了为期两年的木材分解实验。我们评估了城市化和长春花入侵对细菌、真菌和昆虫群落组成和多样性以及木材分解率的单独影响和综合影响，这些影响部分是由这些类群驱动的。我们的研究结果表明，城市化对所有三个类群的多样性以及细菌和真菌群落的组成都有单独的影响。植物入侵单独影响了真菌和昆虫的多样性。城市化和植物入侵的交互影响只出现在松柏的真菌多样性上。不同树种的木材分解率各不相同，城市化加快了刺松的分解率，但没有加快糖槭的分解率。真菌是唯一对木材分解有显著影响的类群。我们的研究结果共同表明，城市化和植物入侵会导致枯木栖息群落和分解过程发生变化，但它们之间的交互影响并不重要。研究还表明，这些影响在树种之间存在差异。因此，综合考虑各种人为因素和不同树种的综合影响，对于制定有效的策略来恢复和维持城市景观中的生物多样性和生态系统功能至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Virome responses to heating of a forest soil suggest that most dsDNA viral particles do not persist at 90°C 病毒体对森林土壤加热的反应表明，大多数 dsDNA 病毒颗粒在 90°C 温度下不会持续存在

IF 9.7 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109651

Sara E. Geonczy, Luke S. Hillary, Christian Santos-Medellín, Jane D. Fudyma, Jess W. Sorensen, Joanne B. Emerson

Many fundamental characteristics of soil viruses remain underexplored, including the effects of high temperatures on viruses and their hosts, as would be encountered under disturbances like wildland fire, prescribed burning, and soil solarization. In this study, we leveraged three data types (DNase-treated viromes, non-DNase-treated viromes, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) to measure the responses of soil viral and prokaryotic communities to heating to 30ºC, 60ºC, or 90ºC, in comparison to field and control conditions. We investigated (1) the response of dsDNA viral communities to heating of soils from two horizons (O and A) from the same forest soil profile, (2) the extent to which specific viral taxa could be identified as heat-sensitive or heat-tolerant across replicates and soil horizons, and (3) prokaryotic and virus-host dynamics in response to heating. We found that both viral and prokaryotic communities responded similarly to the treatment variables. Community composition differed most significantly by soil source (O or A horizon). Within both soil horizons, viral and prokaryotic communities clustered into three groups, based on beta-diversity patterns: the ambient community (field, control, and 30ºC samples) and the 60ºC and 90ºC communities. As DNase-treated viromic DNA yields were below detection limits at 90ºC, we infer that most viral capsids were compromised after the 90ºC treatment, indicating a maximum temperature threshold between 60ºC and 90ºC for most viral particles in these soils. We also identified groups of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive vOTUs across both soil sources. Overall, we found that over 70% of viral populations, like their prokaryotic counterparts, could withstand temperatures as high as 60ºC, with shifts in relative abundance explaining most community compositional differences across heating treatments.

土壤病毒的许多基本特征仍未得到充分探索，包括高温对病毒及其宿主的影响，如在野外火灾、规定焚烧和土壤日晒等干扰下可能遇到的情况。在这项研究中，我们利用三种数据类型（经 DNase 处理的病毒体、未经 DNase 处理的病毒体和 16S rRNA 基因扩增片段测序）来测量土壤病毒和原核生物群落对加热到 30ºC、60ºC 或 90ºC 的反应，并与野外和对照条件进行比较。我们研究了（1）dsDNA 病毒群落对来自同一森林土壤剖面的两个地层（O 和 A）土壤加热的反应；（2）在不同复制和土壤层中特定病毒类群对热敏感或耐热的程度；以及（3）原核生物和病毒-宿主对加热的动态反应。我们发现，病毒和原核生物群落对处理变量的反应相似。不同土壤来源（O 或 A 层）的群落组成差异最大。在两种土壤层中，病毒和原核生物群落根据贝塔多样性模式分为三组：环境群落（现场、对照和 30ºC 样品）以及 60ºC 和 90ºC 群落。由于经 DNase 处理的病毒组 DNA 在 90ºC 时的产量低于检测限，我们推断大多数病毒的外壳在 90ºC 处理后已受损，这表明这些土壤中大多数病毒颗粒的最高温度阈值介于 60ºC 和 90ºC 之间。我们还在两种土壤来源中发现了耐热和对热敏感的 vOTU。总之，我们发现 70% 以上的病毒种群和它们的原核对应物一样，可以承受高达 60ºC 的温度，相对丰度的变化可以解释不同加热处理中大多数群落组成的差异。

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引用次数: 0

Contributions of microbial necromass and plant lignin to soil organic carbon stock in a paddy field under simulated conditions of long-term elevated CO2 and warming 长期二氧化碳升高和气候变暖模拟条件下微生物坏死物和植物木质素对稻田土壤有机碳储量的贡献

IF 9.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Biology & Biochemistry

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109649

Yuan Liu , Weijie Li , Hongfan Meng , Qinyu Xu , Liqiang Sun , Long Zhang , Qingsong Ba , Xiaoyu Liu , Cheng Liu , Li Jiang

Global climate change has various fundamental impacts on plant productivity and soil microbial communities, altering the formation and sequestration of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the effect of climate change on different SOC components such as plant-derived C and microbial-derived C, remains poorly understood. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2020 to examine the impacts of elevating atmospheric CO₂ levels (550 ppm) and warming (+2 °C) on microbial necromass, plant lignin and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) in a Chinese rice paddy. Results showed that elevated CO₂ and warming conditions increased the SOC stock by 16.5% and 8.6%, respectively. Elevated CO₂ increased the accumulation of microbial necromass (mainly fungal) C by 24.6% and total lignin phenols by 15.8%, while also increasing the biomass of fungal PLFAs by 33.4%. In comparison, warming increased the accumulation of microbial necromass C (mainly bacterial necromass) by 11.1% and bacterial biomass by 27.1%, while it decreased total lignin phenols and their contribution to SOC by 8.3% and 15.7%, respectively. The reduction in lignin phenols and their contribution to SOC under warming conditions was mainly attributed to the lower level of plant productivity and increased activities of the enzymes β-1,4-glucosidase, β-cellobiohydrolase and xylanase. This resulted in increased plant residue conversion to microbial necromass in warmed soils. Random forest and correlation analysis indicated that soil pH, fungal biomass, root biomass and C-acquiring enzyme activities were the major factors affecting microbial necromass, while lignin phenols were mainly regulated by the ratio of fungal/bacterial necromass and fungal biomass. Overall, the combined effects of CO₂ enrichment and warming conditions increased the storage and sequestration of SOC by enhancing the accumulation of microbial necromass, which was affected by soil properties, plant root C inputs and microbial communities within soil.

全球气候变化对植物生产力和土壤微生物群落产生了各种根本性影响，改变了土壤有机碳（SOC）的形成和固存。然而，气候变化对不同 SOC 成分（如植物衍生 C 和微生物衍生 C）的影响仍然知之甚少。2018-2020年，研究人员开展了一项为期3年的田间试验，以考察大气二氧化碳水平升高（550 ppm）和气候变暖（+2°C）对中国稻田中微生物坏死物、植物木质素和磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）的影响。结果表明，CO2升高和气候变暖条件下，SOC存量分别增加了16.5%和8.6%。二氧化碳升高使微生物坏死物（主要是真菌）C 的积累增加了 24.6%，木质素总酚增加了 15.8%，真菌 PLFA 的生物量增加了 33.4%。相比之下，升温使微生物坏死物质 C（主要是细菌坏死物质）的积累增加了 11.1%，细菌生物量增加了 27.1%，而木质素酚总量及其对 SOC 的贡献则分别减少了 8.3% 和 15.7%。升温条件下木质素酚及其对 SOC 的贡献减少的主要原因是植物生产力水平降低以及 β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、β-纤维素水解酶和木聚糖酶活性增加。这导致温暖土壤中植物残体转化为微生物坏死物的数量增加。随机森林和相关分析表明，土壤 pH 值、真菌生物量、根系生物量和 C 获取酶活性是影响微生物坏死物的主要因素，而木质素酚主要受真菌/细菌坏死物比例和真菌生物量的调节。总之，在二氧化碳富集和气候变暖的共同作用下，微生物坏死物质的积累增加，从而提高了SOC的储存和封存，而微生物坏死物质的积累受土壤性质、植物根系C输入量和土壤中微生物群落的影响。

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引用次数: 0